[Initial experience with reconstructive surgery of inguinal hernias using the Prolene Hernia System].
In the report a new method of tension-free repair of inguinal hernia using a prolene-mash PHS is described.
Adult↗
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Progenitor cells with the capacity to differentiate into sympathetic-like neurons are transiently detected in mammalian embryonic dorsal root ganglia.
We have identified a population of progenitor cells in embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the mouse. These cells can be induced into proliferating and differentiating into neurons that display multiple characteristics of the sympathetic lineage by a brief exposure to a defined medium. The sympathetic neuronal characteristics include immunoreactivity for the transcription factors MASH-1 and Phox2a and for the neurotransmitter markers tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and NPY. The progenitor cells are detected in DRG from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to E15. An identical time course is observed in primary cultures of neural crest, suggesting that the competency of these cells is intrinsically regulated. We also present evidence that the environment of the sensory ganglion, unlike that of a sympathetic ganglion, prevents these cells from differentiating into neurons.
Animals↗
Recovery of poliovirus from cut surface of stored fresh papaya fruit.
Poliovirus kept on the cut surfaces of fully ripe papaya cubes placed in an ice box showed a sharp and significant reduction in the recovery of infectious virus about 15 minutes after exposure. Thereafter, a very gradual decrease ensued and infectious residual virus was detected up to the end of the 6-hour exposure period. Papaya cubes washed or kept overnight before virus inoculation, and from less ripe fruits produced a similar survival pattern. A very small proportion of the inoculum was recovered from the mashed content of the inoculated papaya cubes thus suggesting that most of the non-recovered virus particles were inactivated. The results suggest that the importance of poliovirus-contaminated cut papayas as a transmission vehicle for the virus is greatly reduced by the rapid decline in the infectivity of a large proportion of the virus soon after contamination. Nevertheless, the potential to transmit remains as a small residual pool of infectious poliovirus is able to survive for a relatively long period.
Cells, Cultured↗
Comparative fermentation studies of industrial strains belonging to four species of solvent-producing clostridia.
Industrial and culture collection strains of solvent-producing clostridia, classified as Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum were utilised in a comparative study of fermentation performance in a laboratory fermentation medium, a molasses fermentation medium, and a maize fermentation medium under standardised culture conditions. At least one representative strain was selected from each of the sub-groups within the four species. Preliminary evaluations were first undertaken for the three different fermentation media to determine the most appropriate media formulations, carbohydrate concentrations, and culture conditions for comparison of the solvent-producing ability of these strains. Standardised fermentation media and culture conditions were then selected for each of the comparative fermentation studies. These included TYA medium containing 4% glucose, a supplemented molasses medium containing 6% fermentable sugars, and a supplemented maize mash medium containing 8% maize. Additional comparative fermentation studies on industrial strains belonging to two species of solvent-producing clostridia were carried out in molasses containing higher concentrations of fermentable sugars, and the sugar concentrations supporting maximum levels of solvent production were determined. Although all the strains tested grew in the maize fermentation medium and degraded starch, only a few strains produced consistently high solvent levels. Optimum starch utilisation and solvent production was obtained at a maize concentration of 80 g/l. Pretreatment of the maize by milling or saccharification decreased the buffering capacity of the medium and resulted in decreased solvent production. Decreasing the time used to gelatinise the starch had little effect. Solvent yields and concentrations obtained in this study were compared with various published data in the scientific and patent literature and appeared to closely simulate the results obtained in the industrial fermentation process. The fermentation performances of individual strains could provide useful comparative data for the selection and development of strains for use on various commercial fermentation substrates.
Biotechnology↗
[Study of the effects of pectin substances under conditions of ontogenesis impairment by a complex of chemical factors].
In the experimental conditions the use of homogenized fruits and vegetables mashed potatoes with the addition of the water-extracted apple-pectin Classic AF-702 as a protector of a toxic action of xenobiotic for the conservation of reproductive ability of the organism and the optimum development of posterity.
Age Factors↗
The effect of dietary fat and protein levels, form and cereal type on fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.
A total of 4200 day-old Ross I broiler chicks were subjected to an ambient temperature 2 to 3C degrees higher than normal and were fed various diets to determine the effects of dietary factors and sex on mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS). In a first experiment mortality was not significantly influenced by cereal type (barley or wheat) but was influenced significantly by fat content of the diet. In a second experiment mortality was increased significantly with a low protein diet and with a pelleted one compared with a mash diet. In both experiments mortality was signigicantly higher in females than in males. High levels of protein and fat in the diet had a protective influence on mortality but the results, especially with pelleted diets, suggested that some other nutrient(s) might be involved in the syndrome.
