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PubMed2002

Hydrocephalus manifestation in the genetic polydactyly/ arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn).

The genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn, exhibits severe polydactyly both in the fore- and hindlimbs, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure. The mechanism of hydrocephalus manifestation in Pdn/Pdn was investigated in the present study. Ink was injected into the left lateral ventricle in the Pdn/Pdn and +/+ newborn mice. After incubation at 32 degrees C for different time intervals, the heads were fixed in Bouin's solution and were subsequently decalcified in 0.5 mol/L of EDTA solution, paraffin sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Ink spread into the 3rd and right lateral ventricles and flowed to the 4th ventricle and Magendie's foramen rapidly in Pdn/Pdn mice. This rapid spread was due to the dilatation of the interventricular foramen and that the lateral ventricle was directly connected with enlarged 3rd ventricle in Pdn/Pdn. In spite of the rapid spread of ink in the cerebrospinal fluid pathway, ink was not observed in the subarachnoid space around the superior sagittal sinus at 3.5 or 10 hours in Pdn/Pdn mice. The superior sagittal sinus was narrower in Pdn/Pdn than in +/+, and the arachnoid villi were not observed in Pdn/Pdn. From these observations, we suggested that absorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus stagnated and that stagnation of the fluid in the ventricles was the cause of hydrocephalus in Pdn/Pdn mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Binding of Candida albicans yeast cells to mouse popliteal lymph node tissue is mediated by macrophages.

We previously reported that Candida albicans yeast cells adhere to the macrophage-rich medullary and subcapsular sinus areas of mouse lymph node tissue. To determine whether the yeast cell-lymph node interaction is mediated by macrophages, the effect of specific elimination of macrophages on yeast cell binding was studied, and yeast cell adherence was correlated with the ingestion of India ink by lymph node cells. Macrophage elimination was done by use of liposome-containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (L-Cl2MDP). Mice were injected in the hind footpads with the L-Cl2MDP preparation, popliteal lymph nodes were removed 5 days later, and yeast cell adherence was determined by an ex vivo binding assay. As controls, lymph nodes from mice that received footpad injections of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone or liposome-containing PBS were used. Use of macrophage- and neutrophil-specific monoclonal antibodies in tissue immunostaining showed that the L-Cl2MDP treatment eliminated macrophages but not neutrophils from the medullary and subcapsular sinus areas of the popliteal lymph nodes. A striking reduction of yeast cell adherence occurred with lymph nodes from L-Cl2MDP-treated mice compared with lymph nodes from control animals. The lymph node-yeast cell binding patterns of L-Cl2MDP-treated and control mice were the same regardless of mouse strain, sex, or T-cell competency. Results of India ink experiments, in which India ink was injected into footpads of mice and was rapidly taken up by popliteal lymph node macrophages, showed a strong correlation between yeast adherence and India ink staining of cells. In addition, the interaction of yeast cells with lymph node tissue from normal mice was not significantly affected by the addition of two extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and laminin, during the ex vivo adherence assay. These data indicate that medullary and subcapsular sinus lymph node macrophages express an adhesion system similar to that described for mouse splenic marginal zone macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of surface roughness on dip-pen nanolithography.

In the present work, five gold thin films with various surface roughnesses were prepared by sputtering and the influence of the surface roughness of gold substrate on dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) was studied using 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene) [P(VDFTrFE)] as inks. It was shown that surface roughness influences both the contrast in lateral force microscopy (LFM) images and the transport rate of ink. Surfaces with less roughness give good contrast in LFM images, while rough surfaces give poor contrast. The transport rate of ink increases as the roughness decreases; however, the extent of the influence is strongly ink-dependent.

Gold↗
PubMed2005

Experimental percutaneous cannulation of the supraorbital arteries: implication for future therapy.

