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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A nonsubstituted primary hydroxyl group in position 6' of free lipid A is required for binding of lipid A monoclonal antibodies.

Lipid A monoclonal antibodies, which require for binding the presence of the bisphosphorylated D-glucosamine disaccharide lipid A backbone, were tested against synthetic lipid A precursor Ia and compound B 1047 by enzyme immunoassay. The last-named compound is a precursor Ia analog with a methoxy instead of a hydroxy group at C6' and was chosen to determine why these antibodies failed to recognize the bound lipid A present in lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whereas all antibodies tested bound to precursor Ia, none of them bound to compound B 1047 or Escherichia coli Re LPS to a significant extent. Compared to the natural substituent at C6', i.e., 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), the methoxy group is neither bulky nor charged. Thus, the data suggest that it is not hindrance by Kdo but rather the generation of a neoantigen that endows lipid A with immunoreactivity upon liberation from LPS by acid hydrolysis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

Lipids and inflammation: serial measurements of the lipid profile of blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by inflammation and an increased cardiovascular risk. It was recently shown that active early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with dyslipidaemia, which may partially explain the enhanced cardiovascular risk. However, it is unknown when this dyslipidaemia starts. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the progression of the lipid profile over time and the influence of inflammatory parameters on this lipid profile, in people who later developed rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides, apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), apolipoprotein B (apo B) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) were determined in 1078 stored, deep-frozen, serial blood bank samples, collected between 1984 and 1999, of 79 blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis. These samples were compared with 1071 control samples of unselected blood donors, matched for age, sex and storage time. RESULTS: Samples of patients who later developed rheumatoid arthritis showed, on average, 4% higher total cholesterol, 9% lower HDLc, 17% higher triglyceride and 6% higher apo B levels than matched controls (p< or =0.05). The magnitude of the differences in lipid levels between groups, explained by C reactive protein (CRP), was limited. For example, only 3.6% of the difference in HDLc levels between the groups was explained by the CRP concentrations. CONCLUSION: Patients who later develop rheumatoid arthritis have a considerably more atherogenic lipid profile than matched blood donors at least 10 years before onset of symptoms. As inflammation only marginally explains the differences between the two groups, a modulating effect of lipids on inflammatory processes is hypothesised.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity through reduction in muscle lipid and redistribution of lipid into adipose tissue.

Patients with insulin resistance often manifest increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) along with increased visceral adipose tissue. This study was designed to determine whether the insulin sensitizer drugs pioglitazone and metformin would improve glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity by decreasing IMCL. In this study, 23 generally healthy subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were randomized to receive either pioglitazone 45 mg/day or metformin 2,000 mg/day for 10 wk. Before and after treatment, we measured insulin sensitivity and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue with CT scanning. In addition, muscle biopsies were performed for measurement of IMCL and muscle oxidative enzymes. After treatment with pioglitazone, 2-h glucose fell from 9.6 mmol/l (172 mg/dl) to 6.1 mmol/l (119 mg/dl), whereas there was no change in 2-h glucose with metformin. With pioglitazone treatment, there was a 65% increase in insulin sensitivity along with a 34% decrease in IMCL (both P < or = 0.002). This decrease in IMCL was not due to increased muscle lipid oxidation, as there were no changes in muscle lipid oxidative enzymes. However, pioglitazone resulted in a 2.6-kg weight gain along with a significant decrease in the visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio. In contrast, metformin treatment resulted in no change in insulin sensitivity, IMCL, oxidative enzymes, or adipose tissue volumes. Pioglitazone improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by reducing IMCL. This reduction in IMCL was not due to an increase in muscle lipid oxidation but to a diversion of lipid from ectopic sites into subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Electric field strength of membrane lipids from vertebrate species: membrane lipid composition and Na+-K+-ATPase molecular activity.