Animal Feed↗
The development of normal feeding and swallowing: Showa University study of the feeding function.
Since the 1980s the Department of Hygiene and Oral Health at the Showa University School of Dentistry has focused its research efforts on the development of feeding function and disorders. In addition, we have treated dysphagic children and dysphagic elderly using our feeding training program approach. The developmental course of the feeding function includes the following steps: 1) Suckle feeding and prefeeding period; 2) Acquiring the ability to swallow with lips closed; 3) Acquiring the ability to take food with lips closed; 4) Acquiring the ability to push mashed food with the tongue and anterior hard palate; 5) Acquiring the ability to perform mastication; 6) Beginning self-feeding; 7) Beginning finger feeding; 8) Beginning using table ware.
Child Development↗
[Neural differentiation of Wnt-1 overexpression P19 cells].
Wnt-1 gene plays important roles during the development of the mouse central neural system. and shown a transient expression during neuronal differentiation of P19 EC cells. We transfected Wnt-1 gene into P19 cells and found the Wnt-1 transfected cells could differentiate into neurons without the induction of RA. However, MASH-1, a crucial gene for the early neural differentiation, was expressed later than P19 cells induced by RA.
Animals↗
Lithium influences differentiation and tissue-specific gene expression of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro.
The effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) on differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were investigated in order to evaluate the ES cell test (EST) used in a European Union validation study for screening of embryotoxic agents in vitro. We show that LiCl inhibited concentration-dependently the differentiation of ES cells into cardiac and myogenic cells. Whereas the inhibition of cardiac differentiation by high concentrations of LiCl was obvious at day 5 + 5, decreased skeletal muscle cell differentiation was observed only at day 5 + 8. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed significantly lower levels of mRNA encoding cardiac-specific alpha-myosin heavy chain and skeletal muscle-specific myoD. By morphological investigation, an influence of lithium on neuronal differentiation was not evident. However, mRNA levels of genes encoding synaptophysin and the 160 kDa neurofilament protein were increased by high LiCl concentrations, whereas mRNA levels of mash-1 and Engrailed-1 were decreased, suggesting a specific influence of lithium on neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, LiCl treatment resulted in a slight, but non-significant increase of beta-catenin levels in ES cell-derived embryoid bodies. Our results demonstrate that the ES cell test, EST may be suitable to detect inhibitory effects of test compounds especially on cardiac differentiation, whereas effects on neuronal cells would not be detected. Therefore, we propose that morphological analyses of cardiac differentiation alone are insufficient to detect embryotoxic effects. The assay of other cell lineages at different developmental stages, and expression analyses of tissue-specific genes should also be employed.
Animals↗
Antibody responses of hens fed vitamin E and passively acquired antibodies of their chicks.
Antibody responses of hens and their progeny were studied in commercial broiler nuclear lines. Starting at 168 days of age, individually housed pullets from lines A and B were fed a 16% crude protein and 2752 kcal metabolizable energy/kg mash diet supplemented with either 10 or 300 IU/kg of vitamin E fed as dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate. Fifty-eight days later (226 days of age), 12 hens per line-vitamin E subclass were inoculated i.v. with 0.1 ml of a 2.5% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Plasma antibody titers were measured 6, 20, 40, 54, 70, and 88 days after inoculation. Hens from both lines were artificially mated to males from line C, and progeny from eggs collected 9-15, 25-30, and 65-70 days after inoculation were tested for antibodies to SRBC. Hens were reinoculated i.v. with 0.1 ml of 0.25% SRBC 88 days after the first inoculation, and their antibody levels were measured 3, 6, and 20 days later. Eggs laid 10-13 days after reinoculation were incubated, and antibody titers of chicks were measured at hatch. Antibody response of hens to an initial inoculation of SRBC was line-diet-time after inoculation specific. In line A, titers were greater for hens fed the lower than the higher vitamin E diet, whereas diet had no effect on the antibody levels in line B. Line effects (A > B) were observed on days 6 and 20 after inoculation but not thereafter. After the second inoculation, dietary vitamin E level had no effect on antibody levels of hens within lines, whereas a between-line difference (A > B) was observed for the lower but not the higher level of dietary vitamin E. Although there was no difference between diets for antibody transferred to progeny by line B, there was a difference (lower > higher) for line A. After reinoculation of their dams, antibody titers of chicks from line A, but not line B, reached levels similar to those after the first inoculation. Antibody levels were higher for chicks at hatch than in 16-day embryos or 10 days posthatch. The results of this research suggest genetic variation in response to immune stimulation by dietary vitamin E.
