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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Prisoners' perception of informing to the authorities: an analysis in terms of functional moral judgment.

A series of functional measurement experiment show that prisoners modulate their moral judgments of violations of their in-group regulations. The participants were 67 women and 80 men, sentenced for at least three years for murder, robbery, drug-traffic or white collar offenses. Each was asked, individually, to imagine a series of incidents where incriminating information on in-group or out-group inmates is delivered to the prison authorities or to an ingroup source and to rate the deserved denigration of the informer, who was characterized as a leader or not and as a drug-addict or not who had a prison-leave or not. An assignment of approximately equal weight for social status, drug use and prison leave was found, beyond gender and type of offense. In line with the hypothesis of judgmental modularity, informing to an out-group source was judged much more severely than informing to in-group arbiter and than informing on an out-group inmate.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Caregivers' judgments of the functional abilities of the Alzheimer's disease patient: impact of caregivers' depression and perceived burden.

Research has demonstrated that caregivers of cognitively impaired patients may misjudge aspects of the patient's functional capacities. The nature and directions of these relationships are not well understood, however. Further, the effects that depression and perceived caregiver burden have on the caregivers' ability to render accurate judgments of patient's functional abilities have not been addressed. In this study, the primary caregivers of 128 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were administered a questionnaire regarding the patients' functional capacities. These judgments were subsequently compared to actual functional performance of AD patients on an extended version of the Direct Assessment of Functional Status scale administered in the patients' home environment. A significant proportion of caregivers overestimated AD patients' functional performance in telling time, counting currency, making change for a purchase, brushing teeth, and using eating utensils. Further analyses revealed that self-reported depression, but not perceived burden, was related to the type of caregiver bias errors observed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Stories, moral judgment, and medical care in an intensive care unit.

A division of labor exists between nurses and doctors in a surgical intensive care unit. Nurses perform a culturally identified feminine expressive role, caring about patients as well as for them. Doctors perform a culturally identified masculine instrumental role, concerned with curing patients' bodies. The nurses are interested in the patients' stories; the doctors attempt to ignore the stories to concentrate on returning patients to function. Based on the patient's story, however, the nurses make severe judgments as to moral worth. Such judgments can impair medical care. Must doctors, then, disregard patients' stories? In other words, must they limit themselves to caring for patients' bodies, attempting to ignore the individuals, situated in a web of social relationships, who inhabit those bodies?

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Accuracy of deception judgments.

We analyze the accuracy of deception judgments, synthesizing research results from 206 documents and 24,483 judges. In relevant studies, people attempt to discriminate lies from truths in real time with no special aids or training. In these circumstances, people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments, correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as nondeceptive. Relative to cross-judge differences in accuracy, mean lie-truth discrimination abilities are nontrivial, with a mean accuracy d of roughly .40. This produces an effect that is at roughly the 60th percentile in size, relative to others that have been meta-analyzed by social psychologists. Alternative indexes of lie-truth discrimination accuracy correlate highly with percentage correct, and rates of lie detection vary little from study to study. Our meta-analyses reveal that people are more accurate in judging audible than visible lies, that people appear deceptive when motivated to be believed, and that individuals regard their interaction partners as honest. We propose that people judge others' deceptions more harshly than their own and that this double standard in evaluating deceit can explain much of the accumulated literature.

Deception↗
PubMed2001

Effects of retrieving childhood events on metamemory judgments depend on the questions you ask.

OBJECTIVE: The more people retrieve childhood memories, the less favourably they evaluate their own memory. It has been argued that this might play a role in self-reports of amnesia. However, a limitation of previous studies addressing this phenomenon is that participants' judgments about their memory were based on a single item. DESIGN: Students were randomly assigned to either of two conditions. In one condition, they were asked to retrieve nine negative childhood events, whereas in the other condition, participants were required to recall three events. METHOD: After recall, students completed measures on memory accessibility and 'repression'. RESULTS: Students who retrieved nine events rated their memories as less accessible, but also reported less repression than did students who retrieved three events. CONCLUSION: The direction of retrieval effects on metamemory judgments depends on the way in which questions are framed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The structure of attitudes: attribute importance, accessibility and judgment.

Two studies related attribute importance to accessibility and speed of judgment. Attitudes were assessed by a direct attitude measure and a modal set of 15 attributes. Attributes were rated in terms of their probability and desirability. Subsequently, participants were required to select the five attributes they considered to be most important. Results of Study 1 (dealing with attitudes towards condom use) show that individually selected, important attributes are more easily retrieved and judged faster than non-selected, less important attributes. Judging attributes took less time than evaluating one's overall attitude, suggesting a bottom-up process in which the various attributes are combined to form an overall attitude. Study 2 (dealing with attitudes towards smoking) extends these findings and also addresses the stability of attitude structure. Important attributes were again associated with reduced response times, and attribute-related judgments took less time than judging one's overall attitude. Accessibility of important attributes remained stable over time as indicated by the results of a lexical decision task one week later. Finally, important attributes were also recalled better than less important attributes. Implications for research on attitude structure are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ambivalence and information integration in attitudinal judgment.

