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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Refractive changes in concomitant exodeviations].

UNLABELLED: The paper represents the analysis of 27 patients with a form of exodeviation examined în the Department of Ophthalmology Sibiu (jan. 1999-jan. 2003). METHOD: The evaluated parameters were: debut age, sensorial status, refraction, type of exodeviation related with refractive errors and treatment. RESULTS: The predominant refractive error was hyperopia (low degree)-40.74%, exophoria was the most frequent type of exodeviation (44.44%). Amblyopia was present în 11.2% of cases, 25.9% of patients had no stereopsis. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied group 81.48% of cases had refractive errors. Exophoria and intermittent exotropia were related with emetropia or minor refractive errors. Mixed astigmatism with amblyopia and anizometropia presented constant exodeviation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Prevalence of refractive errors in Norway].

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among young and middle-aged adults in Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Refractive errors were measured with an autorefractor in a population-based sample of young (20-25 years) and middle-aged (40-45 years) adults participating in a health study (HUNT) conducted in Nord-Trøndelag county in Norway in 1996-97. RESULTS: A total of 3137 persons (1248 young and 1889 middle-aged adults) with corrected visual acuity >0.5 (in either eye) were included. About half of the population (51.8% among the young and 52.3% among the middle-aged adults) were emmetropic. The prevalence of myopia was 35.0% in the young adult group and 30.3% in the middle-aged group. Myopia was significantly higher in women aged 20-25 years (36.4%) than in men aged 40-45 years (28.1%). Prevalence of hyperopia increased with age from 13.2% (20-25 years) to 17.4% (40-45 years). INTERPRETATION: The results show a relative high prevalence of myopia in the general population of Norway.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The state of diopter and visual acuity in central serous chorioretinopathy].

PURPOSE: To investigate the state of diopter and best corrected visual acuity in active central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Twenty-three unilateral active CSC patients (23 eyes) were observed with Integrated Optometry Apparatus. The period of follow-up was from 3 - 12 months (mean, 7.2 months). RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, 15 eyes (65.2%) of active CSC and 5 fellow eyes (21.7%) showed hyperopic state. There were significant differences in hyperopic state between the active eyes and fellow eyes (P < 0.01). After follow-up, there were only 5 eyes of CSC (21.7%) showed slight hyperopia. There were significant differences in hyperopic state between before and after follow-up of the eyes of CSC (P < 0.01) Among the eyes of the best corrected visual acuities were increased 3 row or above, 90.9% eyes of the best corrected visual acuities were resumed to 1.0. CONCLUSION: Most of the active CSC demonstrated temporary hyperopic state due to the neuroretinal detachment of macula. The best corrected visual acuities with the Integrated Optometry Apparatus in active CSC are useful in evaluating the final visual acuities of the eyes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Optics of conductive keratoplasty: implications for presbyopia management.

PURPOSE: To define the corneal optics of conductive keratoplasty (CK) and assess the clinical implications for hyperopia and presbyopia management. METHODS: Four analyses were done. (1) Multifocal effects: In a prospective study of CK, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) for a given refractive error in 72 postoperative eyes was compared to control eyes. (2) Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA): 203 eyes were analyzed for magnitude and axis of SIA. (3) Higher-order optical aberrations: Corneal higher-order optical aberrations were assessed for 36 eyes after CK and a similar patient population after hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). (4) Presbyopia clinical trial: Visual acuity, refractive result, and patient questionnaires were analyzed for 150 subjects in a prospective, multicenter clinical trial of presbyopia management with CK. RESULTS: (1) 63% and 82% of eyes after CK had better UCVA at distance and near, respectively, than controls. (2) The mean SIA was 0.23 diopter (D) steepening at 175 degrees (P < .001); mean magnitude was 0.66 D (SD, 0.43 D). (3) After CK, composite fourth- and sixth-order spherical aberration increased; change in (Z12) spherical aberration alone was not statistically significant. When compared to hyperopic LASIK, there was a statistically significant increase in composite fourth- and sixth-order spherical aberration (P < .01) and spherical aberration (Z12) alone (P < .02); spherical aberration change was more prolate after CK. (4) After the CK monovision procedure, 80% of patients had J3 or better binocular UCVA at near; 84% of patients were satisfied. Satisfaction was associated with near UCVA of J3 or better in the monovision eye (P = .001) and subjectively good postoperative depth perception (P = .038). CONCLUSIONS: CK seems to produce functional corneal multifocality with definable introduction of SIA and higher-order optical aberrations, and development of a more prolate corneal contour. These optical factors may militate toward improved near vision function.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Refractive surgery of the cornea. Corneal surgery--an alternative to optical aids?].

