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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Cytotoxic effects of ionic high-osmolar, nonionic monomeric, and nonionic iso-osmolar dimeric iodinated contrast media on renal tubular cells in vitro.

PURPOSE: To compare the cytotoxic effects of dimeric and monomeric iodinated contrast media on renal tubular cells in vitro with regard to osmolality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LLC-PK1 cells were incubated with ioxithalamate, ioversol, iomeprol-300, iomeprol-150, iodixanol, iotrolan, and hyperosmolar mannitol solutions for 1-24 hours at concentrations from 18.75 to 150 mg of iodine per milliliter. Cytotoxic effects were assessed with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance; post hoc tests were performed. RESULTS: At equal iodine concentrations, ioxithalamate showed stronger cytotoxic effects than did other contrast media (MTT conversion for ioxithalamate was 4% vs that for ioversol of 32%, that for iomeprol-300 of 34%, that for iodixanol of 40%, and that for iotrolan of 41% of undamaged control cells at 75 mg of iodine per milliliter, n = 61-90, P < .001); there was no significant difference between low-osmolar monomeric and iso-osmolar dimeric contrast media (P > .05). At equal molarity, dimeric contrast media induced significantly stronger cytotoxic effects than did low-osmolar monomeric contrast media (40% for iodixanol and 41% for iotrolan vs 64% for ioversol and 59% for iomeprol-300 at 98.5 mmol/L, n = 61-75, P < .001). At equimolar concentrations, both dimeric contrast media showed stronger cytotoxic effects than did iso-osmolar formulation of iomeprol-150 (51% for iodixanol and 50% for iotrolan vs 77% for iomeprol-150 at 98.5 mmol/L, n = 35-40, P < .001). Mannitol solutions induced weaker cytotoxic effects than did corresponding contrast media compounds (74% for mannitol-520 vs 34% for iomeprol-300 and 41% for mannitol-1860 vs 4% for ioxithalamate, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Besides hyperosmolality, direct cytotoxic effects of contrast media molecules contribute to their cytotoxic effects. Results of this study indicate that dimeric contrast media molecules have a greater potential for cytotoxic effects on proximal renal tubular cells in vitro than do monomeric contrast media molecules.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The risk of arachnoiditis from experimental nonionic contrast media.

Aqueous myelographic contrast media are needed that are less expensive and better tolerated than metrizamide. This study compares two new, nonionic aqueous contrast media, ioglunide and iopamidol, with two previously developed contrast media, metrizamide and iocarmate. Myelography was performed with one of the contrast media in monkeys; four weeks later the degree of arachnoid fibrosis was determined in each animal by myelographic and histologic studies of the dural sac. Iopamidol, ioglunide, and metrizamide produced no more arachnoid changes than were found in the control animals. Iocarmate produced moderate to severe arachnoiditis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Reactions to contrast media: testing the CNS hypothesis.

Sodium iothalamate was injected intravenously into mice to test the hypothesis that reactions to contrast media are controlled by the central nervous system. Particular emphasis was placed on (a) the effect of the limbic portion of the brain on the hypothalamus and (b) the outflow through the autonomic nervous system. Diazepam and hexamethonium significantly affected the LD50; in addition, in comparison trials with control mice, they markedly decreased the death rate (p < 0.0005). High doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, given every 6 hours before the contrast medium, had no effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Correlation of computed tomography and nephrography in quantitative comparison of urographic contrast agents.

The use of computed tomography (CT) to estimate the differences in radiographic contrast obtainable with different contrast agents is discussed. A CT scanner was calibrated to measure the in vivo iodine concentration, and phantom studies were performed to derive the relationship between iodine concentration and resultant radiographic contrast in the kidneys. The technique is illustrated by a quantitative comparison of the nephrographic phase in dogs with two urographic contrast agents, sodium iothalamate and sodium ioxaglate.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Nonionic dimer: development and initial testing of an intrathecal contrast agent.