PURPOSE: There is some evidence to suggest that thrombolysis has a beneficial effect in retinal vessel occlusion. However, there is concern that this therapeutic approach carries the risk of hemorrhage. Retrograde cannulation of the supraorbital arteries followed by irrigation with fibrinolytic agents may have the potential to minimize the risk of major complications. The study was conducted to investigate the anatomic and sonographic features of the supraorbital arteries. METHODS: This cadaver dissection study was performed on the orbits of 12 cadaveric specimens. In each orbit, the supraorbital region was dissected, followed by cannulation of the supraorbital vessels and injection of ink. In six orbits, the orbital vessels and the distribution of the injected ink were investigated. Continuous-wave Doppler sonographic analysis of the supratrochlear and the supraorbital artery was performed in 40 orbits of 20 volunteers to measure the distance between the arteries and the midline. RESULTS: Cannulation with retrograde injection of ink was successfully performed in both the supratrochlear and the supraorbital arteries. The supratrochlear artery exhibited a more superficial course and a larger diameter than the supraorbital artery (1.08 +/- 0.19 mm vs. 0.86 +/- 0.19 mm [SD]). Dissection to the orbital apex revealed a spread of ink into the ophthalmic and the central retinal arteries. The average distance between the exit of the supratrochlear artery and the midline was found to be 16.4 +/- 1.7 mm (range, 13-20). The average distance between the exit of the supraorbital artery and the midline measured 26.5 +/- 2.6 mm (range, 23-35). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this anatomic and sonographic study support the concept of percutaneous supraorbital vessel cannulation as a potential approach to thrombolysis in retinal vessel occlusion. The supratrochlear artery appears to provide the most reliable access route.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reflectance and transmittance model for recto-verso halftone prints.

We propose a spectral prediction model for predicting the reflectance and transmittance of recto-verso halftone prints. A recto-verso halftone print is modeled as a diffusing substrate surrounded by two inked interfaces in contact with air (or with another medium). The interaction of light with the print comprises three components: (a) the attenuation of the incident light penetrating the print across the inked interface, (b) the internal reflectance and internal transmittance that accounts for the substrate's intrinsic reflectance and transmittance and for the multiple Fresnel internal reflections at the inked interfaces, and (c) the attenuation of light exiting the print across the inked interfaces. Both the classical Williams-Clapper and Clapper-Yule spectral prediction models are special cases of the proposed recto-verso reflectance and transmittance model. We also extend the Kubelka-Munk model to predict the reflectance and transmittance of recto-verso halftone prints. The extended Kubelka-Munk model is compatible with the proposed recto-verso reflectance and transmittance model. In the case of a homogeneous substrate, the recto-verso model's internal reflectance and transmittance can be expressed as a function Kubelka-Munk's scattering and absorption parameters, or the Kubelka-Munk's scattering and absorption parameters can be inferred from the recto-verso model's internal reflectance and transmittance, deduced from spectral measurements. The proposed model offers new perspectives both for spectral transmission and reflection predictions and for characterizing the properties of printed diffuse substrates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Fourier transform hyperspectral visible imaging and the nondestructive analysis of potentially fraudulent documents.

The work presented in this paper details the design and performance characteristics of a new hyperspectral visible imaging technique. Rather than using optical filters or a dispersing element, this design implements Fourier transform spectroscopy to achieve spectral discrimination. One potentially powerful application of this new technology is the non-destructive analysis and authentication of written and printed documents. Document samples were prepared using red, blue, and black inks. The samples were later altered using a different ink of the same color. While the alterations are undetectable to the naked eye, the alterations involving the blue and black inks were easily detected when the spectrally resolved images were viewed. Analysis of the sample using the red inks was unsuccessful. A 2004 series 20 US dollars bill was imaged to demonstrate the application to document authentication. The results argue that counterfeit detection and quality control during printing are plausible applications of Fourier transform hyperspectral visible imaging. All of the images were subjected to fuzzy c-means cluster analysis in an effort to objectively analyze and automate image analysis. Our results show that cluster analysis can distinguish image features that have remarkably similar visible transmission spectra.

Documentation↗
PubMed1977

Locus of interference on the Stroop test.

On the Stroop test subjects are presented with a random sequence of color names printed in random colors of ink. They are asked to go through the list twice, once reading the words aloud and once naming the ink colors. In this experiment 36 college students were also asked to go through the lists using their fingers to make push button responses. With verbal responses naming the ink colors took nearly twice as long as reading the words, thus replicating the usual Stroop test results. With either the left hand or the right there was no difference between the time required by the subjects to respond to the words and to the ink colors. The disappearance of the Stroop effect with finger responses suggests strongly that the interference normally shown on the Stroop test occurs primarily in the processing of the verbal response.

Color Perception↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of laser desorption mass spectrometry and UV accelerated aging of dyes on paper as tools for the evaluation of a questioned document.

Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) may be used for the detection and identification of dyes found in inks. Naturally-aged and artificially-aged blue and black ballpoint pen inks containing the cationic dye methyl violet were analyzed on paper. The average molecular weight of the dye sample was calculated from LD mass spectral data and plotted versus time. The resulting aging curves demonstrate that, as dye degradation increases, the average molecular weight of the dye decreases. Typical variables involved in ink aging, such as the type of paper and ink formulation, were investigated. Results show that these variables influence the rate of dye degradation. Furthermore, UV accelerated aging has been developed and tested as an alternative to thermal approaches.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

An experimental study on direct revascularization of bronchial circulation by microvascular anastomosis.