In three studies we investigated the role of bottom-up information processing in attitudinal judgment. Overall, the results confirm our expectations and show that people are faster in judging attributes underlying their attitude towards the object than in generating or 'computing' their overall attitudinal response. As predicted, respondents who selected more attributes as important to their attitude needed more time to integrate these attributes in order to come to an overall attitudinal response. Moreover, ambivalence was also related to decreased response times of the overall attitudinal response. We argue that the main reason for this is that non-ambivalent attitudes are generally based on evaluatively congruent attributes, while ambivalent attitude-holders need to integrate evaluatively incongruent attributes into an overall judgment. Implications for research on attitude structure and ambivalence are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Surround articulation. I. Brightness judgments.

It has been hypothesized that brightness judgments require an estimate of the illuminant. Making this estimate is difficult since luminance edges can be the result of changes in either illumination or reflectance. Articulation is the addition of equally spaced incremental and decremental patches within a surround while preserving the surround's space-average luminance. It is proposed that articulation enhances the inference that the surround's luminance edge is due to a change in illumination rather than in reflectance. Articulation results in a corresponding shift in brightness judgments for test-patch increments but not for decrements. This finding concurs with Arend and Goldstein's [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 2281 (1987)] reported shifts in brightness as simple center-surround stimuli are transformed into more complex ecologically valid Mondrians.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Surround articulation. II. Lightness judgments.

It has been hypothesized that to achieve color constancy, lightness judgments require an estimate of the illuminant. A companion paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 793 (1999)] suggests that surround articulation enhances the likelihood that a global luminance edge will be interpreted as being due to changes in illumination rather than in reflectance. Articulation is the process of adding equally spaced incremental and decremental patches within a surround while preserving the surround's space-average luminance. Such a process results in lightness judgments that correlate perfectly with equal local ratio matches. For decrements, lightness constancy does not require articulation. These findings help explain why Arend and Goldstein [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 2281 (1987)] obtained color constancy with complex Mondrian surrounds but not with simple center surrounds.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Blind and sighted pedestrians' judgments of gaps in traffic at roundabouts.

This paper reports two experiments about street crossing under conditions of free flowing traffic, with a focus on modem roundabout intersections. Experiment 1 was conducted at three roundabouts varying in size and traffic volume. Six totally blind and six sighted adults judged whether gaps in traffic were long enough to permit crossing to the median (splitter) island before the next vehicle arrived. Gap distributions and measures of judgment quality are reported. Overall, blind participants were about 2.5 times less likely to make correct judgments than sighted participants, took longer to detect crossable gaps, and were more likely to miss crossable gaps altogether. However, the differences were significant only at the two higher volume roundabouts. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the response of drivers to pedestrians with and without mobility devices (i.e., long canes, dog guides). The experiment was conducted at a single-lane roundabout, a midblock crossing, and a two-way-stop-controlled intersection. Site-specific characteristics appeared to have a greater impact on drivers' yielding than did a mobility device. Actual or potential applications of this research include the development of methods for assessing pedestrian safety and driver behavior as well as identifying intersections that may require modification in order to be accessible to blind pedestrians.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Negativism in evaluative judgments of words among depressed outpatients with borderline personality disorder.

This study contrasted the frequency of negativistic evaluative judgments to words of various emotional content between two groups of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (20 patients with a comorbid diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and 20 patients without BPD) and a group of 20 community adult Controls. BPD patients made more "dislike" judgments with neutral words than MDD patients and Controls. The performances of the MDD patients were more similar to the Control group than to the BPD group, despite negligible differences between the two patient groups in the severity of depressive symptoms and overall psychopathology. As a whole, these data indicate that the presence of borderline features in patients with MDD can be an important qualifier in terms of patients attitudinal dispositions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A modeling analysis of young drivers' judgments of accident risk due to alcohol use and other driving conditions.