Animal Feed↗
Collaborative study of a spectrofluorometric method for lasalocid sodium in feeds.
A collaborative study has been completed on a spectrofluorometric method for determining lasalocid sodium in finished poultry feeds. After a brief treatment of feed samples with pH 4.7 buffer, the drug is extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract is further cleaned up by treatment with HCI and NaOH and quantitatively measured by spectrofluorometry. Nonspecific fluorescence is corrected for via the lasalocid-boric acid complex. The method is rapid, sensitive, and free of interference. A number of other feed additives, including monensin and ethoxyquin, do not interfere. Nine collaborators participated in the study and agreement between laboratories was satisfactory. The average recoveries of lasalocid sodium from the mash feeds added at levels of 0.0064, 0.0080, and 0.0096% were 100, 98, and 99%, respectively, and the corresponding coefficients of variation were 12.8, 8.2, and 8.0% (all results included). The method has been adopted as official first action.
Animal Feed↗
Sequential use of coccidiostats: effect on development by Eimeria tenella of resistance to amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, and zoalene.
A strain of the cecal coccidian of chickens, Eimeria tenella, was propagated serially in chickens fed mash containing amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, or zoalene. Each group of chickens received a different coccidiostat on a rotating basis. The strain was propagated through 40 groups of chickens; thus, the strain was intermittently exposed 10 times to each coccidiostat. The end product of this simulated shuttle program of prophylactic anticoccidial medication was a strain resistant to three of the four coccidiostats involved. Resistance to nicarbazin was not evident.
Amprolium↗
To proliferate or to divide - to be or not to be.
Placental growth depends on cytotrophoblast (CTB) proliferation. A portion of CTBs, which retain an undifferentiated phenotype throughout pregnancy, provide a reservoir of stem cells. The remaining CTBs give rise to the two major trophoblast subpopulations, syncytiotrophoblast (STB) and invasive CTBs. Some of the molecular mechanisms that govern human CTB differentiation and invasion are well understood. These include an upstream suites of transcription factors such as Mash-2, Hand-1 and Gem1, and a downstream set of effectors such as adhesion molecules, proteinases, and the trophoblast major histocompatibility antigen HLA-G. In comparison, much less is known about how CTB proliferation is coordinated with differentiation. We immunolocalized markers that are specifically expressed during all of the key transitions and phases of the cell cycle in tissue sections of the maternal-fetal interface. We mapped cell cycle progression in both populations with the goal of understanding the mechanisms that maintain a pool of CTB stem cells (villus CTBs) and govern CTB exit from the cell cycle during differentiation along the invasive pathway. The results showed that as CTBs differentiate/invade or differentiate/fuse, they down-regulate the expression of molecules that are associated with mitosis and up-regulate the expression of a number of inhibitors that engineer permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle. Multinucleate STB coexpressed an unusual repertoire of markers that are usually segregated to distinct portions of the cell cycle. One of the regulatory factors involved in the regulation of CTB proliferation during early pregnancy is oxygen. During much of the first trimester of pregnancy there is little endovascular invasion, so maternal blood flow to the placenta is at minimum. This creates hypoxic environment in which placental development occurs. During this period, placental mass increases much more rapidly than that of the embryo proper. Both in vivo and in vitro data suggest that oxygen tension might regulate cytotrophoblast proliferation and differentiation along the invasive pathway. The fact that hypoxia stimulates CTBs, but not other cells, to undergo mitosis could help account for the discrepancy in size between the embryo and the placenta, which continues well into the second trimester of pregnancy. As cytotrophoblast invade the uterine blood vessels, they encounter a steep, positive oxygen tension gradient and exit gradually from the cell cycle. Interesting gestation-related changes were also observed by the second trimester, many fewer CTB stem cells and cells in cell column expressed mitotic markers. There was a reciprocal increase in the number of column CTBs that expressed inhibitors. Together, these data suggest that CTB proliferation, like differentiation, is part of a developmental program that is timed to precede development of the embryo/fetus.
Biomarkers↗
[Children, fat and cardiovascular diseases].
Children do not normally develop atherosclerosis. However, they do develop fatty streaks in the aorta. These are reversible. During the first years of life dietary fat has an influence on blood lipids, and other traditional risk factors influence vascular function, but the consequences are unknown. As saturated fat has no positive effects, the Danish Nutrition Council recommends that the intake of saturated fat is reduced to 10 energy per cent from the age of 12 months. This can be accomplished with semi-skimmed milk (1.5% fat) instead of full-cream milk. During the first year of life, it is recommended that a teaspoon of fat is added to each serving of home made mashed food or porridge to prevent the diet from being so hypocaloric that it has a negative effect on growth.
