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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Response of chickens to infection with Newcastle disease virus isolated from a guinea fowl.

An isolate of Newcastle disease virus obtained from a guinea fowl was characterized as a viscerotropic velogenic strain based upon pathogenicity index studies. Following inoculation of the viral isolate oronasally into 3-week-old chickens, clinical signs appeared after an incubation period of 4-5 days and included dullness, depression, dyspnoea, diarrhoea and leg paralysis. The virus caused a mortality of 56% with haemorrhages at the tip of the glands of the proventriculus and caecal tonsil. Histopathological changes were prominent in the lymphoid organs, being characterized by depletion, degeneration and necrosis of the lymphoid tissues. The brain was the first organ affected, with changes being noticed 3 days after infection. Isolation of virus from various organs was more frequent from 5 to 10 days after infection, but the virus persisted in some of the organs until 21 days after infection. In spite of the high mortality, a good immune response was elicited by the isolate, as was evident from the antibody titre.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The ORF RTL1 transcript of fowl adenovirus type-8 is spliced and truncated at late stages of the virus replication cycle.

Two transcription products were found for the open reading frame (ORF) RTL1 located near the right terminus of the fowl adenovirus type-8 genome. The larger transcript, which was transcribed mostly during the early stage of the virus infection, contains the complete sequence (933 nucleotides) of the predicted ORF from the genomic DNA sequence encoding a 311 amino acid (aa) polypeptide. In contrast, the shorter transcript, which was more predominant at the late stage of the infection, was missing 580 nucleotides (from nucleotide 117 to 696). A premature stop codon was introduced at 210 nucleotides downstream from the start codon and the shorter transcript would encode a 70 aa polypeptide. This observation indicates that the ORF RTL1 may produce two different proteins, which function differently at different stages of the virus infection. Another possibility is that the virus may use alternative splicing as a mechanism to control the expression of the ORF, since the spliced transcript was prematurely terminated at the late stage of the infection.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2002

The use of PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis to characterize fowl adenovirus field isolates from northern India.

Ten fowl adenoviruses (FAVs), isolated from suspected cases of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in quails and broilers, were characterized by a hexon-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the amplified DNA fragments. All the isolates could be detected using H1/H2 and H3/H4 primer sets. Amplification of DNA with H1/H2 and H3/H4 primer sets resulted in fragments of approximately 1219 bp and 1319 bp, respectively. HaeII digestion of the H1/ H2 PCR products and HpaII digestion of the H3/H4 PCR products characterized all the isolates in FAV groups, known from genomic typing using the whole DNA. For some of the isolates, neutralization tests were used to confirm these results. The results revealed that, as well as FAV serotype 1, which is the sole member of DNA group A, FAVs of DNA group E are also associated with IBH in poultry in northern India. The FAV specific PCR combined with REA was found to be very useful in investigating the epidemiological situation in the field. It was even possible to define mixed infections with more than one FAV.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2000

Amino acid sequences of hemoglobin from guinea fowl (Numida meleagri) and California quail (Lophortyx californica) with phylogenetic analysis of major groups of Galliformes.

We determined the complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin of two species, guinea fowl and California quail, in Galliformes from intact globin chain and chemical cleavage fragments in order to analyze the molecular evolution of hemoglobin for the classification of Galliformes. Galliformes have two types of hemoglobin components, HbA and HbD, which consist of identical beta chain and different alpha chains. The sequences are similar to globin chains of Galliformes reported previously. These sequences were compared with those of other Galliformes (Phasianidae, Meleagrididae) using duck and goshawk as out-groups. The phylogenetic tree of major groups of Galliformes based on hemoglobin was similar to the tree model produced based on the amino acid sequence of lysozyme c.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis).

