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PubMed1976

Lichen ruber planus in occupational groups in total populations.

Distributed on 66 occupational groups (and 170 individual occupations) the prevalence of lichen ruber planus within the groups was determined by examining nearly every person in the total populations of 39,418 persons in five different areas in Sweden. The prevalence of l.r.p. in the total population was 0.3 per cent for males and 0.1 per cent for females. When l.r.p. prevalences were compared between different occupational groups, disturbing influences from age differences between the groups were eliminated by the standard population method. The indices calculated by aid of computer were used for direct ranking of the occupational groups from those with the highest to those with the lowest prevalences. In 33 of the 66 occupational groups (and in 129 of 170 individual occupations) no l.r.p. was found. In 24 male and 6 female occupational groups an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found. In two occupational branches, i.e. agriculture and forestry work (male agricultural workers, farmers, gardeners, garden workers and forest workers) and engineering and building metal work (steel-workers, plate-workers, machine and engine repairers, machine and engine mechanics, engineering workers, plumbers, metal workers) an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found in nearly all occupational groups. The results indicate that l.r.p. is more prevalent in occupational groups, in which the work dirties the skin (with i.e. soil, oil, cement dust), while in occupational groups with "clean work" the disease was less prevalent. However, there were exceptions. 67.7% of the males, 55.5% of the females had their debute lesions on the lower legs; in 21% of the males and 22.2% of the females the l.r.p. lesions debuted on the wrists. These are areas liable to exposure for different chemical substances and trauma.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

[The intensity of the immune response to the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus among different population groups of Bashkortostan].

For the first time the natural immune stratum to hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) among the population of all regions of Bashkiria, a large territory with the highest morbidity level in this infection in the USSR, was studied. 9,176 persons over 15 years of age were examined by radioimmune techniques. Analysis of the immune structure of the population revealed that the share of immune males was higher than that of immune females, but the difference was less than the difference between males and females among the registered HFRS patients. Among children immune persons were almost completely absent. The immune stratum increased rather slowly among persons under 40 years, and only from this age the considerable increase of the immune stratum was observed (up to 16.2%). High risk groups included persons of such professions as forestry workers, truck and tractor drivers, oil workers and prospectors, livestock breeders, builders. These data may be used for the formation of groups to be vaccinated against HFRS in foci with different degrees of activity. Before vaccination the correction of groups to be vaccinated in a given region should be carried out, taking into account the immune structure of the population and the specific features of the local landscape and economy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and occupational exposure.

A case-control study was conducted to assess the effect of occupational exposures on the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Interviews were conducted with 303 persons with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma newly diagnosed from January 1, 1980, to May 31, 1982, among residents of the Boston, MA, metropolitan area and 303 age and gender matched controls. The study found an increased risk of disease among persons employed in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry [relative risk (RR) = 3.0]; the construction industry [RR = 2.1]; and the leather industry [RR = 2.1]. The particular job groupings at increased risk were plant farmers and gardeners (RR unbounded); painters and plasterers (RR = 6.0); and carpenters, brick and stone masons, plumbers, and roofers (RR = 12.0). Although other exposures may have led to these increased risks, the findings in this study are consistent with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma for workers who may be exposed to chlorophenols or phenoxyacetic acids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1963

The effects of trypanosomiasis on rural economy with special reference to the Sudan, Bechuanaland and West Africa.

Trypanosomiasis, both of humans and of livestock, is one of the most important factors restricting economic development in Africa today. The present paper outlines how this disease is limiting agricultural, veterinary and forestry development in the Sudan, Bechuanaland and West Africa.The present tsetse-fly distribution is reviewed. Glossina palpalis and G. morsitans occur in the south Sudan and G. morsitans in the Ngamiland district of Bechuanaland; G. morsitans, G. palpalis and G. tachinoides are the most important species in West Africa.These tsetse flies have altered the cattle distribution in all three regions and, in addition to causing widespread disease, have created local overstocking problems in the tsetse-free grazing areas, and have enforced nomadism on breeding herds and economic loss in slaughter cattle along the trade cattle routes in West Africa.Human trypanosomiasis is not now such an urgent problem and public health measures have led to its control in all three areas.Increased agricultural development, which can be a successful and economic method of reclaiming land from tsetse flies, must be intensified in all three areas.Forest conservation policy comes into conflict with tsetse control measures only in West Africa.Detailed tsetse-fly surveys and research, on which future plans can be firmly based, are now urgently required.

Africa↗
PubMed2003

Pharmacokinetics of xylazine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, and tolazoline in tissues from yearling cattle and milk from mature dairy cows after sedation with xylazine hydrochloride and reversal with tolazoline hydrochloride.