Adult↗
Data acquisition in PET imaging.
Data acquisition is substantially different in PET than it is in planar nuclear medicine and SPECT. There is an entirely different set of definitions and considerations. The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with the terminology and understanding of how PET data are acquired and organized as well as the issues involved in choosing one approach over another. Sinograms and projection views will be presented as methods of storing and viewing raw PET data. Different approaches to increase axial sampling while maintaining a sufficient number of counts for each reconstructed slice are discussed, as well as the use of sinogram compression or "mashing" to reduce the storage requirements of raw PET data. The differences between 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) PET and how storage of raw 3D data may differ from that of 2D data are described. The concept of "Michelograms" as a means of displaying the nature of the axial sampling in both 2D and 3D PET is discussed. After reading this paper, the reader will be able to describe 2 methods used to store and display raw PET data and compare them with methods used in SPECT. The reader will be able to define the terms "span" and "maximum ring difference" and describe how they relate to the axial sampling in 2D and 3D PET. The reader will also be able to list 3 ways in which 3D PET differs from 2D PET.
Algorithms↗
Points about diarrhoea management.
Regarding chronic diarrhea, I am convinced that the number of cases falls when antibiotics are not given routinely. This is logical since the gut flora is allowed to recover. In the 10% of children in whom diarrhea persists, a diet such as porridge made from the local starchy staple or mashed bananas, containing 'bound water' is often beneficial. This also helps to replace the lost elements K+ (potassium) and Mg++ (magnesium). In Uganda the custom of cooking beans in the ash from burnt leaves would replenish K+ and Mg++--are there any studies on the effectiveness of this practice?
Biology↗
VTR module: weaning foods for baby.
Weaning should start when the baby turns 4 months old. At this stage (4 to 6 months), milk is no longer enough. Parents should introduce new foods which can meet the fast-increasing nutrition needs of the child. Among the latest materials produced by the Video Radio Production Division of the Nutrition Center of the Philippines is a VTR training module entitled "Karagdagang Pagkain ni Baby" (Weaning Foods for Baby), designed to strengthen this important aspect of child care. Specifically, the module seeks to encourage parents to introduce foods in addition to breastmilk to their 4 to 6 month old children and to start giving them "complete" meals from 6 months onward. It provides suggestions on the kinds of foods or food combinations to give to the baby and encourages home food production (backyard gardening, poultry-raising etc) to supply food requirements of growing children. Contents of the module include how-to's on weaning food preparation (mashing, straining, flaking, chopping, scraping, etc), prescriptions on the kinds and amounts of foods for babies; and food combinations (porridge or rice and a viand from the 3 basic food groups: energy-giving, body building and regulating). For instance, at 4 months old, the baby may be given lugao (porridge), soup and fruits; at 5 months, eggs, vegetables and beans; at 6 months, fish/meat, oil or gata (coconut oil). With a running time of 18 minutes, the module uses computer graphics to highlight food items, recommended amounts, and age group requirements in the text, and applies digital multi-effects to ensure smooth traditions.
Asia↗
[Bread beetle (Stegobium paniceum L.) as Salmonella vector in fodder and fodder mixture (author's transl)].
In 1965 Salmonella eimsbuettel was isolated from two samples of fodder mixture for poultry and one sample of fodder mixture for pigs. In these samples of fodder mixtures there were also numerous specimen of bread beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.). The bread beetles remained in these fodder mixtures during more than 9 years (till June 1974), and by them S. eimsbuettel was proved in one sample of fodder mixture for chickens as well. From the other sample of fodder mixture for chickens Salmonella was isolated during 6 years and from the sample of fodder mixture for pigs S. eimsbuettel was isolated during seven and half years. In 1969 into 12 sterile samples of fodder 5-10 adult bread beetles were inserted. These bread beetles had been taken from fodder mixtures contaminated by S. eimsbuettel and bread beetles. The bread beetles multiplied in these fodder mixtures and from a year thereafter the fodders were searched for Salmonella every 6 months. In 4 samples of fodder (out of 12) S. eimsbuettel was proved till June 1974. The same Salmonella was isolated from well-washed and mashed bread beetles. Therefore the bread beetles (Stegobium paniceum L.) should be included into Salmonella vectors.
Animal Feed↗