Errors of refraction of the eye can be corrected not only by means of spectacles, contact lenses or intra-ocular lenses, but also by operative procedures on the cornea. At present, correction of myopia is accomplished with radial keratotomy (RK), a procedure that achieves the best results in the range up to - 6.0 diopters. However, on account of its side effects, in particular poor predictability, the method is no true alternative to the use of optical aids. Epikeratoplasty done to correct hyperopia and aphakia, is even more imprecise, and should only be employed in exceptional cases. Laser surgery of the cornea is still undergoing clinical testing, but has already produced promising results.

Astigmatism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraocular pressure and the intrastromal corneal ring.

The intrastromal corneal ring is a refractive surgery device placed in the peripheral cornea at 2/3 depth, and it has the potential to correct both myopia and hyperopia. This study examined whether intraocular pressure (IOP) could be accurately measured with the ring in place and whether intraocular pressure was altered as a result of surgery. Fifteen eye bank eyes were attached to a manometric device to control pressure (10 to 40 mm Hg) which was measured over the range before and after placement of the ring with a pneumotonometer. A paired t-test showed no significant difference in pressure, pre- vs postoperative. To determine the effect of the ring on IOP in vivo, ring implantation was performed on 10 rabbit eyes and pressure measured before and after surgery. At 24 and 48 hours postoperatively, there was no significant change in IOP (3 +/- 2 mm Hg, P greater than .05, and 9 +/- 8 mm Hg, P greater than .20 respectively) and facility of outflow calculated from tonography showed no significant change.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Surgical treatment of overcorrection following radial keratotomy: evaluation of clinical effectiveness.

Secondary hyperopia following radial keratotomy (RK) may result from an initial overcorrection or from a continued effect of the procedure with time. We retrospectively evaluated the effect of surgical intervention for the management of overcorrection following RK in six patients who had undergone reopening of all RK incisions, followed by irrigation and closure of the incisions with 10-0 mersilene sutures. Three patients with prior 4-incision RK, with follow-up of 4 to 26 months, were steepened a mean of 1.63 diopters keratometrically; three patients with prior 8-incision RK, with follow-up of 3 to 12 months, were steepened a mean of 1.46 D keratometrically. Comparison of intraoperative with postoperative keratometry demonstrated a substantial loss of effect with time, which stabilized by 2 months in 4-incision RK patients and by 3 months in 8-incision RK patients. Nevertheless, placement of interrupted sutures across reopened radial incisions consistently induced central corneal steepening in these six patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hexagonal keratotomy for intraocular lens miscalculation.

As the result of miscalculation of the intraocular lens before cataract surgery, hyperopia and anisometropia developed in a 67-year-old woman. Hexagonal keratotomy performed 7 years later under topical anesthesia with a 5-mm marker resulted in a myopic shift of 4.37 dioptres and an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regression of effect following radial thermokeratoplasty in humans.

Radial thermokeratoplasty is a new refractive surgical technique designed to reduce hyperopia and/or astigmatism. Four patients underwent this surgery between February and March 1988 and were monitored postoperatively for the refractive effect and evidence of endothelial cell damage. Immediately following surgery, all eyes were overcorrected, but with time regression of the effect occurred. By 10 to 12 months postoperatively, only 18% of the desired effect remained. No decrease in the central endothelial cell density occurred during this time. Further investigation into the predictability and stability of results is needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of this technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[An analytical study of optical conditions of the elderly].

The visual acuity, refraction and related factors in 471 eyes 60-90 years of age were analyzed with the authors's statistical method for refractive data. The mean logarithmic visual acuity (Lv) of all eyes naked was 4.66 (equivalent to 20/44, or 6/13), and with corrections 5.03 (equivalent to 20/18.7, or 6/5.6). There was significant negative linear correlation between Lv and age (r = -0.9684), Lv = 5.7183-0.0095 x age. The percentages of hyperopia and myopia in the series were 47.8% and 39.7%, the mean refraction being +0.96 DS +0.78 DC and -1.29 DS -0.95 DC respectively. The percentage of mixed astigmatism was 7.86%, averaging +0.71 DC -0.74 DC. The mean refraction of all the patients was -0.05 +/- 2.90 DS -0.04 +/- 1.14 DC.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The theory of corneal curvature change with the Intrastromal Corneal Ring.

The Intrastromal Corneal Ring (ICR) is a new corneal implant designed to alter anterior corneal curvature. After insertion into the peripheral corneal stroma, the ring may be mechanically expanded or constricted. We constructed a mathematical model to assess the amount of corneal flattening or steepening that might result from ICR expansion or constriction, respectively. The model predicted increased corneal flattening with increasing expansion of the ICR circumference. Progressive corneal steepening with increasing constriction of ICR circumference was predicted. Incremental reductions in initial ring diameter sizes resulted in increased degrees of predicted corneal flattening or steepening. The mathematical model of the ICR function illustrates the potential of the ICR to correct myopia or hyperopia.