A nonionic dimer (DL-3-117) containing a novel substituent (D,L amino-threitol) was synthesized and tested as an intrathecal contrast medium. In the complement-mediated assay, the dimer was approximately half as inhibitory of hemolysis as metrizamide or iopamidol. The lethal dose (LD50) in protozoa was 320 mg I/ml for DL-3-117, 96 mg I/ml for metrizamide, and 101 mg I/ml for iopamidol. The intravenous LD50 of DL-3-117 in mice was 26 g/kg, and in rats it was 12.7 g/kg. The effective dose (ED50) of intradiencephalic injection in rats was 219 mg I/kg for DL-3-117, 61.9 mg I/kg for metrizamide, and 154.1 mg I/kg for iopamidol, which are significantly different. A dose of 300 mg I/kg injected into a permanently cannulated lateral ventricle produced neurofunctional deficits with all contrast media except DL-3-117, which scored equal to Ringer's solution. Metrizamide and iopamidol in the same model, adapted for aversion conditioning, induced aversion with 45 mg I/kg, while DL-3-117 did not condition the rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The effect of ionic and nonionic contrast media on the sickling phenomenon.

The effects of an ionic contrast agent (meglumine iothalamate) and a nonionic contrast medium (iopamidol) on the sickling phenomenon were studied in vitro. The findings indicate that, at the same concentration of contrast agent in the blood, iopamidol causes significantly less sickling than meglumine iothalamate. This indicates that nonionic contrast agents are preferable for diagnostic studies in patients with sickle cell anemia.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1982

Iopamidol: a non-ionic contrast agent for peripheral arteriography.

Ten patients undergoing peripheral arteriography with iopamidol were evaluated in a carefully controlled Phase I study using a variety of objective and subjective tests of discomfort. There was minimal objective evidence of pain, and the patients reported that they perceived minor discomfort and a warm sensation during the contrast injections. Five patients who had previously undergone arteriography using 2 mg of lidocaine per ml of methylglucamine diatrizoate noted a marked decrease in discomfort when iopamidol was used. Opacification of peripheral arteries was excellent. Multiple physical examinations, chemical tests, electrocardiograms, and intra-arterial pressure recordings showed that iopamidol is safe.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Study of safety and tolerance of iopamidol in peripheral arteriography.

Iopamidol, a non-ionic contrast agent, was evaluated during peripheral arteriography in 10 patients. All reported a sensation of warmth during injection. One described the procedure as moderately painful. All objectively tolerated the injections well, and there were no significant changes in clinical or laboratory findings. Vessel opacification was good to excellent in all cases. The authors suggest that non-ionic contrast agents replace ionic agents for peripheral arteriography.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Dynamic tomographic digital subtraction angiography using temporal filtration.

A variation of temporal recursive filtering for intravenous and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is described. It results in a dynamic tomographic DSA display that may improve intravenous DSA performance by removing the confusion introduced by vessel overlap and reducing the severity of motion artifacts. A conventional circular tomographic apparatus was modified by the addition of a 23-cm image intensifier-television chain and made to run continuously at one revolution each 1.5 seconds. The video output was processed by the recursive filter in a two-step process resulting in a dynamic tomographic display of arterial opacification. Theory and results of initial animal studies are presented.

Angiography↗
PubMed1983

Acute damage to human endothelial cells by brief exposure to contrast media in vitro.

Cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical cord veins were labeled with Na2 (51Cr)O4 and exposed to pure isoiodinated contrast media or control solutions for 10 minutes to simulate the effects of intravenous injections of contrast media on the human endothelium. Metrizamide, iohexol, iopamidol, meglumine/Ca metrizoate (300 mg I/ml), meglumine/Na diatrizoate, meglumine/Na ioxaglate, and meglumine/Ca metrizoate (200 mg I/ml) were tested. Iso-osmolal mannitol solutions were used to determine the portion of injury that was due to the effects of osmolality. Up to six times more chromium-51 was released from the cultures following exposure to the two hyperosmolal ionic contrast media (meglumine/Na diatrizoate and meglumine/Ca metrizoate) than with exposure to the least toxic agent, iopamidol. The dimer ioxaglate and the three nonionic agents (iohexol, metrizamide, and iopamidol) gave a chromium-51 release rate that was almost equal to or lower than that of 0.9% saline. Follow-up of the washed cultures for 24 hours showed no residual toxic effects.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1983

The effect of contrast media on the aortic endothelium of rats.

The effect of diatrizoate, ioxitalamate, metrizamide, and ioxaglate on the aortic endothelium of the rat was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and DNA synthesis autoradiography. One milliliter of each contrast medium, containing 300 mg iodine per ml, was injected into the aorta. The types of lesions seen on electron microscopy and the rate of DNA synthesis seen on autoradiography established the degree of endothelial damage that had been produced. Of the four contrast agents tested, ioxaglate produced the least amount of cellular change.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Iopamidol and meglumine diatrizoate: comparison of effects on patient discomfort during aortofemoral arteriography.