This report describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis). With a mean death time of 54 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.80, the isolate has been identified as velogenic by biological methods. Fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence analysis of the isolate indicated the presence of two pairs of basic amino acids at the C-terminus of the F2 region and phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the F1 region, confirming the velogenic nature of the isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate revealed that this isolate is genotypically related to other neurotropic velogenic isolates like Iowa/Salsbury, Texas GB, Kansas/Manhattan and mesogenic Michigan.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Strain-dependent morphine-induced analgesic and hyperalgesic effects on thermal nociception in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

The effects of morphine (30 mg/kg), naloxone (5 mg/kg), and morphine with naloxone on distress vocalizations and thermal nociception were examined in different strains of domestic fowl. Naloxone by itself did not significantly affect vocalizations or thermal nociception. Morphine produced a naloxone-reversible attenuation of vocalizations that was not strain dependent. Morphine produced a strain-dependent analgesic (Rhode Island Red strain) and hyperalgesic (White Leghorn and Cal-White strains) effect on tests of thermal nociception. Both the analgesic and hyperalgesic effects were reversed by naloxone. These opposite effects on thermal nociception may reflect the effects of selective breeding on opioid receptor subtype.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Female feral fowl eject sperm of subdominant males.

Paternity is often determined by competition between the ejaculates of different males. Males can also use particular behaviours or structures to manipulate how females use sperm. However, the ability of females to bias sperm utilization in favour of preferred males independently of male manipulation has not been demonstrated. Females are predicted to respond differentially to the sperm of different males when the reproductive interests of the sexes differ and when females are coerced into copulating. Here we show that in female feral fowl most copulations are coerced, and that females consistently bias sperm retention in favour of the preferred male phenotype. Females prefer to copulate with dominant males, but when sexually coerced by subordinate males, they manipulate the behaviour of dominant males to reduce the likelihood of insemination. If this fails, females differentially eject ejaculates according to male status in the absence of any male manipulation and preferentially retain the sperm of dominant males.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles of dog, fowl, rat and mouse: turnover rate related to muscle function.

Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been measured in dogs using a continuous infusion of 14C-tyrosine, and in fowls, rats and mice after a pulse label of either 3H-leucine or 3H-aspartate. In all species the total mixed protein from ventricle turned over the most rapidly. Tonic muscles predominantly comprised of red fibres were intermediate in rate and twitch muscles comprised of predominantly white fibres had the slowest rates of turnover. This same progression of turnover rates was also seen in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions and with myosin. The RNA concentrations of the muscle tissue were highly correlated with the turnover rates. It is suggested that the turnover rate of muscle protein is related to the function of the muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Changes in somatomedin-like activity and growth hormone concentrations in the plasma of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Variations to immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) and bioassayable somatomedin-like activity (SLA) were determined in the plasma of the domestic fowl. The plasma concentrations of SLA (potency relative to a pooled serum standard) and GH were both inversely age-related in growing cockerels (Thornber 909) between 3 and 20 weeks of age (SLA, r = 0.454; P less than 0.01, GH, r = 0.548; P less than 0.01) and directly related to each other (r = 0.54; P less than 0.01). In immature birds maintained on a photoperiod of 16 h light, 8 h darkness, plasma concentrations of SLA were highest during the first hour of darkness (1.19 +/- 0.18 units/ ml (u/ml) mean +/- S.E.M., n = 6) and significantly lower 1 h after dawn (0.78 +/- 0.07 u/ml n = 6). No diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of GH were observed. Deprivation of food in two strains of chickens (Thornber 909 and broiler) significantly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA in both strains and increased plasma concentrations of GH in the Thornber strain. Re-feeding fasted Thornber chickens caused the plasma concentrations of SLA and GH to return to normal within 24 h but had no effect in broilers. Deprivation of water, which also reduces food intake, for 12, 18 and 24 h markedly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA but had no effect on plasma GH concentration in Thornber cockerels.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl.