Intramembrane electric field strength is a very likely determinant of the activity of ion-transporting membrane proteins in living cells. In the absence of any transmembrane electrical potential or surface potential, its magnitude is determined by the dipole potential of the membrane's lipid components and their associated water of hydration. Here we have used a fluorometric method to quantify the dipole potential of vesicles formed from lipids extracted from kidney and brain of 11 different animal species from four different vertebrate classes. The dipole potential was compared with the fatty acid composition and with the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase molecular activity of each preparation. The magnitude of the dipole potential was found to be relatively constant across all animal species, i.e., 236-334 mV for vesicles prepared from the total membrane lipids and 223-256 mV for phospholipids alone. The significantly lower value for phospholipids alone is potentially related to the removal of cholesterol and/or other common soluble lipid molecules from the membrane. Surprisingly, no significant dependence of the dipole potential on fatty acid composition was found. This may, however, be due to concomitant compensatory variations in lipid head group composition. The molecular activity of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was found to increase with increasing dipole potential. The fact that the dipole potential is maintained at a relatively constant value over a wide range of animal species suggests that it may play a fundamental role in ensuring correct ion pump conformation and function within the membrane.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1986

Biological and environmental sources of variation in plasma lipids and lipoproteins: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic.

We have previously described a general pattern of homogeneity in genetic and cultural determinants of blood lipids and lipoproteins among the major origin groups in the Israeli population. This paper reports on these determinants of total plasma cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), and of the HDL-C/TC ratio, estimated from the total sample of 4,000 families whose members were examined in the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic. Both genetic (h2) and cultural (c2) components of inheritance were significant for all lipid variables. Under the most parsimonious model genetic heritability (h2) ranges from 0.45 for LDL-C, 0.47 for HDL-C to 0.64 for HDL-C/TC ratio. Cultural heritability (c2) was 0.03 for LDL-C, 0.04 for TC, 0.05 for TG and 0.07 for HDL-C and HDL-C/TC ratio. Within this population, as in others, genetic factors appear to be the major determinants of lipid variation, suggesting relative homogeneity of environmental correlates of plasma lipids.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family resemblance for plasma lipids and lipoprotein concentrations in blacks. Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinic Family Study.

Our specific aim in this study was to assess the family resemblance for lipids and lipoproteins in blacks randomly selected from the Princeton School District's Family Study cohort, and compare the family resemblance of lipids and lipoproteins between the blacks and whites from the same cohort. There were 160 white and 59 black nuclear families ascertained through randomly selected family study probands. Familial correlations were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. Father-child and sib-sib correlations were of larger magnitude in whites than blacks for each lipid and lipoprotein, with the exception of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, where the correlations in blacks were higher than in whites. Estimates of genetic heritability were larger in whites than in blacks for each lipid and lipoprotein, with the exception of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whereas environment has a substantial effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both blacks and whites, there may be a greater genetic effect accounting for higher levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in blacks. This is highlighted in our current study by the consistent observation in blacks of increased measures of within-family resemblance for high density lipoprotein cholesterol alone, of all lipids and lipoproteins.

Black People↗
PubMed1992

Lipid content of alveolar lining material collected by bronchoalveolar lavage. Improved methods for measuring the major lipid classes.

Current methods for measuring lung lipids obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage are time consuming and require sample extraction with organic solvents. Here we utilized enzymatic methods for measuring the major phospholipid classes found in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), namely phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, as well as the neutral lipid cholesterol. These assays can be carried out on as little as 200 microliters lavage fluid in 96-well microtiter plates without the need for organic solvents. Results were verified by comparison with HPLC and chemical methods. The measured values by all three methods were in agreement with previous studies in which lipid analysis was performed by thin-layer chromatography. By contrast to thin-layer chromatography, however, the methods described here can be efficiently performed with small quantities of material without sacrificing accuracy. This methodology can facilitate the characterization of the major surfactant-associated lipids in BALF and foster improved understanding of the role of these lipids in human lung disease.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed2003

Effects of bezafibrate and simvastatin on endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemia: evidence of different vascular protection by different lipid-lowering treatments.

Hypercholesterolemia is combined with enhanced lipid peroxidation, which can promote atherogenesis by inducing endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Statins may protect vascular endothelium in hypercholesterolemia by reducing enhanced plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein and decreasing oxidative stress. Herein, we describe increased circulating levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin and total 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2 alpha)) concentrations, as indexes of endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation, respectively, in 67 hypercholesterolemic patients compared with 32 normocholesterolemic subjects. Significant cholesterol reductions were achieved in hypercholesterolemic patients after 6 months under either simvastatin (40 mg/d) or bezafibrate (800 mg/d) treatment, given according to a randomized double-blind trial. Simvastatin but not bezafibrate simultaneously reduced soluble adhesin and total 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) concentrations also. Vitamin E supplementation (400 IU/d) further reduced indexes of endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation in simvastatin-treated patients and significantly reduced the above indexes in bezafibrate-treated patients. Changes in circulating soluble adhesion molecule levels were directly correlated with changes in total 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) concentrations in simvastatin-treated patients also receiving vitamin E supplementation. All together, our data demonstrated that hypercholesterolemia was combined with endothelial activation and lipid peroxidation, which were efficaciously counteracted by simvastatin but not bezafibrate treatment. Thus, a different vascular protection can be achieved by different lipid-lowering treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

