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PubMed1996

Reduced risk of ovarian cancer in women with a tubal ligation or hysterectomy. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.

Possible relationships between tubal ligation and hysterectomy and epithelial ovarian cancer were assessed in data that were collected for a multinational hospital-based case-control study conducted between 1979 and 1988. Histologically confirmed incident cases (n = 393) were compared with controls (n = 2563) matched on age, hospital, and year of interview. A nonsignificant reduction in risk was observed for tubal ligation [odds ratio (OR), 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.48-1.08] and hysterectomy (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.26-1.27). There was no trend in risk with time since tubal ligation. The possible protective effect of tubal ligation was greatest in women of parity less than four. The apparent protective effect of tubal ligation was seen only for clear cell (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.006-2.50) and endometrioid (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.046-1.46) tumors, suggesting a hormonal mechanism for the observed associations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endoscopic ligation with elastic bands in the prevention of hemorrhage recurrence caused by esophageal varices. Study of 45 patients].

The aim of the present study was to determine the usefulness of elastic band ligation in the prevention of hemorrhage recurrence by esophageal varices. Forty-five patients without known hepatocarcinoma who had survived a hemorrhagic variceal episode were included in the study. Seventeen patients (38%) were Child-Pugh A, 22 (49%) B, and 6 (13%) C, with the hepatitis C virus and alcohol being the etiology of cirrosis in 55 and 20% of the cases, respectively. The first ligation session was performed between the third and fifth days after the hemorrhagic episode and the posterior sessions were carried out at intervals of 2-4 weeks. The ligation sessions were performed without antibiotic prophylaxis and with placement of an overtube. A mean of 4 +/- 2 bands were placed per session (range, 1-8) and the mean number of sessions required per patient to achieve erradication of the varices was 3.5 +/- 1.5 (range, 2-8). The rate of bleeding recurrence was 17.7% (9 episodes, five by variceal rupture and four by ulcer secondary to ligation). All the episodes of bleeding recurrence occurred between the sessions, with the mortality being 11% (5/45 patients). In the 40 remaining patients the varices were erradicated although 19 (47.5%) required one or two additional sessions of sclerotherapy. The accumulated percentage of patients free of bleeding recurrence was 82% during a mean follow-up of 10.2 +/- 6.7 months. Ten lesions of dislaceration of the esophageal mucosa caused by placement of the were observed overtube. In conclusion, endoscopic elastic band ligation is a useful technique for the erradication of esophageal varices an in the prevention of bleeding recurrence.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗
PubMed1997

Biochemical events associated with ligation of the common bile duct in Wistar rats.

Oxygen free radicals have been implicated as mediators of tissue injury in a variety of diseases. We investigated the role of oxidative injury and oxygen free radical scavengers in liver cell injury associated with obstructive jaundice in Wistar rats. Bile duct ligation for 4 or 7 days led to a decrease in both vitamin E and A in the plasma and liver of male Wistar rats, indicating the malabsorption of lipid-soluble vitamins. Serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were increased in the bile-duct-ligated rats. Furthermore, marked increases in lipid peroxide and oxidized glutathione levels indicated cholestatic liver injury. The antioxidant defense system was impaired, as shown by decreases in reduced glutathione and in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, these high lipid peroxide levels and low levels of antioxidants correlated with the severity of jaundice. After releasing the bile duct ligation, levels of bilirubin, lipid peroxide and oxidized glutathione declined, while the levels of vitamin E and A, reduced glutathione, and the activities of GSH-Px increased, indicating an improvement in liver function. These findings suggest that lipid peroxidation is associated with the pathogenesis of liver damage in animals with bile duct ligation. Meanwhile, free oxygen radical scavengers are reduced in the bile-duct-ligated rats, thereby increasing the susceptibility of the liver to injury by oxygen-derived free radicals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elastic band ligation for bleeding esophagogastric varices.