When a female is sexually promiscuous, the ejaculates of different males compete for the fertilization of her eggs; the more sperm a male inseminates into a female, the more likely he is to fertilize her eggs. Because sperm production is limited and costly, theory predicts that males will strategically allocate sperm (1) according to female promiscuity, (2) saving some for copulations with new females, and (3) to females producing more and/or better offspring. Whether males allocate sperm in all of these ways is not known, particularly in birds where the collection of natural ejaculates only recently became possible. Here we demonstrate male sperm allocation of unprecedented sophistication in the fowl Gallus gallus. Males show status-dependent sperm investment in females according to the level of female promiscuity; they progressively reduce sperm investment in a particular female but, on encountering a new female, instantaneously increase their sperm investment; and they preferentially allocate sperm to females with large sexual ornaments signalling superior maternal investment. Our results indicate that female promiscuity leads to the evolution of sophisticated male sexual behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Retinal in the blood and liver of the fowl in relation to sex and maturity.

1. Concentrations of retinal (vitamin A(1) aldehyde) in the plasma and liver of laying hens, mature cockerels, immature pullets and pullets undergoing sexual maturation have been measured. 2. The plasma of laying hens contained about 8mug. of retinal/100ml., about ten times that found in the plasma of mature cockerels and immature pullets. In laying hens that had received large doses of retinyl palmitate 8-4 weeks previously, the mean concentration of retinal was 18.3mug./100ml. of plasma. 3. The appearance of significant amounts of retinal in the plasma of maturing pullets coincided with hypertrophy of the oviduct, increase in concentration of plasma lipid and onset of egg-laying. 4. Retinal was present in the livers of all types of fowl examined and the concentrations, which ranged from 0.2 to 5.8mug./g. wet wt., were highly correlated (r=0.79) with the concentrations of liver retinyl esters, which ranged from 92 to 1530mug./g. wet wt.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

The synthesis of o-aminophenyl glucuronide in several tissues of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus, during development.

1. Synthesis of o-aminophenyl glucuronide has been studied in tissues of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus, during development. 2. The only route of synthesis detected is glucuronyl transfer from UDP-glucuronic acid, and evidence suggests this to be the major pathway. 3. The pathway exists in liver, to a lesser extent in kidney and alimentary tract, and possibly also in skin. It is absent from spleen and adrenal gland. 4. o-Aminophenyl glucuronide formation, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase exist in the embryo liver from at least 12 days of incubation. Transferase activity falls just before hatching and rises suddenly on emergence. Overall synthesis of o-aminophenyl glucuronide observed in liver slices confirms this pattern, which also occurs in kidney. UDP-glucuronyltransferase appears in intestinal mucosa only after hatching, and is absent from embryonic spleen. The allantoic membrane forms no o-aminophenyl glucuronide. 5. These findings are related to the isolated existence of an avian embryo.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1968

The determination of oestradiol and oestrone in the plasma of the domestic fowl by method involving the use of labelled derivatives.

1. A method involving the use of triple-labelled derivatives has been developed for the determination of total oestrone and oestradiol in the plasma of the domestic fowl. The double-labelling technique devised by Svendsen (1960) for the determination of free oestrogens in human plasma was modified to enable the total oestrogen recovery to be determined for each sample. 2. [6,7-(3)H(2)]Oestradiol-17beta is added to the plasma samples (1-10ml.), which are hydrolysed with acid and the phenolic steroids then extracted and partially purified. The extract is esterified with iodobenzene-p[(35)S]-sulphonyl chloride of high specific activity. After addition of standard oestrogen [(131)I]iodobenzene-p-sulphonates the esters are finally purified by paper chromatography. 3. The oestrogens are determined by comparing the (3)H/(35)S and (131)I/(35)S ratios in the purified esters with similar ratios of appropriate standards. 4. With this procedure the recoveries of oestrone and oestradiol after hydrolysis were 70-85% and 72-84% respectively, and after hydrolysis and preliminary purification 38-53% and 39-51% respectively. With this procedure up to 500ng. of oestradiol can be determined. The sensitivity of the technique for oestrone is 3.0ng. and for oestradiol 2.1ng. 5. The ranges of oestradiol and oestrone concentrations found in six plasma samples were 8.3-21.4ng./ml. and 15.2-31.6ng./ml. respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Bile salts of germ-free domestic fowl and pigs.