The effects of direct revascularization of the bronchial artery after bronchoplasty were estimated by laser Doppler velocimetry and india ink injection in dogs. Bronchoplastic surgery at the right main bronchus was performed in all dogs, and the bronchial artery was reconstructed using the internal thoracic artery in the reconstruction group. The mucosal blood flow was measured at the distal side of the anastomosis. India ink was injected into the aorta in the nonreconstruction group and into the internal thoracic artery in the reconstruction group. The peripheral blood flow had diminished immediately after surgeries to 59% of the baseline value and took 14 days to recover to the baseline value in the nonreconstruction group. However, in the reconstruction group, the blood flow recovered at once to 78% of the baseline value and had returned to that value in 5 days. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups from just after operation to day 7. India ink data confirmed these findings. In the nonreconstruction group, no ink was observed in the peripheral bronchial vessels on day 3; it was noted in part of the vessels on day 7 and in most on day 14. On the other hand, a relatively large number of vessels were stained just after operation in the reconstruction group. Thus reconstruction of the bronchial artery by means of the anastomosis with the internal thoracic artery can be said to be a useful and effective method for preventing airway ischemia.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2005

Endoscopic tattoo of the colon might be standardized to locate tumors intraoperatively.

BACKGROUND: Small colonic lesions which are identified during endoscopy are usually difficult to locate intra-operatively. Endoscopic tattoo of the colon seems the most efficient method, however it does fail in some cases to identify the lesion peroperatively. We studied this method to evaluate its efficacy. METHODS: Nineteen patients were tattooed during colonoscopy with "India ink" (drawing ink Rotring ). These patients had lesions in which difficulties were anticipated when retracing them again during colorectal surgery. Seventeen patients underwent colonic surgery. One patient underwent laparoscopic polypectomy and the other TEM (Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery). RESULTS: The visibility of the "India ink" peroperatively and afterwards during histological examination were evaluated. The tattoos were visible in 68.4 % patients intraoperatively. Histopathological macroscopic examination of the specimens showed ink in 73.6 % patients. In 31.5 % patients the tattoo could not be recognised peroperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy assisted tattooing of the colon has been reported to be a safe method to landmark lesions in the colon. In the majority of our patients the tattoo was obvious during surgery. Endoscopic tattoo seems an efficient technique in identifying small colonic lesions intraoperatively.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

[Study on obturating efficiency of Gutta-percha point as a root canal filler. Difference in results among combinational usages of hand reamers and files].

The last treatment step followings extirpation of pulp from an infected root canal is root canal filling. Before root canal filling is done, however, the canal must be enlarged enough and the infected dentin and debris removed thoroughly from the canal. Furthermore, re-infection from the apical foramen at the apex of the root canal should be prevented. In this study, we examined the root apex sealing ability of gutta-percha points applied by the lateral condensation method and the vertical condensation method, as well as the difference in root canal sealing ability of gutta-percha points when either a hand reamer or file or their combination was used for root canal enlargement. Extracted human upper incisors were used for root canal enlargement. The condition of the root canal wall after enlargement was observed by scanning electron microscope. The fitness between the wall and gutta-percha was determined by observation of replicas filled with gutta-percha. Furthermore, to assess the degree of apex sealing after root canal filling, we immersed the extracted teeth in Indian ink for 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks (Indian ink permeation test). The results obtained were as follows: 1. Reamer and K-file could smooth the root canal wall more than H-file by the scratch-up method. And also the instruments used by the rotation method formed a sure apical seat, which resulted in film apex filling. 2. By the observation of gutta-percha point-filled replicas we noted a border line between the apical seat and apical foramen when the lateral condensation method was used, whereas the line was not observed with the vertical condensation method. 3. Between the 2 filling methods there was no difference in the ink permeation by Indian ink permeation test, but high sealing ability was observed in the root canal in which a sure apical seat had been formed.

Gutta-Percha↗
PubMed1983

Methods in laboratory investigation. Identification and evaluation of histopathology at microelectrode puncture sites.

