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PubMed1994

The relevance of drug injectors' social and risk networks for understanding and preventing HIV infection.

Focusing on the social environment as well as the individual should both enhance our understanding of HIV transmission and assist in the development of more effective prevention programs. Networks are an important aspect of drug injectors' social environment. We distinguish between (1) risk networks (the people among whom HIV risk behaviors occur) as vectors of disease transmission, and (2) social networks (the people among whom there are social interactions with a mutual orientation to one another) as generators and disseminators of social influence. These concepts are applied to analyses of data from interviews with drug injectors in two studies. In the first study drug injectors' risk networks converge with their social networks: 70% inject or share syringes with a spouse or sex partner, a running partner, or with friends or others whom they know. Qualitative data from interviews with injectors in the second study also show that the social relationships between drug injectors and members of their risk network are often based on long-standing and multiplex relationships, such as those based on kinship, friendship, marital and sexual ties, and economic activity. In the first study the vast majority of injectors, over 90%, have social ties with non-injectors. Injectors with more frequent social contacts with non-injectors engage in lower levels of injecting risk behavior. Risk settings may function as risk networks: injectors in this study who inject at shooting galleries are more likely than those who do not to rent used syringes, borrow used syringes and inject with strangers. Since the adoption of a network approach is relatively new, a number of issues require further attention. These include: how to utilize social networks among drug injectors to reduce risk through peer pressure; how to promote risk reduction by encouraging ties between injectors and non-injectors; and how to integrate biographical and historical change into understanding network processes. Appropriate methodologies to study drug injectors' networks should be developed, including techniques to reach hidden populations, computer software for managing and analyzing network data bases, and statistical methods for drawing inferences from data gathered through dependent sampling designs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Menstrual synchrony in female couples.

The menstrual cycles of cohabitating women have been found to synchronize, possibly through social and pheromonal mechanisms. The extent of this phenomenon, menstrual synchrony, was examined in 20 couples of lesbian women. Synchrony was very frequent, with half the subjects menstruating within 2 days of their partner. Factors related to the degree of synchrony included mutual activities, friendship and menstrual regularity.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Congregation sites for youthful multiple drug users: locations for epidemiological research and intervention.

Field research techniques were used to collect observational and interview data at outdoor sites in the south Chicago suburbs where youthful drug users congregated during good weather to buy, sell and use multiple drugs. Results indicated that the distribution system for non-opiate drugs is more stable than previously thought and that drug purchase occurs at such outdoor sites in the summer months and at the homes of drug users' friends during the winter. The largest and most active site in the area, a forest preserve, was intensively studied utilizing epidemiological survey and participant observation techniques. In contrast to smaller, neighborhood sites, this area attracted drug users and dealers extensively involved in heavy multiple drug use. Subjects came from an extremely wide area and were not organized into cohesive friendship groups formed during grade school and high school. A wide range of drug types was regularly available. The large proportion of unemployed youth and high school dropouts among the sample suggested that field techniques at such sites would be more likely to contact those youth most heavily involved in drug distribution and use than programs based in schools or industry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive group therapy for wives of alcoholics--a pilot study.

This paper reports on the results of group therapy for the wives of alcoholics where the alcoholics themselves were offered no treatment. The reason for running such a group is based on the idea that wives might seek help before their husbands, might attend sessions regularly and by acquiring better knowledge of alcoholism and improving their use of coping strategies might favourably influence their husbands' behaviour. At 6-month follow-up it was evident that coping styles were learned quickly; the sessions also provided support and friendship. Attendance at the group induced change, though not always positive in all marriages. Suggestions for future work are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Contextual and interactional factors influencing condom use in heterosexual prostitution contacts.