Iopamidol was compared with Renografin-60 (meglumine diatrizoate, Squibb) in a controlled, randomized double-blind study of 40 patients undergoing peripheral arteriography for arteriosclerotic occlusive disease to determine which agent caused less discomfort. Each patient was evaluated for objective signs of discomfort and subjective feelings of pain and heat. Monitoring was achieved by multiple physical examinations, chemical tests, electrocardiograms, and intra-arterial pressure recordings. It is concluded that iopamidol is safe and causes significantly less patient discomfort than Renografin-60.

Angiography↗
PubMed1983

Work in progress: reduction of calcium activity by radiopaque contrast media.

An in vitro examination of the effects of radiopaque contrast media anions, cations, additives, and ionic strength on ionic calcium level using ion-specific electrodes was made. The calcium-binding additives sodium citrate and sodium EDTA produced the largest reduction in ionic calcium. At the same iodine concentration the anions diatrizoate, iothalamate, metrizoate, and ioxaglate reduced ionic calcium by essentially the same amount. Sodium compounds reduced ionic calcium more than did meglumine compounds, a difference that is probably related to dissociation. The nonionic compounds iohexol and iopamidol did not reduce ionic calcium significantly. Ionic strength appears to have little direct effect on ionic calcium at and above physiologic levels. All ionic contrast media bind significant amounts of ionic calcium at the high concentrations achieved during selective arteriography. Since the anions are only weak calcium binders supplemental calcium can restore the level of ionic calcium.

Angiography↗
PubMed1983

The effect of contrast media on immature renal function. Comparison of agents with high and low osmolality.

Contrast media having high osmolality (methylglucamine diatrizoate; 1,510 mOsm/kg) and low osmolality (triiodoisophthaldiamide, 616 mOsm/kg) were compared in 15 functionally immature rabbits 2-3 weeks of age. Renal function was assessed with a gamma camera and whole-body counter, using excretion of technetium-99m-tin-DTPA as an index of glomerular filtration rate. Both DTPA and the contrast agent (2 ml/kg) were injected as a single intravenous bolus in 15 seconds. After 40 minutes, per cent DTPA excreted was 33.0 +/- 2.3 for triiodoisophthaldiamide and 28.2 +/- 1.5 (p less than 0.01) for methylglucamine diatrizoate. Excretion of DTPA was reduced with the latter (p less than 0.005) but not the former agent (p greater than 0.6). Thus contrast materials with high osmolality depress renal function in immature rabbits, suggesting that agents with low osmolality are preferable for use in newborns.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Digital vascular imaging: practical aspects.

Seventy-five pairs of digital subtraction angiogram images were evaluated for image quality by four independent observers. Each pair of images was derived from two separate injections in the same patient with only a single variable altered between injections, so that patients served as their own controls. The factors studied were contrast material iodine concentration, total volume of contrast material administered per injection, rate of contrast material injection, and catheter position. Observers consistently preferred images obtained following injection of the contrast agent with the higher concentration of iodine, following injection of the greater volume of contrast agent, and with the catheter placed in the superior vena cava rather than the basilic vein. No statistically significant difference in observer preference was found for the other categories studied.

Angiography↗
PubMed1984

Portal vein involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: dynamic CT features.

The authors conducted a retrospective examination of 62 hepatocellular carcinomas, taking dynamic CT scans of selected sections after an intravenous contrast bolus. The proximal portal vein was involved in 40% of cases and the distal segment in 16%. Angiographic correlation was available in 23 patients. CT signs of main or lobar portal vein involvement included (a) hypodensity and enlargement, (b) periportal arterial hypervascularization surrounding the hypodense intraluminal region, (c) nonvisualization of the lobar portal vein, (d) arterioportal shunting, and (e) differences in lobar attenuation. The characteristic appearance of tumor within the portal vein was noted in many cases; in others, distinction between tumor and bland thrombus could not be made. Peripheral portal vein obstruction was suggested when a small, hypervascular tumor became hypodense during the portal phase of CT. The frequency and significance of these CT signs of portal vein involvement are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Iopamidol and Conray 60: comparison in superselective angiography.

Iopamidol (280 mgI/ml) was compared with Conray 60 (iothalmate meglumine, 282 mgI/ml) during selective and superselective cerebral arteriography. Twelve patients were examined, and a total of 51 selective injections were compared. Iopamidol produced significantly less pain and burning than Conray 60 and caused no patient motion.

Adult↗