Tissue puncture techniques using microelectrodes for various measurements have been criticized for producing undetermined degrees of tissue damage. Therefore, a method permitting routine identification of puncture tracks was developed to determine local microelectrode-induced injury. Rabbits were anesthetized and the femoral arteries surgically exposed. A 3-ml mixture of saline-India ink suspension was introduced through an ear vein. Oxygen-sensitive (pO2) microcathodes were advanced into and through the arterial wall at 10- or 20-micron intervals using a stepping microdrive to 150 to 450 micron and then withdrawn. The arteries were fixed in 10% formalin and gelatin embedded, and serial frozen sections (less than or equal to 15 micron) of the microelectrode puncture area were made. We observed within 5 minutes of microcathode withdrawal a dark, punctate, microscopic discoloration within the arterial wall. Histologically, ink distribution within the arterial wall demonstrated an acute permeability change: puncture depths generally less than 300 micron showed ink-lined microelectrode tracks (generally less than 2 micron wide) in the media, and greater puncture depths showed local hemorrhage and focal laminar accumulation of ink which extended from the track. The immediate adjacent area to microelectrode puncture depths less than 300 micron showed an apparent intact internal elastic lamina and media. Therefore, microelectrode damage has been shown to be primarily limited to microelectrode tissue tracks.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Distribution of a diffusible tracer in the subcapsular sinus and the cortex of lymph nodes in the rat].

The observations of a previous work on the architecture of the rat node suggested that the organ is divided into "physiological compartments". Each compartment corresponds to a node portion stimulated by the immunogenic content poured by an opening of an afferent lymphatic or a branch of it. The same study also investigated the lymph flow in the organ sinuses by analysing the distribution, in draining nodes, of a locally injected small dose of China ink. It was found that the ink, pouring into a node from a lymphatic opening, had spread in a restricted portion of its subcapsular sinus corresponding to that of a compartment. The finding thus supported the proposal on the physiological compartmentation of the organ. However, the question arose as to whether such restricted ink distribution in the sinus did not result from the non-diffusible and unphysiological nature of the ink. We, therefore, repeated the latter analysis with a diffusible and physiological tracer: uridine-3H. The similarity of the results of the latter analysis, with those of the preceeding one, indicate that the observations witness the physiological modalities of the pattern of lymph flow in the organ sinuses. It, therefore, confirms that the node is divided into physiological compartments. Additional observations of present work, further demonstrate that small sized lymph substances diffuse from the subcapsular sinus into the cortex. The process is maximal under a lymphatic opening and decreases along the sinus with distance from the opening.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Phagocytic lymphoid cells and transitional cells in the peritoneal cavity.

In 71 mice, a study was made of the non-granular phagocytic cells in the peritoneal cavity, both after the intraperitoneal injection of India ink, and by incubation of the non-adherent cells with ink in vitro. Ink was taken up by a number of lymphoid cells, as well as by macrophages and monocytes, referred to jointly as macrophages. In addition, the presence of DNA-synthesizing cells was investigated by radio-autography after incubation of cell suspensions for 1 hour with tritiated thymidine. A small number of labelled macrophages was usually found in the normal peritoneal cavity, and also about 1% of labelled cells with the typical morphological features of the transitional cells seen in bone marrow. During 14 days after the intraperitoneal injection of ink, the combined population of lymphoid cells and macrophages showed an increase in the percentage of lymphoid cells, and a fall in the percentage of macrophages. The phagocytic lymphoid cells did not appear to develop into macrophages. It seems reasonable to assume that the haemopoietic stem cells known to be present in the peritoneal cavity are to be found among the transitional cells, some of which may also be macrophage or lymphocyte precursors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Phagocytosis and lymphocyte migration: evidence that lymphocyte trapping in the spleen following carbon injection is not due to direct lymphocyte-macrophage adherence.

The localization of intravenously injected labelled syngeneic lymphoid cells was studied in the spleen of mice and compared with the localization of Indian-ink-containing macrophages. To distinguish between Indian-ink-containing lysosomes of macrophages and silver grains formed in the autoradiographs over the radiolabelled cells, the latter grains were stained blue by a colour-coupling process. Labelled cells were injected 2 h after the Indian ink. Two hours after their injection the bulk of the labelled cells in the spleen was already localized in the white pulp. At this time the Indian ink had been ingested by macrophages in the marginal zone and to a somewhat lesser extent in the red pulp. Twenty-four hours after injection of the cells their concentration in the white pulp appeared constant or had decreased markedly, dependent on the source of the injected cells (spleen, lymph nodes or thymus). At this time carbon-containing macrophages were also found in the white pulp although they contained less carbon than macrophages in the marginal zone and red pulp. A positive correlation between labelled cells and carbon-containing macrophages was never seen in any part of the spleen. It is concluded that, if carbon-containing macrophages induce lymphocyte trapping, as has been supposed by other authors, this trapping must be mediated by the macrophages in an indirect way, e.g. by soluble mediator molecules released in the circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of marking materials for cutaneous surgical margins.

