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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

A dynamic analysis of the effect of child care costs on the work decisions of low-income mothers with infants.

Child care costs reduce the net benefit of working and consequently influence mothers' decisions to work. They affect the employment of low-income mothers in particular because they represent a larger portion of these mothers' earnings. I used a hazard framework to examine a mother's decisions about work and hours of work after childbirth. I focused on low-income mothers with infants because they are the ones who may be most affected by child care costs. The results showed that child care costs are a barrier to work that is larger for low-income mothers than for non-low-income mothers. Further, child care costs have large negative effects on hours of work.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

African American and white differences in nutritional status among low-income women attending public health clinics.

Information concerning nutritional status and factors influencing dietary intakes among underserved populations is scarce. To obtain this information, data on nutritional status in a group of 726 white and African American women of low education and low income who were inner-city dwellers were analyzed. Dietary habits in all subjects were characterized by high intakes of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and salt and low intakes of fiber and folate. A comparison of dietary intake patterns of low-income white and African American women showed a trend toward poorer dietary habits among the white women. It is suggested that differences between African Americans and whites in most nutrient intakes were due to factors such as low levels of education and income rather than racial background alone. Results imply that disease prevention and health promotion programs should include efforts to increase awareness and practice of healthy diet habits among all low-income women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

When insurance status is not static: insurance transitions of low-income children and implications for health and health care.

OBJECTIVES: Among low-income children, to characterize the frequency of transitions in health insurance coverage and examine associations of transitions with health status and health care access. METHODS: Data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families were used in weighted analyses to identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with health insurance transitions for children living in households with income <200% of the federal poverty level over the preceding 12 months. In logistic regression models, we examined associations of insurance transitions with children's health status (fair/poor health), postponement of children's medical care or prescription medications, and lack of physician visits. RESULTS: Among 27.93 million low-income children in 1999, 5.7 million (20.4%) had experienced an insurance transition in the preceding year. Non-Hispanic black children (24.5%) and children whose parents did not have a partner or spouse (23.5%) were significantly more likely than other children to have experienced transitions. Hispanic children (16%) were least likely to have experienced transitions. Compared with children with continuous private coverage, children who had transitioned from public to private coverage were more likely to report fair or poor health, children who experienced transitions that included a period of no coverage were more likely to report postponed medical care and prescription drugs, and children who experienced a no-coverage-to-private-coverage transition were more likely to have foregone physician visits. CONCLUSION: Transitions in insurance coverage affect many low-income children and may represent barriers to their health care. Considering insurance transitions may provide a more complete picture of children's health and health care utilization.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insurance matters for low-income adults: results from a five-state survey.

Using survey data from 2,000 low-income adult respondents in each of five states, this DataWatch assesses how uninsured, low-income adults differ from low-income adults who have public or private insurance and how Medicaid expansions have affected insurance coverage patterns across states with different eligibility policies. Findings show that the proportion of low-income uninsured adults is two to three times higher in states that have not expanded Medicaid eligibility beyond relatively low welfare levels. Compared with persons who have either Medicaid or private insurance, uninsured persons report more difficulties getting needed care, are less likely to have a regular provider, and rate the care they do receive as lower quality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Managed care and low-income populations: recent state experiences.

This DataWatch examines the relationship between managed care enrollment and access to care for low-income adults with Medicaid and compares their experience with that of low-income, privately insured managed care enrollees. Medicaid managed care enrollees are more likely than low-income, privately insured managed care enrollees to be poorer, have health problems, and experience access problems. Compared with low-income populations in fee-for-service care, managed care enrollees, whether in Medicaid or privately insured, are not appreciably different in having a usual source of care, having a regular provider, or emergency room use but report more problems in obtaining care and are more likely to be dissatisfied with their health plans.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health care access and use among low-income children: who fares best?

In this paper we assess how access to care and use of services among low-income children vary by insurance status. Although 40 percent of low-income children rely on private health insurance, little is known about how this coverage compares with Medicaid coverage in meeting their health care needs. We find that Medicaid and privately insured low-income children appear to have fairly comparable access but that Medicaid-covered children are more likely to receive services and to have more visits when they receive care. Expanding public coverage may not be sufficient to ensure that all low-income children have access to comprehensive and high-quality care. It may require improvements in preventive and dental care for children with private coverage, an area in which states have limited influence.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Low rate of achieving LDL-cholesterol objective in a low income population].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the percentage of patients suitable to the objectives preconized by III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brazilian Society of Cardiology), in a low income population. To determine whether there was a difference of that percentage in high risk patients, according to their age (< 75 years old vs. > 75 years old). METHODS: We analyzed, consecutively, 190 patients, divided in two groups: 51 low and middle risk patients (G I) and 139 high risk patients for coronary artery disease (G II). The sample was characterized by low income patients (69% for the patients had a family income between 1 and 2 minimum salaries), whose hypolipidemic therapy was irregularly supplied by the state. RESULTS: G I and G II showed, respectively, 70.1 +/- 13.7 years old and 13.7% of men and 68.5 +/- 10.6 years old and 62.6% of men. Among patients from G II, 30% showed LDL-cholesterol within the preconized objectives. The frequency of patients suitable to the objectives was significantly lower in individuals with 75 years of age or older than among those younger than 75 years old (16% vs. 30%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In a predominantly low income population and without continuous assistance from the State to purchase statins, the achievement of preconized objectives for LDL-cholesterol, by 3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brasilian Society of Cardiology, is low and also significantly lower among very old patients, with a high risk profile for atherosclerosis.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Addressing the growing burden of trauma and injury in low- and middle-income countries.