Experimental studies have shown ligation results in replacement of submucosal structures, including varices, with scar tissue resulting in eradication of varices. Elastic band ligation is equal in efficacy to sclerotherapy for control of active bleeding from esophageal varices. Ligation appears superior to sclerotherapy for long-term prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding, requires fewer treatment sessions to eradicate varices, is associated with fewer bleeding and non-bleeding complications of treatment, and results in improved survival. Results from the synchronous combination of elastic band ligation with sclerotherapy do not appear to be superior to those obtainable with those from endoscopic ligation used alone.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1998

Changes in cerebral blood flow and postsynaptic muscarinic cholinergic activity in rats with bilateral carotid artery ligation.

UNLABELLED: Changes in both regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and postsynaptic muscarinic cholinergic activity in the rat brain were investigated after ligation of the common carotid arteries (CCAs) bilaterally with (15)O-labeled water (H2(15)O) and [11C]N-methyl-4-piperidylbenzilate, a potent muscarinic receptor antagonist. METHODS: PET was performed in the same Wistar rat, 7 days and 1 mo after the CCA ligation. Regional cerebral blood flow and the transfer coefficient k3, the rate of binding of 11C-NMPB, were measured, based on the autoradiographic method and the graphical plotting analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The levels of rCBF in the frontal cortex of the ligated group were significantly lower than those in the cerebellum and those in sham group, after 7 days and 1 mo postoperation. Although the level of k3 in the frontal cortex 7 days after operation was not altered, it decreased significantly after 1 mo in the ligated group. Neither cortical infarct nor cortical neuronal loss was observed histologically. CONCLUSION: Common carotid artery ligation in Wistar rats caused a prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion without degeneration of the cortical neurons and a later decline of postsynaptic cholinergic receptor activity. These findings suggest that the decline in the postsynaptic cholinergic activity that is associated with the prolonged reduction in the cerebral blood supply may reflect pathophysiology that is equivalent to the deterioration of cognitive function in patients with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The morphophysiological consequences of experimental ligation of the hypogastric arteries].

Experimental studies on the hypogastric arteries' ligation have pointed out significant changes in the vascular pattern correlated with the time past from the ligation, ligatured vessels, health condition of the patient. They consist in changes in the territory of distribution and the appearance of new anastomosis, that have been grouped in: anastomosis between the central and the peripheral part of the artery or its branches, between the peripheral and the aortic branches, between the uterine artery and subcutaneous abdominal artery, aortico-ovarian and reno-ovarian anastomosis. Based on studies of the vascular pattern in postsurgical state we may conclude;--the ligatured artery gives off more collateral branches than the non-ligatured one;--the vascular network in the ischemic territory is larger in postsurgical than in presurgical state and comes to normal in about 10-20 days;--the ligation of all genital arteries does not result in complete ischemia;--it is impossible to approach all the genital arterial sources, so hysterectomy remains the last choice;--in women with no obstetrical history the ligation does not affect the reproductive potential;--during pregnancy or in postpartum the ligation of the proximal part may stop the haemorrhage, but it results in infertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Macrophage antigen presentation and interleukin 1 production after cecal ligation and puncture in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice.

Following cecal ligation and puncture with a 25-gauge needle, endotoxin-sensitive C3H/HeN mice have a 45% mortality compared with no mortality in endotoxin-resistant C2H/HeJ mice. Macrophage production of interleukin 1 and antigen presentation were studied in these two strains of mice following cecal ligation and puncture at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. Splenic macrophages were cultured with a T-helper cell clone (D10.G4.1), and antigen presentation and interleukin 1 production were measured by D10.G4.1 proliferation. Macrophage antigen presentation by C2H/HeJ mice was markedly increased compared with that in C3H/HeN mice at all times after cecal ligation and puncture, most strikingly at 2 days (185m740 cpm for C3H/HeJ mice vs 30,300 for C2H/HeN mice). Macrophage interleukin 1 production was significantly increased in C3H/HeJ mice vs C3H/HeN mice at all times after cecal ligation and puncture (except at 2 days) and was maximal at 8 days (25,000 cpm for C3H/HeJ mice vs 5190 for C3H/HeN mice). These data suggest that the differences in mortality after cecal ligation and puncture between these two strains of mice may relate to a supranormal response of macrophages of C3H/HeJ mice or to an inadequate response of macrophages of C3H/HeN mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Influence of B cell receptor ligation and TCR affinity on T-B collaboration in vitro.