Microscopic evaluation of the margins of excised cutaneous neoplasms is of paramount importance for determining that neoplastic tissue does not extend to the excision borders. Dyes or pigments that indelibly mark the tissue should be more reliable than sectioning techniques or suture markers for identifying the surgical margins before and after tissue processing. We evaluated 5 pigments to select a material that could be rapidly applied by surgeons, and readily identified on histologic section by the pathologists. Twenty normal canine skin specimens were assigned to each of 5 groups. Each group was treated with artists' pigments in acetone, India ink in acetone, alcian blue, typists' correction fluid, or a commercially available marking kit. Ten specimens within each group were marked before formalin fixation, and 10 were marked after fixation. Application properties, fixation and processing properties, and microscopic characteristics were evaluated for each material. Application properties were acceptable for all marking materials on unfixed specimens, and for alcian blue, India ink in acetone, and correction fluid on fixed specimens. Fixation and processing properties were acceptable for all materials except correction fluid. All marking materials survived fixation and processing, and colors were readily visualized under the microscope. Microscopic characteristics were acceptable for alcian blue, India ink in acetone, and the commercial kit. Overall, alcian blue was the best marking material, with India ink in acetone and the commercial kit also acceptable. Correction fluid and artist' pigments in acetone were not acceptable because pigment fragmentation and incomplete tissue coverage hindered microscopic evaluation of resection margins.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed1994

The significance of positive margins in loop electrosurgical cone biopsies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interpretability and significance of the endocervical margins of cervical cone biopsy specimens removed by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). METHODS: Loop electrosurgical cervical conization was performed on 57 women with biopsy-confirmed, high-grade dysplasias in whom the extent of the lesion could not be determined by colposcopic visualization. Internal endocervical margins of the resected specimens were marked with ink by the operating physician and evaluated microscopically by the pathologist. Endocervical curettage (ECC) was done in all instances, and all subjects were followed for 1 year after the procedure. RESULTS: Histologic evaluation of the inked endocervical margins was possible for all 57 resected specimens and was in no instance hindered by thermal artifact. In 19 patients, dysplasia was present in the inked core margin, the ECC, or both. Each patient had re-excisions of the endocervical area; 12 of the 19 (63%) had dysplasia in the specimen. Of 12 cases in which dysplasia was present in both the endocervical margin and the ECC, nine had residual dysplasia. Two of four patients with positive margins but a negative ECC had residual dysplasia, but only one of three patients with a negative endocervical margin and a positive ECC showed residual dysplasia. In the 38 patients with negative inked margins and a negative ECC, there was only one instance of dysplasia demonstrated during the 1-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Endocervical margins of cone biopsies removed by LEEP can be accurately assessed pathologically and can help predict the presence of persistent dysplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Ultrasonography as a method to determine tendon cross-sectional area.

Ultrasonographic cross sectional area (CSA) measurements of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon were obtained to determine the feasibility of ultrasonography for CSA measurement of tendon in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonographic measurements were compared with a more traditional CSA measurement method, ink-blot analysis. In addition, values for ultrasonographic SDF tendon mean echogenicity were obtained in vivo and in vitro. The left forelimb SDF tendons of 23 horses were evaluated ultrasonographically. Cross sectional images were acquired at 4-cm intervals distal to the base of the accessory carpal bone (DACB) to the level of the proximal sesamoid bones while horses were standing squarely. After euthanasia, the left forelimbs were mounted in a materials testing system (MTS) and loaded under tension to standing load. Ultrasonographic images were again acquired at the same locations. The ultrasonographic images were digitized, and values for ultrasonographic CSA and mean echogenicity were obtained for each level. immediately after mechanical testing, a 1-cm-thick transverse section of SDF tendon at 12 cm DACB was removed. Three ink blots were prepared from each end of the removed tendon section and digitized. The 6 CSA values were averaged to generate a value for morphologic CSA for each SDF tendon at 12 cm DACB. Standing ultrasonographic tendon CSA at 12 cm DACB was consistently smallest (mean +/- SD CSA 86 +/- 11 mm2), followed by MTS ultrasonographic CSA (mean, 95 +/- 12 mm), with ink-blot morphologic CSA being largest (mean, 99 +/- 15 mm2). Comparison of standing and MTS ultrasonographic CSA values at 12 cm DACB revealed a strong positive linear correlation between methods (R2 = 0.74, P = 0.001). Comparison of ink blot CSA at 12 cm DACB with standing and MTS ultrasonographic CSA revealed strong positive linear correlations (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.001 and R2 = 0.72, P = 0.001, respectively). For ultrasonographic mean echogenicity, standing values insignificantly exceeded MTS values at each level. The authors conclude that ultrasonography is a useful technique for the noninvasive assessment of SDF tendon CSA that can be applied in vivo and in vitro.

Analysis of Variance↗