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PubMed1988

Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for screening antibodies to rubella virus.

The performance of a commercial latex agglutination test for screening rubella antibodies was investigated, using two panels of selected serum samples especially designed for a careful evaluation of sensitivity. Three false negative results were obtained on samples with very low levels of antibody. However, the test had higher sensitivity than the hemagglutination inhibition test and fluoroimmunoassay when samples were tested undiluted. False positive results were not obtained, and prozone reactions were not observed. The test is a very practical method for screening rubella antibodies in primary health care units.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1997

Latex immunoassay for rapid detection of Newcastle disease virus.

A rapid test has been developed based on the technique of latex immunoassay for the detection of Newcastle disease virus from suspected tissue suspensions. The latex particles were sensitised with globulins and were used for antigen detection. Of the 258 samples tested, 165 samples were positive by this kit which was compared for its efficacy with the standard OIE approved haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the tests. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed test was 94.19% and 87.63% respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A simple routine method for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors.

A new and simple routine method is described for detecting hidden rheumatoid factors in human serum. EDTA glycine and NaCl were used to liberate hidden rheumatoid factors and to inactivate complement before rheumatoid-factor activity was determined in a glycine--NaCl solution. Forty-nine out of 97 sera from individuals with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis gave positive reactions by this method. Rheumatoid sera with low titres by standard tests gave higher titres with the new method. The new method detects both IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors and is simple and suitable for use in routine medical laboratories. Used in parallel with the classical tests, it facilitates detection of hidden rheumatoid factors.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid fibrin D-dimer tests for deep venous thrombosis: factors affecting diagnostic utility.

Measurement of fibrin D-dimer may be a useful diagnostic test to exclude a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the emergency department setting. However, the specific assay format may influence its sensitivity and ultimate clinical utility. We tested samples from 200 patients under evaluation for DVT using three fibrin D-dimer assays: the SimpliRED whole blood agglutination assay, a latex agglutination assay, and the Dimertest EIA. Latex agglutination assays were performed in both a specialized laboratory and a routine laboratory. The negative predictive value for all tests was > 90%. The sensitivity of the SimpliRED assay was similar to that of the latex assay. The sensitivity of the latex assay was significantly lower when performed by generalist laboratory technologists. Thus, while D-dimer may be a useful test for the exclusion of DVT, subjective endpoint latex agglutination assays should be performed only by appropriately trained personnel.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of three methods for detecting antibody to cytomegalovirus.

To determine the availability of cytomegalic inclusion virus (CMV) antibody-negative blood among our local donor population, 1384 consecutive group O donors were tested for CMV antibody by the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA); 51 percent (711) were seronegative (titer less than 8). The highest percentage of seronegative findings (60%) was among donors 18 to 35 years old. This age group represented 57 percent of the donors. IHA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and passive latex agglutination (PLA) methods were compared on 491 donor samples. The reference method was the anticomplement immunofluorescence test. Sensitivities were: IHA, 89 percent; EIA, 93 percent; and PLA, 90 percent. Specificities were: IHA, 90 percent; EIA, 95 percent; and PLA, 100 percent. All but two of the false-negative samples contained antibody at low titer (less than or equal to 10), which is of doubtful significance relative to transfusion-transmitted CMV infections. All three methods were suitable for screening blood donors. The PLA was easy to perform and had a short processing time that would allow rapid assay of fresh (less than 7 days old) untested blood at the time of selection for transfusion. Thus, both the amount of pretested blood kept in stock and the cost of obtaining each CMV-seronegative unit could be reduced.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1997

Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay.

Two hundred twenty-six specimens (160 serum samples, 66 cerebrospinal fluid samples) were tested with the Meridian Premier Coccidioides enzyme immunoassay (MPC-EIA), and the results were compared with those of conventional serologic tests detecting complement-fixing (CF) and tube precipitin (TP) antibodies. Of the 73 positive specimens by CF, 72 were positive by MPC-EIA (72 IgG positive, 48 IgM positive) and 1 was indeterminate. Of the 132 specimens negative by CF, 126 were negative by MPC-EIA, 3 were IgM positive only, and 3 were indeterminate. Of the three patients with specimens positive for IgM only, CF demonstrated seroconversion within a month in one. All 21 specimens that displayed anticomplementary activity by CF were confirmed negative by agar gel immunodiffusion for CF antibodies (IDCF) and TP antibodies (IDTP); 20 of these serum samples were also negative by MPC-EIA, and 1 was indeterminate. After exclusion of the 25 specimens with anticomplementary or indeterminate activity, results of MPC-EIA were in agreement with those of CF in 99% of specimens. With CF as reference, MPC-EIA had a specificity of 98%, sensitivity of 100%, and positive and negative predictive values of 96% and 100%, respectively. Correlation coefficient values from linear regressions of log-2 CF titer vs MPC-EIA IgG index values were calculated at .290 for serum samples and .931 for cerebrospinal fluid.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic value of serum antibody and antigen detection in heroin addicts with systemic candidiasis.

The diagnostic value of antibody detection by indirect hemagglutination (IHA), indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and of Candida albicans mannan antigen detection by latex agglutination was studied in 36 cases of systemic candidiasis in heroin addicts. The IHA and IFA techniques were highly sensitive (97% and 91%, respectively), but their specificity was low (60% and 50%). When a titer of greater than or equal to 1:2,560 was used as a criterion for IHA positivity, the specificity of the test rose to 87%, with sensitivity at 75%. CIE had a high degree of specificity (96%) but a low degree of sensitivity (58%). A good correlation was found between clinical evolution of infection and serologic data. Two of 12 patients who could be followed for 9-16 months had a rise in antibody titer detected either by IFA or by IHA and CIE. These two patients had a persistent chondrocostal tumor and C. albicans endocarditis, respectively. All of the other patients, who were cured, had a decrease in titer detected by IHA and IFA and had negative CIE results at the end of follow-up. Serum mannan antigen was not found in any case. The detection of antibody to C. albicans may be useful for diagnosis and follow-up of such patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A rapid latex agglutination assay for the determination of plasma fibrinogen.

A monoclonal antibody to intact fibrinogen has been employed to develop a rapid latex agglutination assay for the estimation of plasma fibrinogen. The monoclonal antibody, 45J, recognizes an epitope located in the mid-section of the carboxy terminal end of the A alpha-chain. The epitope is destroyed by plasmin digestion of fibrinogen and there is no immunoreactivity with soluble cross-linked fibrin degradation products. The latex agglutination assay developed with the antibody is unaffected by aprotinin or anticoagulants, such as citrate, heparin or EDTA. When this method was compared with functional clotting assays, excellent correlation was observed with normal and pathological samples. After sample collection and dilution, the assay takes just two minutes to complete. Therefore, this procedure offers a simple and rapid assay for the measurement of intact fibrinogen in plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cross-reaction of immune sera from patients with rickettsial diseases.

Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii are the causative agents of two common and serious diseases, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Mediterranean spotted fever, respectively. In patients naturally infected with either of these organisms, antibodies are produced which cross-react with antigens of the other so extensively that diagnostic tests usually cannot identify the causative agents. The results of this study indicate that serodiagnostic tests with antigen from one of these two organisms could be used to detect antibodies in patients with either of the two rickettsial diseases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What's new in pregnancy tests.

Immunologically based pregnancy tests that will diagnose pregnancy even before the menstrual period is missed are now available. Nurses who deal with female patients in the reproductive years must be aware of these newer pregnancy tests now in use. Appropriate interpretation of pregnancy tests will aid women in early pregnancy to avoid potentially harmful radiation, drugs, or treatments.

Agglutination Tests↗