1. The bile of germ-free domestic fowl contains taurine conjugates of 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (chenodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (cholic acid) and its 5alpha-epimer (allocholic acid): that of germ-free pigs contains glycine and taurine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid, 3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha,6alpha,7alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyocholic acid) and (probably) cholic acid. Keto acids were not found. 2. Allocholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid are thus proved to be primary bile acids in intact animals. 3. The evolutionary and biochemical implications of these findings are briefly considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Changes in rates of protein synthesis and breakdown during hypertrophy of the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.

Measurements were made of the growth and of the changes in rates of protein turnover in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing. Over 58 days there was a 140% increase in the protein content with similar increases in the RNA and DNA contents. The fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured by the continuous-infusion technique using [14C]proline, increased markedly during hypertrophy. This increase was mediated initially (after 1 day) by an increase in the RNA activity but at all other times reflected the higher RNA content. The rate of protein degradation, calculated from the difference between the synthesis and growth rates, appeared to increase and remain elevated for at least 4 weeks. At no time was there any suggestion of a fall in the rate of degradation. The following events are discussed as central to the changes that occur during skeletal-muscle hypertrophy. 1. Nuclear proliferation is necessary to maintain the characteristic synthesis rate because of the inability of existing nuclei to 'manage' increased protein synthesis for more than a limited period. 2. The increased protein breakdown during hypertrophy is consistent with the known over-production of a new muscle fibres and may indicate some 'wastage' during the growth. Such wastage may also be associated with myofibrillar proliferation. 3. Muscle stretch must be recognized as the major activator of growth and as such can be compared with the 'pleiotypic activators' that have been described for cells in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Subcellular distribution of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

1. The distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was examined in the subcellular fractions of granulosa cells collected from the ovary of the domestic fowl. 2. 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in the mitochondrial (4000g for 20min) and microsomal (105 000g for 120min) fractions. 3. Approximately three times more 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was associated with the cytochrome oxidase activity (a mitochondrial marker enzyme) in anteovulatory-follicle granulosa cells than with that of the postovulatory follicle. 4. Comparison of the latent properties of mitochondrial 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase with those of cytochrome oxidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase indicated that 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is located extramitochondrially. 5. This apparent distribution of 3 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase is explained on the basis that the mitochondrial activity is either an artefact caused by a redistribution in the subcellular location of the enzyme, occurring during homogenization, or by the existence of a functionally heterogeneous endoplasmic reticulum that yields particles of widely differing sedimentation properties.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1981

An attempt to improve the fertility of stored fowl semen with certain additives in a basic diluent.

The following substances were added to a basic diluent for fowl semen either separately or in combination: caproic acid, formaldehyde, acetyl carnitine, adenine, inosine, sodium pyruvate, succinic acid, dithiothreitol, sodium citrate and zinc, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphate. No significant improvement in the fertility of semen stored at 5 degrees C for either 24 or 48 hrs was obtained over that produced with the basic diluent. Dithiothreitol and sodium citrate caused a marked lowering of fertility when present in the diluent.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Testis development and daily sperm output in guinea-fowl raised under constant daily photoperiods.

The testicular growth of guinea-fowls in relation to age was compared under 3 constant photoperiods (7L: 17D; 14L: 10D; 20L: 4D) from 3 weeks of age. Although long daylength (14L or 20L) caused precocious development of the gonads, it also limited total adult gonadal weight to around 1 800 +/- 200 mg. Short daylengths (7L) delayed the development of the gonads but their adult weight was enhanced to 2 800 +/- 200 mg. A comparison of the changes in daily sperm output (DSO) under 7L: 17D and 14L: 10D was consistent with the observations on testis weights. Under neither photoschedule was a correlation found between individual age at first ejaculate and the individual DSO observed at sexual maturity. However, the mean individual DSO's estimated from the first 10 ejaculates were correlated to those observed at sexual maturity, and the latter were also correlated to the DSO's observed at 53-55 or 59-61 weeks of age.

Animals↗