High plasma insulin-like growth factor-II and low lipid content in transgenic mice: measurements of lipid metabolism.

Transgenic mice were made by introducing extra copies of the mouse insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene driven by the bovine keratin 10 promoter (BKVI). The adult plasma IGF-II levels were elevated at least three times in one line. In this line, there was a lower lipid content of both brown and white adipose depots at 2-4 months of age, and 40% less fat in the carcass at 7-9 months. The low lipid phenotype was not detected in the carcass at 2 weeks after birth. The lean characteristic was attributed to circulating IGF-II because the transgene was not expressed in fat. At 2-4 months of age, the transgenes oxidized more oral lipid, and less of this lipid was incorporated into the whole body and the epididymal fat. In contrast, the interscapular brown adipose tissue maintained lipid incorporation and lipoprotein lipase activity despite its reduced size. The altered activity of the brown adipose tissue may account for the gradual onset and persistence of the lean feature of the transgenic mice. There were no substantial changes in lipogenesis which could account for the low fat content. The plasma levels of IGF-I, insulin, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols and glucose were not greatly changed and the pituitary GH content was within the normal range.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Lipid profile during antihypertensive treatment. The SLIP Study Group. Study on Lipids with Isoptin Press.

Some antihypertensive drugs adversely affect the plasma lipid profile, and this has to be taken into account when choosing treatment for hypertension because it may offset the beneficial blood pressure-lowering effect of these agents. In this study, the long term effects of verapamil sustained release (SR) 240mg daily and enalapril 20mg daily on plasma lipid levels were investigated in 931 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Patients whose blood pressure was not effectively lowered after at least 1 month of monotherapy had either enalapril 20mg once daily added to their verapamil treatment or hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg once daily added to their enalapril treatment. Blood pressure and lipid profile were assessed before and after 6 months of treatment. Of 864 evaluable patients, 563 patients (65.1%) were successfully treated with monotherapy and 220 patients (25.5%) required combination therapy. A total of 81 patients withdrew from the trial. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced by treatment with either verapamil or enalapril, and heart rate was reduced slightly, but significantly, by both treatments. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein were significantly reduced by both treatments. High density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased in verapamil recipients, but not in enalapril recipients. Adverse effects occurred in 37 (3.9%) patients receiving verapamil SR and 25 (2.7%) patients receiving enalapril. In conclusion, long term treatment with the antihypertensive agents verapamil and enalapril, alone or in combination regimens, significantly improved the plasma lipid profile. Verapamil SR had the most beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Regulation of renal lipid metabolism, lipid accumulation, and glomerulosclerosis in FVBdb/db mice with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetic kidney disease has been associated with the presence of lipid deposits, but the mechanisms for the lipid accumulation have not been fully determined. In the present study, we found that db/db mice on the FVB genetic background with loss-of-function mutation of the leptin receptor (FVB-Lepr(db) mice or FVBdb/db) develop severe diabetic nephropathy, including glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, increased expression of type IV collagen and fibronectin, and proteinuria, which is associated with increased renal mRNA abundance of transforming growth factor-beta, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Electron microscopy demonstrates increases in glomerular basement membrane thickness and foot process (podocyte) length. We found that there is a marked increase in neutral lipid deposits in glomeruli and tubules by oil red O staining and biochemical analysis for cholesterol and triglycerides. We also detected a significant increase in the renal expression of adipocyte differentiation-related protein (adipophilin), a marker of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We examined the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 and -2, transcriptional factors that play an important role in the regulation of fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol synthesis. We found significant increases in SREBP-1 and -2 protein levels in nuclear extracts from the kidneys of FVBdb/db mice, with increases in the mRNA abundance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, which mediates the increase in renal triglyceride and cholesterol content. Our results indicate that in FVBdb/db mice, renal triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation is mediated by increased activity of SREBP-1 and -2. Based on our previous results with transgenic mice overexpressing SREBP-1 in the kidney, we propose that increased expression of SREBPs plays an important role in causing renal lipid accumulation, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and proteinuria in mice with type 2 diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lipids closely associated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)--and induced heterotopic bone formation. With preliminary observations of deficiencies in lipid and osteoinduction in lathyrism in rats.