Male (60) and female (60) college students who were under the legal drinking age completed a personal driving experience questionnaire and judged the probability of an accident occurring in 100 driving scenarios, half involving an intoxicated male driver and half a sober male driver. The scenarios also varied in terms of the safety levels of five other driving factors. Mathematical models derived from the probability judgments permitted measurement of the influence of the various driving factors on perceived risk. The driving factors in order of their influence on the accident probability judgments were driver intoxication-nonintoxication, vehicle speed, road conditions, driver mood and driving experience, which did not significantly differ, and the driver's experience with alcohol use. Accident probability estimates of the alcohol scenarios increased as an additive function of the other driving factors, whereas increased risk of an accident in the no-alcohol scenarios was more dependent upon multiple unsafe factors. Female students judged the probability of an accident higher overall than did male students. Subject drinking classification (abstain-light, moderate or heavy) was not related to accident probability estimates.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Age and education in moral judgment of participants in team sports.

The present aim was to investigate the effect of age and education on the moral reasoning of the same 535 individuals in sports for whom nature of sport experience was reported. All 535 participants (M age = 24.9 yr., SD = 8.3) were involved in sports at the time of the study as athletes (n = 342), referees (n = 145), or coaches (n = 48), and had a wide range of education. Analysis of variance of scores on the Defining Issues Test of Rest showed moral judgment in sports differs significantly amongst different age groups (F5.510 = 5.37, p < .001) and amounts of education (F4.511 = 6.24, p < .001). Generally, with more education, higher moral judgment can be expected. It is apparent that moral development in sport is related to age and education, as also holds for a wider social setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Developmental study of similarity judgments involving dimensions.

In order to examine the nature of dimensional processing in children, kindergarten and third grade children were asked to make similarity judgments for unidimensional sets of stimuli differing in color (hue), size, and shape, respectively. Age differences were generally confined to the color set. The judgments of the older children in their age group than were the younger children's. The frequency of good-fitting scaling solutions was also higher for the older children. The processing of color in a relational manner thus seems to develop more slowly than relational processing of size or shape. Results from any task which depends on or is facilitated by relational processing could be altered by the dimensions used. The methods developed in the paper also provide an alternate method of studying seriation .

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Eye color and judgments of aesthetic value of shapes.

47 university students provided judgments of the aesthetic value of polygon and histogram shapes that were either symmetric or asymmetric. A sigificant over-all preference to symmetric shapes was evident (p less than .05), and judgments were significantly more positive for brown-eyed subjects. Furthermore, the aesthetic values assigned to shapes showed a systematic interaction with eye color such that brown-eyed subjects produced higher aesthetic ratings for symmetric shapes than blue-eyed subjects, while no such differences appeared for asymmetric shapes.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1981

Effect of listeners' comprehension on judgments of speakers' height and weight.

To determine the effect of listener's comprehension on speakers' height and weight judgments, a total of 40 speakers, 20 Americans (10 females and 10 males) and 20 non-Americans representing various nationalities (10 females and 10 males), recorded a standard prose passage. A total of three master tapes were constructed to represent the three experimental conditions: (1) American speakers' readings in English, (2) foreign speakers' reading in their native languages, and (3) foreign speakers' readings in English. A total of 30 judges, 15 females and 15 males, participated in three sessions, one for each of the three master tapes, and were asked to provide direct estimations of the height and weight of each speaker from the tapes. Listeners' comprehension does not appear to play a major role in height and weight judgmental tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effect of vocal disguise on judgments of speakers' sex and race.

To determine the effect of speakers' attempts to disguise their voices on listeners' accuracy in judgments of speakers' sex and race, 26 speakers, 13 women and 13 men, recorded six sentences under three conditions: (a) in a normal manner, (b) in a manner in which they attempted to sound like a member of the opposite sex, and (c) in a manner in which they attempted to sound like a member of the black race. Three master tapes were constructed, one for each of the three conditions. A total of 40 judges, 20 in an experiment on sex identification and 20 in one on race identification, participated in two sessions, one for each of two tapes (control and disguise) in each experiment. In each session they were asked to judge the sex or race of the speaker of each sentence and, using a seven-point confidence rating scale, to indicate the over-all confidence in their judgments at the end of each session. Analysis indicated that, although listeners' accuracy for sex and race identification was greater under the control than disguised conditions for the majority of speakers, the differences between the two conditions were relatively small. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Scales for subjective distance in a large open field from the fractionation method: effects of type of judgment and distance range.

By means of the method of fractionation, scales for subjective distance were derived from five different types of judgment accomplished with two ranges of distance estimated in a large open field. It was found (a) that the scales for subjective distance are to a considerable extent influenced by ways of obtaining the judgments, (b) that the scales are relatively uninfluenced by range of distance, (c) that the exponents of the scales for egocentric distances are different from those for exocentric distances, (d) that the functions for egocentric distances are slightly decelerated but for exocentric distances slightly accelerated, and (e) that the average exponent for all subjects was 0.98.

Adolescent↗