The protection behavior of prostitutes and prostitutes' clients has been studied from a contextual and an interactional point of view. Different protection styles (subject's cognitive and behavioral position regarding condom use) have been identified in both prostitutes (N = 119) and clients (N = 91). Risk-taking prostitutes were found to have the least favorable working conditions, to have the highest financial need, to have the lowest levels of well-being and job satisfaction and to have been victimized more often than consistent condom users and selective risk-taking prostitutes. Consistent condom users among the clients were found to be better educated, to have a less strong external Health Locus of Control, to evaluate condoms and visiting prostitutes more positively, and prostitutes less negatively, and to have more fear of AIDS than non-consistent condom using clients. Various protection styles were found to be thoroughly intertwined with different interaction scenarios. Four different interaction scenarios (a standard, a romantic, a friendship and a fighting scenario) with a different chance of condom use are set forth. It is shown that the scenario approach gives good insight into the process by which unsafe sex in commercial contacts comes about. For both actors, the context and the meaning of prostitution influence the way they play the game. The interaction and its outcome in their turn reinforce their attitudes towards prostitution. Implications for AIDS prevention are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of group socialization procedures on the social interactions of preschool children.

We investigated the effects of group socialization procedures on the social behavior of preschool children in two studies. Group socialization procedures consisted of teachers using antecedent and consequent events to promote social interaction during children's games. During intervention, teachers discussed friendship with the children and then prompted and praised child-child social responding within the context of games. Children's social behavior was assessed during two sessions, group game periods (i.e., intervention sessions) and nonintervention play periods (i.e., generalization sessions). In both studies, a multiple baseline design across two target children and peers in their respective group was used to evaluate the effects of group socialization procedures. During group game periods, after intervention, target children increased their rates of both prompted and unprompted social interactions with peers. Also, in nonintervention play periods, target children improved both the rate and the duration of their social responding with peers. Results indicated that group socialization procedures were a practical and effective method for improving young children's social interaction during both structured games and unstructured play activities.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Multifaceted Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale (MLSS): psychometric properties of an interview schedule for assessing personal satisfaction of adults with limited intelligence.

The purpose of this research was to assess the psychometric properties of the Multifaceted Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale (MLSS), an interview structured primarily for individuals with mental retardation to assess their professed satisfaction with their living arrangements and communities, their personal relationships, their recreation and leisure, their employment, and their degree of self-direction. Reliabilities, assessed as internal consistency coefficients, test-retest correlations, and interrater agreements were above .60 on cross-validation samples. Validity was supported through correlations with caretaker predictions of respondents' satisfactions, but not by the Quality of Life Questionnaire, an objective instrument to index quality of life in four dimensions: lifestyle satisfaction, production, independence, and integration. Regression analyses indicated moderate theory-based correlations between MLSS subscales and other variables. In sum, the MLSS appears to be a reliable and valid scale to measure personal satisfaction through the responses of consumers in areas of living arrangement, friendships, recreation, employment, and self-direction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Social and environmental factors and dysthymic disorder in old age.

This community-based epidemiological survey is concerned with relationships between social and environmental factors and dysthymic disorder (long-lasting depression according to the DSM-III classification) in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. A greater proportion of dysthymic than non-depressed men had retired and did not work at all. The occurrence of dysthymic disorders in both men and women was related to retirement because of sickness rather than age, a small number of rooms in their homes, lack of intimate friendships and the occurrence of many long-standing and current social stress factors. The dysthymic women had lived at their present place of residence for a shorter period than had the non-depressed women. A positive association of dysthymic disorders with moving house due to poor health and living in institutions was also found in the men, and with a low number of hobbies and poor social participation in the women. In addition, the dysthymic women felt their relationships with their spouse, children, daughters-in-law and friends to be more distant than did their non-depressed counterparts. The dysthymic women also felt that elderly people were not appreciated. The log-linear models showed three interactions for the dysthymic men and six for the dysthymic women. The dysthymic persons reported a significantly larger number of detrimental events of an interpersonal nature than did the non-depressed persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the self-image of teenagers in Finland, the United States, and Germany.

