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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds, BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria and gingival health in patients with and without complaints of oral malodor.

The aim of this study was to obtain measurements of oral malodor, as measured by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), in periodontally healthy individuals without any complaints of bad breath, and to compare the results with data obtained from patients with complaints of oral malodor. The quality of the mouth air was assessed organoleptically and a portable sulfide monitor was used to measure the concentration of VSC in mouth air. The gingival health of 35 individuals (21 M, 14 F; ages 18-57 years) without any malodor complaints was evaluated according to the Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS). Pocket depths and Bleeding upon Probing (BOP) were also recorded in 20 patients (11 females and 9 males ranging in age from 14 to 71 years) who complained of oral malodor. Scrapings of the dorsal surface of the tongue and each of 6 plaque samples per patient were evaluated for the presence of BANA-positive species, such as T. denticola, P. gingivalis, and B. forsythus. The organoleptic ratings and VSC values were significantly higher in the complaint group (p < 0.05). Subjects in the complaint group had a significantly higher percentage of bleeding sites (p < 0.005) and had significantly more plaques that tested positive for the presence of BANA-hydrolyzing species (p < 0.05). Tongue scrapings of subjects with a high organoleptic score consistently yielded a positive BANA reaction suggesting that the dorsal surface of the tongue is an important niche for BANA-positive, VSC-producing bacteria. This study suggests that the primary sources of VSC production are BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria in the plaque and on the dorsal surface of the tongue.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of 900 mg/day of dried garlic powder (standardised to 1.3% allicin) in reducing total cholesterol. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomised six-month parallel trial. SUBJECTS: 115 individuals with a repeat total cholesterol concentration of 6.0-8.5 mmol/l and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 3.5 mmol/l or above after six weeks of dietary advice. INTERVENTION: The active treatment group received dried garlic tablets (standardised to 1.3% allicin) at a dosage of 300 mg three times daily. The control group received a matching placebo. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary end-point: total cholesterol concentration; secondary end-points: concentrations of LDL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins (apo) A1 and B, and triglycerides. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups receiving garlic and placebo in the mean concentrations of serum lipids, lipoproteins or apo A1 or B, by analysis either on intention-to-treat or treatment received. In a meta-analysis which included the results from this trial, garlic was associated with a mean reduction in total cholesterol of -0.65 mmol/l (95% confidence intervals: -0.53 to -0.76). CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, garlic was less effective in reducing total cholesterol than suggested by previous meta-analyses. Possible explanations are publication bias, overestimation of treatment effects in trials with inadequate concealment of treatment allocation, or a type 2 error. We conclude that meta-analyses should be interpreted critically and with particular caution if the constituent trials are small.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Oral malodor: philosophical and practical aspects.

Although oral malodor or bad breath is an unpleasant condition experienced by most individuals, it typically results in transient discomfort. At least 50 per cent of the population suffer from chronic oral malodor, however, and approximately half of these individuals experience a severe problem that creates personal discomfort and social embarrassment. The mouth air of chronic malodor sufferers is tainted with compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and organic acids, which produce a stream of foul air that is gravely offensive to the people in their vicinity. Sufferers often make desperate attempts to mask their oral malodor with mints and chewing gum, compulsive brushing, and repeatedly rinsing with commercial mouthwashes. While dental diseases have been strongly associated with this condition, there is considerable evidence that dentally healthy individuals can exhibit significant levels of mouth odor. Proteolytic activity by microorganisms residing on the tongue and teeth results in foul-smelling compounds, and is the most common cause of oral malodor. A specialized device called the halimeter is available to measure the volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air. Many of the manufacturers of bad breath remedies claim that their products contain antibacterial mechanisms with sufficient strength to control oral malodor over long periods of time. None, however, effectively eliminate the problem. Interest in oral malodor research and clinical treatment has increased in the last few years, and this distressing problem is finally getting the attention it deserves.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed1997

Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic.

Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic. Oral malodour is a frequent problem, which can benefit from a multidisciplinary approach (periodontology, ENT, internal medicine, psychiatry). An objective measurement of the amount of volatile sulphur compounds in the patient is very useful and easy to perform. Tongue coating is the most frequent cause. Initial treatment strategy should focus on oral hygiene. In a few cases, tonsillectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery may be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Oral malodor: a periodontal perspective.

This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor from a periodontal perspective. The connections among periodontal pathogenic microorganisms, periodontal disease and oral malodor have been strongly implicated but not proved. Although oral malodor is probably not caused by periodontal disease, there is ample evidence to suggest that periodontal disease increases the severity of oral malodor.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Oral malodor in beagles: association with indicators of periodontal disease.

The study of oral malodor continues to receive attention. Most bad breath is of oral origin and can be corrected with proper oral hygiene. Studies performed with saliva from people with periodontal disease and from healthy individuals showed that saliva from diseased patients produced a more objectionable odor faster than that of healthy people, and that the volatile sulfur components (VSC) produced may actually play a role in the etiology of periodontal disease. However, not all people or animals with bad breath have periodontal disease. The objectives of this study were to determine if a trained panel could discriminate between 10 dogs with clinically defined periodontal disease and those with relatively healthy periodontium. Second, this study attempted to establish a correlation between odor intensity and six clinical parameters of oral health. The judges were able to differentiate between the two groups of dogs based only on oral malodor (p < 0.02). There were strong associations of the intensity of oral malodor with oral health index scores. The correlations established between odor and gingivitis (r = 0.81) and between odor and furcation exposure (r = 0.88) were very high and statistically significant. Similarly, probing depth (r = 0.73), plaque (r = 0.07) and tooth mobility (r = 0.66) showed clear, positive relationships with oral malodor.

Animals↗