An extensive literature on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) induced generation and regeneration shows general agreement about one observation. The incidence and quantity of bone were greatest when BMP was delivered with a carrier of various biologic and non biologic polymers. In the present research, neutral lipids either endogenous in demineralized bone matrix (DBM) or exogenous in orign were employed as a delivery system for induced heterotopic bone formation in the rectus muscle in rats. Total neutral lipids including cholesterol were measured by correlated gravimetric and Sudan Black B dye binding methods. The heterotopic bone was measured by computer assisted radiomorphometric and histologic methods. Bone formation was measured by total calcium, DNA-P, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Composites of BMP and neutral lipids, separable from phospholipids by extraction with absolute acetone, were consistently osteoinductive. A significant quantity of the total bone lipid was closely associated with and extractable from the bone matrix non-collagenous protein fraction which had high levels of BMP activity. Lathyritic matrix was very low both in dye binding and osteoinductive activity. These observations suggest the possibility that lipids may serve as a BMP carrier in the process of induced bone development.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

[Circadian variations in hemolymph lipids and lipoproteins and in hepatopancreatic lipids of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus].

Lipids content of the haemolymph and the hepatopancreas in the decapod Crustacean P. japonicus exhibits a bicircadian rhythm characterized by one maximum in the night and another one during the day. The maximal values in the haemolymph are approximately two and a half times greater (8 mg/ml) than minimal ones (3 mg/ml). Variations are less important in the hepatopancreas. A bicircadian rhythm of lipid classes in the haemolymph is observed very significantly in concentration of polar lipids and free sterols with maximal values (6.87 mg/ml and 0.59 mg/ml) and minimal values (2.63 mg/ml and 0.23 mg/ml) respectively. Polar lipids are the major lipid fractions in the haemolymph (87%). The electrophoretic behaviour of haemolymph lipoproteins is determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Lipid metabolism and intake behavior of dairy cows: effects of intravenous lipid and beta-adrenergic supplementation.

The goal of this experiment was to determine whether modulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors influenced DMI of lactating dairy cows. Because stimulation of these receptors induces mobilization of body fat stores, the effect of such stimulation on feed intake was compared with the effect of an intravenous administration of lipid nutrients. Four treatments were infused intravenously over a 4-h period: 1) a beta 2-agonist (clenbuterol), 2) a beta-blocker (propranolol), 3) triglyceride emulsion (lipids), or 4) saline. Two trials were carried out for the same four cows to compare the effects of two expected lipolytic situations. Trial 1 used cows at 60 DIM treated with infusions from 0300 to 0700 h, and trial 2 used cows at 92 DIM treated with infusions from 0800 to 1200 h. Each trial was composed of three consecutive replications of a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design with 2-d periods. A complete diet (70% maize silage and 30% concentrate) was offered for ad libitum intake. In both trials, clenbuterol reduced DMI on the day of infusion (-7.9 and -11.2% for trials 1 and 2, respectively) and on the following day (-5.1 and -6.3% in trials 1 and 2, respectively). This decrease occurred some time after the end of infusion. Intravenous lipid supplementation reduced DMI during infusion in both trials and during the entire day in trial 2. Both clenbuterol and lipids increased plasma NEFA only during infusion. Propranolol had no effect on DMI or basal lipolysis. The data demonstrated that stimulating beta 2-adrenoceptors reduced DMI but in a manner different from that of lipid energy supplementation.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1978

Lipid metabolism in laying hens. The relationship of plasma lipids and liver fatty acid synthetase activity to changes in liver composition.

Plasma and liver samples were taken from a random sample of caged commercial hybrid layer hens which had been in egg production for fifteen months. The concentration of plasma and liver lipids and the activity of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were measured in laying hens with liver weight of 20 to 53 g. Liver total lipid, water, non-lipid, and cytosolic fractions, which are the four major liver components, increased linearly with respect to wet liver weight. FAS activity increased with all liver components. Accumulation of lipid in the liver did not inhibit FAS activity. Total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorous were measured on each plasma sample. Multiple regression analysis showed that all plasma lipids, except cholesterol esters, were related cubically with increasing wet liver weight and cytosolic protein.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lipid-DNA and lipid-polyelectrolyte mesophases: structure and exchange kinetics.