In this research, the self-image of Finnish adolescents was compared with the self-images of American and West German adolescents. Results show that there are statistically significant differences between Finnish adolescents and American adolescents in five areas. Finnish adolescents are emotionally healthier than American adolescents, and their mood is better. American adolescents have higher vocational and educational goals than Finnish adolescents, and their adaptation skills to immediate environment and their coping skills are better. Differences between Finnish and West German adolescents are found in four scales. The affective harmony of the psychic structure of Finnish adolescents and their object relationships and friendships are better developed than those of West German adolescents. West German adolescents have higher vocational and educational goals than Finnish adolescents and their coping skills with themselves, other people, and their own world are better. Emotional tone (mood) is an area where Finnish adolescents scored higher than the American and the West German adolescents. Vocational and educational goals and adjustment skills are well developed in adolescents from the United States and West Germany. Adolescents in these three countries are alike in Impulse Control, Body Image, Sexual Attitudes, and Family Relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Peer group reputation and smoking and alcohol consumption in early adolescence.

Research has shown that substance use might serve beneficial, developmental functions for adolescents, in particular concerning young people's functioning in friendships and intimate relationships. Nonetheless, a major problem in these studies is that information on social functioning is based on adolescent's self-reports, which undoubtedly might lead to an overestimation of the social functions of substance use. In the present study, we collected data of 3361 early and mid-adolescents at secondary schools in the Netherlands. Information on individual student's social behavior and psychological traits were gathered by using sociometric measures. All respondents were asked to evaluate all classmates on measures, such as sociability, self-confidence, achievement, withdrawal, and aggression. Person- and variable-centered analyses clearly showed that highest levels of smoking and drinking were found in adolescents who score high on sociability and self-confidence, and relatively low on aggression-inattentiveness, achievement-withdrawal, and emotionality-nervousness. This suggests that beneficial functions of substance use are not only in the eyes of the beholder, at least not in that of the individual drinker or smoker.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Internalized heterosexism, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems among lesbians and gay men.

Research regarding internalized heterosexism in relation to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems has suffered from methodological problems. Moreover, the results of the research have been mixed. The purpose of the current study was to examine internalized heterosexism in relation to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among a sample of 335 lesbians and gay men recruited through lesbian and gay events, listserves, and friendship networks. Females completed the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale [Szymanski, D. M., & Chung, Y. B. (2001). The internalized homophobia scale for lesbians: A rational/theoretical approach. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 37-52.]; males completed the Internalized Homonegativity Inventory [Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 53-76.]. Items from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2000). National household survey on drug abuse: main findings 1998. Rockville, MD: Author.] measured alcohol consumption. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test [Selzer, M. L. (1971). The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 89-94.] and the Drinker Inventory of Consequences [Miller, W. R., Tonigan, J. S., & Longabaugh, R. (1995). The drinker inventory of consequences (DrInC): An instrument for assessing adverse consequences of alcohol abuse test manual. National institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism project match monograph series volume 4. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.] measured alcohol-related problems. The hypothesis that a positive relationship exists was partially supported for lesbians, but generally not supported for males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in predictors of drinking behavior in adolescents.

This study explored the differences in the risk factors associated with alcohol use, problem drinking, and related consequences between male and female high school students in eastern Taiwan. A total of 771 10th grade students, including 327 boys (42.4%) and 444 girls (57.6%), from four randomly selected high schools in eastern Taiwan were included in the survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. In conclusion, paternal drinking was found to be an important factor for the development of alcohol use in adolescent boys but had less impact on girls when compared with maternal drinking. Peer norms and peer relationships had greater effects on drinking behavior in female than in male adolescents. Alcohol use appeared to be much more closely related to family relationships in female than in male adolescents. In adolescent boys, deviant self-image was the real factor causing problem drinking. Therefore, preventive intervention for boys should focus on managing psychological distress and strengthening positive self-image, while correcting peer drinking norms, learning of drinking refusal self-efficacy, establishing friendships without drinking, and positive parent-child communication should be enhanced for girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Image, context and transition: smoking in mid-to-late adolescence.