Co-culture of purified T and B cells obtained from cytochrome c-specific TCR- and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific Ig-transgenic mice was used to examine the role of B cell receptor (BCR) ligation and TCR affinity on the efficiency of T-B cell collaboration. The results showed that BCR ligation of naive B cells with HEL was not required for effective presentation of high-affinity antigen to T cells, although it did enhance activation and division of both T and B cells. Anergic B cells were also effective at presentation of high-affinity antigen and proliferated more than naive B cells in response to T cell help, due to prior exposure to antigen in vivo. Despite the fact that induction of CD86 on anergic B cells following BCR ligation was suboptimal, these cells supported T cell activation and survival in culture as efficiently as naive B cells exposed to HEL. In contrast, when the low-affinity antigen mls-3a served as the T cell stimulus, BCR ligation was essential to elicit a detectable T cell response. Thus the in vitro model demonstrates that co-stimulation is not an absolute requirement for effective antigen presentation and delivery of T cell help to B cells. Rather, the cooperative effects of BCR ligation and TCR affinity determine the relative requirement for co-stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

CD28 ligation induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the linker molecule LAT in the absence of Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine phosphorylation.

CD28 is a T cell surface molecule that is important for T cell activation. CD28-triggered T cell stimulation involves protein tyrosine phosphorylation, a process that is critical for CD28 function. Recently, a linker molecule has been identified as LAT (Linker for Activation of T cells). Studies involving LAT mutants and reconstitution experiments strongly implicate LAT in playing a critical role in T cell activation. We show in the present report that CD28 ligation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT. CD28-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT was rapid, as it was apparent within 1 min of CD28 ligation, reached a peak by 5 min, and declined thereafter. Previous studies implicated the protein tyrosine kinases ZAP-70 and Syk in the TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT. Here, tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and ZAP-70 was detected after TCR but not after CD28 ligation. Thus, CD28 ligation appears to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT by mechanisms that are independent of ZAP-70 and Syk. The concurrent ligation of CD28 and TCR increased tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT. These results implicate LAT in CD28 signal transduction pathways and in the co-stimulatory process in T cells.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1995

Ligation of HLA class II molecules promotes sensitivity to CD95 (Fas antigen, APO-1)-mediated apoptosis.

CD95 (Fas antigen/APO-1) is up-regulated in activated lymphocytes, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD95 induces apoptosis. HLA class II molecules play a key role in antigen presentation, ligation of which induces signal transduction. We examined 18 lymphoid cell lines (15 B cell and 3 T cell lines) to investigate the effects of ligation of HLA class II molecules on CD95-mediated apoptosis. All of the five immature B cell lines were sensitive to anti-CD95 mAb, and ligation of HLA class II molecules promoted CD95-mediated apoptosis. In seven B-blastoid cell lines, two Burkitt lines were resistant to anti-CD95 mAb in spite of high expression of CD95. In three of five non-Burkitt B-blastoid lines, CD95-mediated apoptosis was augmented by treatment with anti-HLA class II mAb, while the other two lines lacking CD95 were resistant to anti-CD95 mAb. Three plasmacytic cell lines showed CD95-mediated apoptosis, but enhancement by anti-HLA class I mAb was slight in one cell line and was not observed in the other two lines. Out of three HLA class II antigen-positive T cell lines, CD95-mediated apoptosis was observed to some degree in one call line but was not promoted by the treatment with anti-HLA class II mAb, and the other two cell lines were resistant to anti-CD95 mAb. Ligation of HLA class II molecules did not alter CD95 expression in the five cell lines examined, except Su-DHL-4 originated from a follicular lymphoma, which showed slight up-regulation. Taken together, ligation of HLA class II molecules apparently promotes CD95-mediated apoptosis in immature B cells and non-Burkitt B blasts. These findings highlight the role of HLA class II molecules in CD95-mediated apoptosis, which may facilitate rapid clearance of functionally useless cells from the immune system and might be involved in negative selection of B cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