Cationic lipid-DNA complexes are used as gene transfer vehicles in molecular biology and potentially in human gene therapy. In recent synchrotron X-ray scattering studies the molecular structure of such self-assembling aggregates was elucidated. A rich polymorphism of lamellar, hexagonal, lamellar-columnar and micellar mesophases was found. In this article we describe composite phases of cationic lipid mixed with hyaluronic acid and dextran sulfate which likewise form intercalated lamellar complexes. Heterogeneous phases of lipid/dextran sulfate mixed with lipid/DNA exhibit macroscopic phase separation. When dextran sulfate is added to preformed cationic lipid DNA complexes the latter are dissolved in favor of the lipid-polyelectrolyte phases. We investigated the kinetics of the DNA replacement by dextran sulfate. The experiments are intended to mimic the interaction of cationic lipid gene delivery complexes with highly charged extracellular matrix components.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Normal lipid metabolism, familial hyperlipidaemia, lipid intervention and their benefits.

Some recent developments in lipoprotein metabolism, familial hyperlipidaemias and lipid lowering therapies with reference to coronary artery disease (CAD) are reviewed. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) level and particle subclass are important determinants of the extent of cholesterol delivery to the peripheral tissues and thereby of atherogenesis and CAD. LDL modifications (eg, oxidation, adduct formation, desialylation, glycation, etc) enhance the above process. HDL particles bring cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver (reverse cholesterol transport, RCT). ApoA1, LCAT enzyme, ABCA1 and cholesterol ester transfer protein are involved in RCT. Paraoxonase of HDL prevents oxidation of other lipoproteins and probably hinders atherogenesis. Lp(a) particles are like LDL except the presence of apo(a) that inhibits fibrinolysis and are epidemiologicaly linked to the development of CAD. Indians have high Lp(a), in comparison to whites. Familial hyperlipidaemias are due to altered metabolism of lipoproteins affecting plasma lipid profile. Majority of such patients are prone to atherosclerosis and CAD. LDL-C is the primary target of lipid lowering therapy. Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and are mainly used alone or with other drugs for lowering blood lipids. 'National Cholesterol Education Program' now recommends a stringent LDL-C control ( < 100 mg/dl) for CAD and CAD risk equivalents. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and drug therapy are the main modalities to reduce blood lipids, aiming at total reduction of short-and long-term coronary risk for all (primary prevention), and of coronary mortality and morbidity in patients with CAD (secondary prevention).

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2004

Alterations of erythrocyte free radical defense system, heart tissue lipid peroxidation, and lipid concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats under coenzyme Q10 supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Free radicals play an important role in genesis and development of various chronic diseases and aging. Our objective is to study the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on erythrocyte antioxidants, heart tissue lipid peroxidation end products and lipid concentration in different age of diabetic rats. METHODS: In this study, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in erythrocytes. The products of lipid peroxidation were determined in the heart tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in healthy rats at 4, 8, and 13-months of age. The above mentioned antioxidant systems of erythrocytes were also determined after supplementation of diabetic and healthy rats with CoQ10. This study was carried out in King Fahad Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between 2000 and 2001. RESULTS: In erythrocytes of diabetic rats the activity of GSH-Px was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in all different age groups, whereas the activity of SOD was significantly increased (p<0.001). However, in erythrocyte of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the concentration of GSH and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were significantly lower than non-diabetic rats. Moreover, the concentration of heart tissue lipid peroxidation end products, and plasma glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol were significantly increased (p<0.001) in all age groups of diabetic rats. Daily supplementation with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg body weight, one month) after induction of diabetes to the rats resulted in the following changes: an increase in both erythrocyte GSH concentration and GSH-Px activity, and slightly increases in plasma HDL-cholesterol. However, SOD activity was significantly decreased (p<0.05). In addition, the levels of lipid peroxidation end products, and triacylglycerol were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in diabetic rats supplemented with CoQ10. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicated that CoQ10 supplementation helps to prevent clinical complications during the course of the disease in diabetic rats.

Animals↗