This paper explores 16-19-year-old Scottish smokers' experiences and attitudes towards smoking and their understandings of the ways in which this transitional period impacts on their smoking behaviour. The study involved 49 qualitative interviews conducted mostly in friendship pairs. Interviewees also completed a brief smoking questionnaire. The paper highlights the salience of social context in smoking initiation and maintenance, and the role of smoking across a range of social spheres. Interviewees described how transitions from school to work, further education or un/employment, impacted on their smoking. Smoking was perceived to be an important 'lubricant' for social relations, and marker of an acceptable identity in familiar and new contexts which acted to reinforce and increase smoking. In contrast, smoking restrictions at home, work and/or educational settings were felt to moderate consumption. This has implications for cessation programmes for older adolescents who have been relatively ignored by tobacco control. The study also suggests that if smoke-free policies were extended to all workplaces, this would have a particular impact on smoking amongst older adolescents by hindering the transition from social to regular smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

My passion for extreme conditions to solve the cytochrome P450 and NO synthase reaction mechanisms.

Cytochrome P450, and especially its reaction mechanism, has always been a major research interest of Professor I.C. Gunsalus. The reaction cycle of this enzyme is complex, containing many elementary steps and intermediates, and constitutes a challenge for the scientific community. During his repeated stays in our laboratories in Paris and in Montpellier, he contributed decisively to our study of the P450 reaction mechanism under extreme conditions, i.e., at subzero temperatures and at high pressure. From this initial impulse, we continued the work with different forms of cytochrome P450 and later on with nitric oxide synthase. This paper gives an overview of the insights into these enzymes gained by the use of extreme conditions. These exciting achievements were initiated by numerous discussions with Professor Gunsalus and also reflect a long-lasting collaboration and friendship.

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase↗
PubMed2004

Deciphering the physiological pathway of clotting of fibrinogen in blood plasma.

I have been fortunate to have benefited over the years from the friendship and advice of John Ferry in our research to decipher the physiological reactions and regulatory events involved in the clotting of fibrinogen in blood. The article is a tribute to the memory of this creative scientist and remarkable individual.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Asperger's disorder: a review of its diagnosis and treatment.

Asperger's disorder is a pervasive developmental disorder that shares similar features of social impairment disorder, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors with autistic disorder. Although both Asperger's disorder and autistic disorder persist into adulthood, autistic disorder is usually apparent before the age of 3, while Asperger's disorder usually manifests itself at preschool age. Asperger's disorder in the majority of cases is not associated with delay in language development and there is an increased likelihood to seek social interactions and to engage in activities and friendship with others. In contrast to autistic disorder, most Asperger's disorder patients have normal intellectual functioning and some have motor clumsiness. Although the etiology of Asperger's disorder is still undetermined, this article will review the assessment and treatment interventions that could improve the prognosis of this illness. The historical background, epidemiology, diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and course and overall management/treatment of Asperger's disorder will be discussed. Despite the absence of a cure for Asperger's disorder, the awareness of its distinctive clinical features that differentiate it from autistic disorder could improve its prognosis and differentiate response to treatment and comorbid conditions.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Diversity in adjustment of maltreated children: factors associated with resilient functioning.

Many decades of research indicate that physical abuse and neglect are associated with substantial risk for maladaptation across many developmental tasks of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Recent investigations, however, indicate that in spite of elevated risk for negative outcomes, some abused and neglected children demonstrate relatively positive adjustment and success in developmental tasks. An overview of studies of resilient functioning among maltreated children is provided, and results indicate that although a proportion of maltreated children do appear to be resilient to harsh and inadequate caretaking, resilient functioning might be short-lived and/or limited to single areas of functioning. A summary of factors associated with resilient functioning among abused and neglected children is provided. Such factors include individual child characteristics (e.g., self-regulatory processes), features of the child's family context (e.g., supportive parenting), and experiences in the broader environment (e.g., close friendships). Methodological considerations and recommendations for further research are provided, and implications of this literature for clinical and policy applications are presented.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Places of social poverty and service dependency of people with intellectual disabilities: a case study in Baltimore, Maryland.

In the United States, post-asylum geographies of people with intellectual disabilities implicate the condition of service dependency in their social impoverishment, here defined as "isolation from the community and lack of real friendships and relationships" (The importance of income. The Self-Determination National Program Office of the Institute on Disability, University of New Hampshire, Concord, 1998, p. 2). Social historical geographies of people with intellectual disabilities, both general and local to Baltimore, Maryland, contextualize how one voluntary service organization re/created service dependency and social poverty of people with intellectual disabilities through residential location decisions.

Baltimore↗