Magnetic resonance angiography of collateral vessel growth in a rabbit femoral artery ligation model.

Collateral vessel growth was visualized in a rabbit femoral artery ligation model by serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 1.5 T in comparison with X-ray angiography (XRA). XRA and MRA were performed directly after femoral artery ligation (day 0+) and after 7 and 21 days. XRA (in-plane resolution, 0.3x0.3 mm) was performed with arterial catheterization for fast injection of iodinated contrast agent just proximal to the aortic bifurcation. MRA (in-plane, 0.6x0.6 mm) was performed at 1.5 T with a five-element phased-array coil and slow injection of gadolinium-based MR contrast agent into an ear vein. Collateral vessel scores on two-dimensional XRA projections and on three-dimensional digitally subtracted rotational MRA maximum intensity projections were obtained by two observers and compared. Collateral vessel counts and minimal detectable vessel diameters for MRA and XRA were combined in a computational flow model to interpret differences in spatial detection limits between imaging modalities in terms of flow. Collateral vessel scores were significantly higher in the ligated limb at day 7 (P < 0.05) and more so at day 21 (P < 0.001), in comparison with day 0+ or in the non-ligated control limb on both XRA and MRA. Significantly more (smaller) vessels were visualized with XRA than with MRA, particularly on day 21 (P < 0.05). Inter-observer agreement was high for both XRA (kappa = 0.82) and MRA (kappa = 0.78). The flow model showed that collateral vessels with diameters > 0.3 mm scored by XRA as well as MRA represent nearly 100% of the total blood flow, whereas smaller (0.1-0.3 mm diameter) vessels that can only be detected with XRA contribute little to the blood flow. Serial contrast-enhanced MRA can non-invasively visualize sub-millimeter collateral vessels that represent nearly 100% of the restored blood flow, in a femoral artery ligation model.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In situ demonstration of CD40- and CD154-positive cells in psoriatic lesions and keratinocyte production of chemokines by CD40 ligation in vitro.

In psoriatic lesions, T cells and keratinocytes are in an activated state. Ligation of CD40 expressed on activated keratinocytes with CD154 expressed on activated T cells is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, the presence of CD40(+) and CD154(+) cells in psoriatic skin has not been thoroughly studied. The present study has therefore examined their presence by immunohistochemistry in the lesional and non-lesional skin of ten patients. The influence of CD154-CD40 ligation on the release of chemokines (IL-8, RANTES, and MCP-1) and complement components (C3 and factor B) from keratinocytes was also investigated in vitro. Studies using single and double staining showed that clusters of CD40(+) keratinocytes were present in both lesional and non-lesional skin; CD40(+)CD1a(+) Langerhans cells in lesional, non-lesional, and normal skin; and numerous CD40(+)CD83(+) cells in lesional skin. CD1a(+) and CD83(+) cells always expressed CD40 strongly. Numerous T cells were seen in lesional skin. A small number of T cells expressed CD154. CD154(+) T cells were seen in the lesional epidermis of seven of ten patients-in six, in juxtaposition to CD40(+) cells including keratinocytes. In non-lesional epidermis, CD154(+) T cells were seen in two patients-in one, in juxtaposition to CD40(+) keratinocytes. In vitro studies showed that IFN-gamma-treated keratinocytes released small amounts of IL-8, RANTES, and MCP-1; ligation of these cells with CD154-transfected J558 cells or soluble CD154 greatly enhanced the release. This ligation did not enhance the release of C3 and factor B. These results warrant further studies on the role of CD40 ligation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tandem mass spectra of ammonium ion, metal ion and ligated metal ion adducts of acyclic sugar derivatives.

The tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of ammonium ion, metal ion and ligated metal ion adducts of chain-extended acyclic nitro-containing deoxyglucose and deoxygalactose derivatives have been studied. The ammonium adducts fragment primarily by elimination of ammonia followed by acetic acid, thus not giving much structural information. In contrast, cationization of these compounds by metal ions and ligated metal ions gave structurally informative and useful fragment ions on MS/MS. The metal ions and ligated metal ions play an important role in controlling and directing fragmentation. Retro-aldol fragmentation is facilitated by metal ions such as Li(+), Na(+), Ag(+) and Cu(+), whereas the adducts with higher alkali metal ions such as Rb(+) and Cs(+) fragment to give only the corresponding metal ions. The divalent metal ions such as Cu(2+) and Ba(2+) also induce retro-aldol fragmentation. However, the charge is carried by the aldehyde fragment in the case of Cu(2+) adducts, whereas the nitroalkane fragment carries the charge in the case of Ba(2+) adducts. Ligated metal ions such as ZnCl(+), CuCl(+), InCl(2) (+) and BaCl(+) also behave similarly and induce retro-aldol fragmentation in these acyclic sugars. Both the metal ion and ligated metal ion adducts can fragment by elimination of metal-containing neutral molecules.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1999

Ligation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein with antibodies elevates intracellular calcium and inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate in macrophages.

We have probed the signaling characteristics of the macrophage low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) with monoclonal antibody 8G1, its Fab and F(ab')(2) fragments directed against the ligand binding heavy chain, and monoclonal antibody 5A6 directed against the membrane-spanning light chain of LRP. Ligation of LRP with 8G1, its Fab and F(ab')(2) fragments, or 5A6 increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels two- to threefold. Prior ligation of LRP with 8G1 did not affect the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) observed on subsequent ligation of LRP with lactoferrin, P. exotoxin A, or lipoprotein lipase. Binding to LRP by 8G1, its Fab and F(ab')(2) fragments, or 5A6 increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) levels by 50 to 100%. Incubation of macrophages with guanosine 5', 3'-O(thio)-triphosphate (GTP-gamma-S) before treatment with antibody potentiated and sustained the 8G1-induced increase in IP(3) levels. Treatment of macrophages with guanyl-5'-yl thiophosphate prior to GTP-gamma-S treatment abolished the GTP-gamma-S-potentiated increase in IP(3) levels in 8G1-treated macrophages. Antibody-induced increases in IP(3) and [Ca(2+)](i) in macrophages on ligation of LRP were pertussis toxin sensitive. Binding of 8G1 or its Fab or F(ab')(2) fragments to LRP stimulated macrophage protein kinase C (PKC) activity as evaluated by histone IIIs phosphorylation by about two- to sevenfold. Staurosporin inhibited the anti-LRP antibody-induced increase in PKC activity. Ligation of LRP with 8G1 increased cellular cAMP levels about twofold. Preincubation of macrophage with the LRP-binding protein receptor-associated protein suppressed the 8G1-induced increase in cAMP levels. Thus, binding of antibodies directed against either chain of LRP triggers complex signaling cascades.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed1995

Ligation of hexamers on hexamer templates to produce primers for cycle sequencing or the polymerase chain reaction.