Low- and middle-income countries suffer disproportionately from reduced life expectancy and quality of life. Injuries are overlooked as contributors to global inequities in health, yet the long-term disabilities they frequently produce represent a significant burden. The Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health convened a panel of experts in trauma and injury from the United States and low- and middle-income nations to identify research gaps in this area and opportunities to create new knowledge. Panel members identified sustainable programs of research established through stable linkages between institutions in high-income nations and those in low- and middle-income nations as a priority. The resulting benefits of addressing the growing burden of trauma and injury to communities in resource-constrained settings around the world would be substantial.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Preventive dental care and unmet dental needs among low-income children.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the ways in which levels of preventive dental care and unmet dental needs varied among subgroups of low-income children. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2002 National Survey of America's Families. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses, including logistic regression analyses, to assess relationships between socioeconomic, demographic, and health factors and receipt of preventive dental care and unmet dental needs. RESULTS: More than half of low-income children without health insurance had no preventive dental care visits. Levels of unmet dental needs among low-income children who had private health insurance coverage but no dental benefits were similar to those among uninsured children. Children of parents whose mental health was rated as poor were twice as likely to have unmet dental needs as other children. CONCLUSIONS: Additional progress toward improving the dental health of low-income children depends on identifying and responding to factors limiting both the demand for and the supply of dental services. In particular, it appears that expanding access to dental benefits is key to improving the oral health of this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The impact of Medicaid on physician use by low-income children.

This study evaluated the determinants of physician use by low-income children, with an emphasis on the effect of Medicaid. Data are from the 1980 National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey. Regression analysis revealed that Medicaid children were more likely than both privately insured and uninsured children to visit an office-based physician. Also, Medicaid children with at least one visit to any setting had a higher number of visits than uninsured children. Such factors as age, health status, number of children in the family, educational status, and income also accounted for differences within the low-income population. The results suggest that access to physicians' services (including office-based physicians) can be increased by expanding Medicaid eligibility to uninsured low-income children and by improving private health insurance benefits among the underinsured.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The effects of exercise program on knowledge and attitude of exercise and depression in low-income elderly women].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of exercise program on knowledge and attitude of exercise, and depression in low-income elderly women. METHOD: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 26 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group among 46 low-income women over age 65. The independent variable is the exercise program, and the dependent variables are knowledge and attitude of exercise and depression. The exercise program was performed for 45-50 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks. Data was collected from March 12. to May 8. 2004. RESULT: Participants were given a pre-test and post-test for the selected variables. The experimental group reported significant improvements in their knowledge and attitude of exercise and depression scores compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the exercise program had the potential to manage low-income elderly women's health promotion. Furthermore, the exercise program can enhance life satisfaction in low-income elderly women.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ecology of urban violence: its relationship to health promotion behaviors in low-income black and Latino communities.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to identify and examine relationships between exposure to violence and health promotion behaviors in low-income black and Latino groups. DESIGN: Based on computer surveys of the psychologic, public health, medical, and sociologic literature, approximately 90 previous studies of the impact of exposure to violence on psychologic functioning, perceptions of health and well-being, and health decisions and behavior were identified. This article reviews those studies that examine the relationships between experiences of violence and subsequent feelings of alienation, powerlessness, and hopelessness, and perceptions of health and well-being and studies that examine relationships between alienation, hopelessness, and powerlessness and health promotion behaviors. Studies of health promotion behavior that did not examine or address the impact of exposure to violence are not reviewed in this article. RESULTS: Violence affects low-income communities directly by contributing to rates of mortality, and indirectly by affecting health promotion behaviors. Exposure to violence can result in feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness, and alienation that significantly limit motivation, the extent of involvement, and persistence in overcoming barriers to health promotion behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Future researchers must consider the confounding effects of exposure to violence when investigating differences in health promotion behaviors for low-income black and Latino groups. Community empowerment programs that address the impact of violence and focus on developing control over life and health outcomes may be needed to successfully address the effect of violence on health promotion behavior in low-income, black and Latino communities.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics and correlates of quitting among black and white low-income pregnant smokers.

OBJECTIVES: To examine race-specific differences in correlates of cessation in low income pregnant women. METHODS: Two hundred forty-eight low-income black and white pregnant women who smoked regularly prior to pregnancy were interviewed to assess several potential correlates of quitting. RESULTS: Race differences emerged in characteristics commonly thought to influence quitting including income, education level, marital status, nicotine dependence, and smoking history. However, race was not correlated with having quit smoking, nor did it influence the effect of other variables in quitting. CONCLUSIONS: Factors that influence the decision to quit smoking during pregnancy do not appear to differ between low-income black and white women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Medicaid program; deeming of income between spouses; categorically needy--HCFA. Final rule with comment period.