Cornea↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal study of acuity and stereopsis in infants with or at-risk for esotropia.

Grating acuity and stereopsis were measured longitudinally in five groups of infants: infantile esotropes, moderate hyperopes, high hyperopes, infants with a family history of strabismus or amblyopia and controls. Grating acuity was measured with a forced-choice preferential looking procedure. Stereopsis was assessed with a random-element stereogram. Testing was conducted when subjects were 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age. No differences among groups in absolute acuity scores or interocular acuity differences were found until the infants reached 30 and 36 months of age. At these ages, treated infantile esotropes showed acuity scores that were, on average, 0.5 octave poorer than those of controls for both the eye showing the better acuity and the eye showing the worse acuity. Stereopsis testing indicated that few, if any, of the infantile esotropes showed stereopsis at any of the test ages. Over 30% of the high hyperopes developed strabismus by age 3 years, but none of the infants in the moderate hyperopia or family history groups developed strabismus.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1988

Hexagonal keratotomy for corneal steepening.

Hexagonal keratotomy is evaluated for treatment of hyperopia, presbyopia, and radial keratotomy over-response. Initial indications are that this modality appears promising. Sixteen patients were evaluated and one complication is discussed.

Cornea↗
PubMed1987

Circling keratorraphy: a new approach to surgical correction of aphakia (preliminary communication).

A new approach to surgical correction of hyperopia (including aphakia) is advanced. A ring-shaped inlay of biologically-inert polymer is imbedded into the cornea in order to make its curvature steeper. The corneal tissue is displaced centripetally by constant traction around its optical zone. No corneal grafting or incision in the optical zone is required. The simplest way to carry out the procedure is to place a buried intracorneal suture in a circle 6 to 8 mm in diameter. The suture must be tied strongly enough to ensure sufficient bulging of the cornea inside the circle. Then it will remain buried inside the cornea permanently. The term "circling keratorraphy" was coined for the technique. The results of the first six procedures performed on patients are presented and are considered to be promising. Some improvements in the exactness and delicacy of the technique are required; this work is currently in progress.

Aphakia, Postcataract↗
PubMed1986

Refractive error and the reading process: a literature analysis.

The literature analysis of refractive error and reading performance includes only those studies which adhere to the rudaments of scientific investigation. The relative strengths and weaknesses of each study are described and conclusions are drawn where possible. Hyperopia and anisometropia appear to be related to poor reading progress and their correction seems to result in improved performance. Reduced distance visual acuity and myopia are not generally associated with reading difficulties. There is little evidence relating astigmatism and reading, but studies have not been adequately designed to draw conclusions. Implications for school vision screening are discussed.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed1979

[Refractometry after treating with atropine and cyclopentolat in childhood (author's transl)].

Using Rodenstock's Refraktometer refractometry was done on 314 hyperopic children (3--14 years) first after treating with Atropine and some weeks later after Cyclopentolat-hydrochlorid. 53,1% of them showed higher hyperopia after Atropine than after Cyclopentolat, the maximum in difference was 1,75 dptr. In another group of children with Cyclopentolat-treating the residual accommodation was determined by four different methods (Refactometer, Apparatus of Schober, Phoropter in a distance of 5,0 and 0,4 mtrs). The results show a minimum of accommodation 45 minutes after application of the drops under special conditions. These conditions are reported as well as a method of correction of hypermetropia due to the values of refractometry or residual accommodation.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1982

Senile macular degeneration: a preliminary study.

Fifty patients with senile macular degeneration and 50 age-sex-matched control patients were studied retrospectively by multiple regression analysis. The patients with senile macular degeneration more often had hyperopia by a 2.4:1 ratio and when receiving treatment for hypertension, in a 6.1:1 ratio. The significance of these findings needs prospective study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Changes in refractive trends and optical components of Hong Kong Chinese aged over 40 years.

The age trends of refractive errors, astigmatism and optical components were studied in 220 Chinese subjects aged over 40 years. Myopia did not dominate in this age group. With increasing age, the prevalence of hyperopia increases from 2% at age 40-45 years to 66% at age > 65 years. Against-the-rule astigmatism was more prevalent than the other types. Significant correlations were found between age and spherical equivalent power, age and vitreous depth and axial length. Sex differences were found among the optical components but not in the refractive error. Myopia appears to be more prevalent among the younger age groups than the older age groups of the Hong Kong Chinese population, and the importance of genetics in determination of refractive error is called into question by these findings.

Adult↗