A method is described for the ordered ligation of hexanucleotides (hexamers) in solution to produce unique longer oligonucleotides. To form an 18-mer, for example, six different hexamers are selected that can base pair unambiguously to form a double-stranded complex of indefinite length. In the most efficient arrangement, each hexamer forms three complementary base pairs with two other hexamers, generating complementary chains of contiguous hexamers with strand breaks staggered by three bases. Two adjacent hexamers in one chain contain 5' phosphate groups and the others are unphosphorylated. Both T4 and T7 DNA ligase can ligate the phosphorylated hexamers to their neighbors in such a complex at hexamer concentrations in the 50-100 microM range, producing an 18-mer and leaving three unphosphorylated hexamers. Twenty-nine of 34 complexes that satisfied the requirements for unambiguous ligation generated the desired 18-mers, which could be used directly for cycle sequencing or, after removal of the unreacted hexamers, for polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Comparable ligation reactions also produced 12-, 24-, and 30-mers. With a library of all 4096 possible hexamers, unambiguous ligation has the potential to produce more than 82% of all possible 18-mers and could readily supply the oligonucleotides needed for DNA sequencing by primer walking, for PCR, or for gene synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Capillary gel electrophoresis as a method to determine ligation efficiency.

A capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) method is described for detection of the formation of circular DNA ligation products as an aid in the prediction of ligated DNA competent cell transformation efficiency. The separation is based upon the differences in the relative migrations of linear and circular DNA molecules of the same size. In CGE, circular ligation products are shifted significantly from linear DNA fragments of comparable size (to 40-42 min from 32-33 min migration time) in the presence of an intercalating dye. CGE separation and detection of circularized DNA can be correlated with transformation efficiencies of > 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU, colonies/micrograms/ml) or the high efficiency desired for phagemid display and cell expression libraries. CGE has several advantages over slab gel electrophoresis: (i) only a minute quantity (approximately 250 CFU or 0.02%) of the total library is sacrificed for analysis, (ii) verification of the circularized ligation products is easier by CGE, and (iii) CGE analysis of ligation success can be accomplished in less than 2 h, prior to transforming competent cells.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed2002

Thermus scotoductus and Rhodothermus marinus DNA ligases have higher ligation efficiencies than thermus thermophilus DNA ligase.

To mimic large numbers of nicked DNA duplexes we used a technique that produces nicked duplex DNA substrates by hybridization of complementary oligonucleotides, adjacent to an initiating primer, which are ligated together by a thermostable DNA ligase. Sequential ligation of nonanucleotides to this primary duplex results in the formation of polymers that can be analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The extent of polymerization is a measure of the efficiency of ligation. We determined the efficiency of ligation of nonanucleotides, using various length initiating primers, with three thermostable DNA ligases: Thermus thermophilus (Tth), Thermus scotoductus (Ts), and Rhodothermus marinus (Rm). Analysis of the effect of temperature for each ligase, and for each directing primer length, revealed that at 37 and 41 degrees C there was variation between ligase efficiency in the order Rm > or = Ts > or = Tth. The higher temperature of 46 degrees C was optimal for polymerization with each of the ligases and Rm ligase was the most efficient. Analysis of directionality of the ligations reactions suggests that for each of the Thermus ligases we tested, there was a bias to polymerization of nonanucleotides in a 5'-3' direction.

DNA Ligases↗
PubMed2002

Nucleosome linker proteins HMGB1 and histone H1 differentially enhance DNA ligation reactions.

We previously reported that HMGB1, which originally binds to chromatin in a manner competitive with linker histone H1 to modulate chromatin structure, enhances both intra-molecular and inter-molecular ligations. In this paper, we found that histone H1 differentially enhances ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Histone H1 stimulated exclusively inter-molecular ligation reaction of DSB with DNA ligase IIIbeta and IV, whereas HMGB1 enhanced mainly intra-molecular ligation reaction. Electron microscopy of direct DNA-protein interaction without chemical cross-linking visualized that HMGB1 bends and loops linear DNA to form compact DNA structure and that histone H1 is capable of assembling DNA in tandem arrangement with occasional branches. These results suggest that differences in the enhancement of DNA ligation reaction are due to those in alteration of DNA configuration induced by these two linker proteins. HMGB1 and histone H1 may function in non-homologous end-joining of DSB repair and V(D)J recombination in different manners.

DNA↗