These final regulations revise Medicaid rules for determining the financial eligibility and the level of Medicaid payments for the institutional care of aged, blind, and disabled categorically needy individuals when one spouse is institutionalized and the other spouse is not. In accordance with a United States Supreme Court ruling, we are reinstating the rules that were in effect prior to imposition of lower court orders (now reversed) that required HCFA to change its regulations. The regulations affect those States that, as permitted by statute, use more restrictive eligibility criteria than those applied nationally under the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) requirements. They also apply in Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. These reinstated rules permit these jurisdictions, in situations when one spouse is institutionalized, to consider a portion of the income of one spouse as available for the care of his or her institutionalized spouse, whether or not the income is actually contributed to the spouse. This practice is known as "deeming of income." We are also clarifying a regulation that applies in States that use the SSI eligibility criteria and may apply in States that use more restrictive eligibility criteria.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes of low-income parents toward seeking help with parenting: implications for practice.

Fifty-two low-income parents were surveyed to determine attitudes toward parenting and help seeking. Although a majority agreed that most parents, even "good" parents, need help or advice about parenting and thought they would seek help with parenting, low-income parents were less likely to believe in or seek out help than those with higher incomes. The most frequently selected sources of help were family, books and videos, telephone help-lines, and friends. The least likely sources of help were child protective services, school personnel, clergy, and social service/counseling agencies. Parent support and education groups were likely sources of support for only one in four low-income parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Nutritional assessment of low-income elderly African-American population.

The purpose of this study was to perform a nutritional assessment of low-income, elderly African-American subjects, to develop appropriate nutritional intervention program suitable for their needs and taste to ensure maximum compliance. Twenty-three subjects (18 women and 5 men) aged 60 to 82 years participated in the study. A majority of the subjects had an income of $5,000 to $10,000/year and an education level below junior high school. Eighteen subjects had hypertension and eight of those also had diabetes mellitus. Weights ranged from 131 to 265 pounds, and blood cholesterol level varied from 200 to 288 mg/dL. Their diets were high in sodium and fat and low in fresh fruits and vegetables. Based on this preliminary information, we have developed an instrument to assess the nutritional knowledge of this low-income elderly African-American population and a nutrition education program. After 6 months, nutritional assessment will be performed again. This information will aid us in developing nutrition education modules for the low-income elderly African-American population in the United States.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

The relationship of family income, family size, age and circumferences with blood pressure in the female students of the Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

In a randomly selected sample of 600 female students of the Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, belonging to different socioeconomic groups, age, family income and family size were recorded and measurements were made of arm, waist, neck and total circumferences, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). The correlation coefficients between different independent (age, family income, family size, arm, waist, neck and total circumference) and dependent variables (SBP, DBP and MAP) showed that age had a strong association (p < 0.001) with all types of blood pressure, whereas the correlation coefficient of family income and family size was significant with SBP (p < 0.05) and non-significant with DBP and MAP. Moreover, all the circumferences had strong relationship (p 0.05 at least) with blood pressure. The regression coefficients of age were highly significant for SBP, DBP and MAP, whereas these were non-significant (p > 0.05) for family income and family size. The regression coefficients for arm and waist were significant (p < 0.05), whereas these were highly significant (p < 0.01 at least) for neck and total circumferences. The neck had a 0.46 mm Hg/cm with SBP, 0.41 mm Hg/cm for DBP and 0.44 Hg/cm for MAP, and these were highest among the circumferences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Influence of the incoming solar radiation on the bone mineral density in the female adult population in Croatia.

The relationship between the bone mineral density (BMD) in Croatian female adults and the average incoming solar radiation at the ground was investigated. The study included 387 volunteers of average age of 60 years from three different towns: Pula (n = 128, age from 35 to 76), Krapina (n = 141, age from 43 to 77), and Zagreb (n = 118, age from 32 to 79). Apart from the different lifestyle, each of above towns is characterized by different incoming solar radiation, where values of 503.3 kJ cm-2, 471.2 kJ cm-2 and 436.3 kJ cm-2 correspond to average annual radiation at the ground for Pula, Krapina and Zagreb, respectively. Heel BMD was measured by clinical bone sonometer (Sahara). On the average the BMD was highest for Pula (0.469 g cm-2) and the lowest for Zagreb (0.433 g cm-2). Similarly, the percentage of normal bones was the highest for Pula (46.1%) and the lowest for Zagreb (32.2%). Osteopenic bones were the most frequent for Zagreb (61.0%), while corresponding figures for Pula and Krapina were 46.9% and 43.6%, respectively. Osteoporosis varied from 6.8% in Zagreb to 11.4% in Krapina. A test of independence by contingency table confirmed at the significance level alpha = 0.05 that probability of normal bone occurrence increases with the increase of incoming solar radiation. Results of the multiple regression analysis suggest the dependence of BMD on woman's age and weight, and incoming solar radiation at the place of habitation.

Adult↗