Xylazine hydrochloride was administered i.m. at 0.35 mg/kg to 13 steers and 10 lactating dairy cows at Time 0. Ten minutes later, tolazoline hydrochloride was given i.v. at 4 mg/kg. Tissue and milk samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with nitrogen and phosphorous detection to determine concentrations of xylazine, 2,6-dimethylaniline (a toxic metabolite of xylazine), and tolazoline (at various intervals). Concentrations of xylazine and 2,6- dimethylaniline were below the limit of quantitation (10 microg/kg) by 72 hours in tissues and 12 hours in milk. The concentration of tolazoline was below 10 microg/kg by 96 hours in tissues and 48 hours in milk. Based on the results of these residue studies submitted by the sponsoring agency to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, withholding periods for both xylazine hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride injection were established.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1992

[Lifestyle differentials by occupational group].

Mortality and morbidity differ by occupational group. To clarify factors which account for these variations, lifestyle and other health habits were analyzed according to a subject's main occupation for 12,130 men and 12,759 women. Intake of Western-style foods and fruits and vegetables increased and those of Japanese-style foods and instant foods decreased in the following occupational order; (1) professionals & managers, (2) clerical, (3) sales, (4) service & transportation and (5) agricultural, forestry, fisheries, mining & production process workers. The prevalence of cigarette smoking by subjects themselves and by their parents were higher in service workers than in the other workers for both men and women. Clerical workers, professionals and managers participated more frequently in stomach cancer screening tests than the other workers, and women in these occupational groups had higher prevalences of early menarche and late first childbirth. These differences in characteristics of occupational groups may contribute to the inequalities in health.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Knowledge of selected occupational groups about biological agents in the environment and ways of health protection against occupational exposure to biological hazards].

BACKGROUND: Occupational, biological factors of microbial, plant and animal origin may become a health hazard to the exposed workers. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of biological agents present in the work environment, related health risks, and health protection against biological exposure at work among workers of certain occupational categories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population of 150 workers, employed in the health, forestry and municipal services, was interviewed using a specially developed questionnaire. Each occupational category comprised 50 workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The level of workers' knowledge of occupational, biological agents, their effect on human body, symptoms and diseases induced by occupational exposure to biological hazards is rather limited in the study groups. Personal protective measures, prophylactic vaccination and compliance with principles of personal hygiene are considered to be the most effective ways of health protection against occupational exposure to biological hazards.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The biggest epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Croatia].

INTRODUCTION: The largest outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) to date occurred in Croatia in the year 2002. The epidemic started in winter, lasted throughout spring to summer months, ending not earlier than November. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the basic epidemiologic and clinical features of HFRS in Croatia by uniform and standardized prospective-retrospective analysis of all patients affected by the epidemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: When the epidemic started, a patient questionnaire with questions on the basic demographic data, site of infection and other epidemiologic characteristics, clinical symptoms, disease severity and laboratory results was designed. Data on 401 patient with a clinical diagnosis of HFRS were collected. The etiologic diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by ELISA, and in some patients by indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT). The results were analyzed using a descriptive statistical method. RESULTS: HFRS was clinically diagnosed in 401 patients from all over Croatia. A total of 320 (79.8%) cases were reported to the Epidemiology Service of the National Institute of Public Health. The majority of patients (n = 128) were registered in June. Males were three times more affected than females. Apart from its long duration, this epidemic was characteristic for the involvement of general population, with only a small number of the affected from the potential risk groups (forestry workers 28, soldiers 14, farmers 18). The epidemic spread almost throughout inland Coratia. At least 44 patients were infected in the Plitvice Lakes area, 32 in Slunj, 27 on Sljeme, 24 in Velika, and at least 19 in the area of Kutjevo. The youngest patient was aged 4 and the oldest 80 years. The majority of patients were treated in Zagreb (University Hospital for Infectious Diseases--110, Zagreb University Hospital Center--3), followed by Karlovac (71 inpatients and 39 outpatients), Pozega (n = 79), and Rijeka (n = 37). Serologic analysis (ELISA method) detected Puumala virus in 161 and Dobrava virus in only 17 patients. The disease was confirmed by immunofluorescence method in 53 patients (mostly in Kariovac). During the 2002 outbreak, HFRS clinically manifested mostly in a milder form with general symptoms and transitory renal insufficiency, while hemorrhages were rarely recorded. According to our disease severity score, a mild form of the disease was recorded in 65%, moderately severe in 28%, severe in 5% and extremely severe form in 2% of the patients. One patient died. Two thirds of the patients were hospitalized during the febrile stage of the disease. All patients had fever, whereas headache and pain in the lumbar region were recorded in more than 90% of cases, polyuria in 75%, oliguira and vomiting in approximately 50%, respiratory symptoms in 35%, and hemorrhages (mostly on the skin and mucous membranes), vision disturbances, conjunctivitis and diarrhea in approximately 25% of patients. ESR was elevated in 64% and CRP in 93% of patients. Leukocytosis was recorded in 25% and thrombocytopenia in 70% of patients. Increased values of urea and creatinine and signs of liver damage were recorded in approximately 50% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The largest outbreak of HFRS occurred in Croatia in 2002, with more than 400 diseased throughout Croatia. This epidemic confirmed our previous assumption that the whole Croatia, apart from its narrow coastline area and islands, is a natural focus of HFRS with different causative types of hantaviruses. Efforts should be made to conduct a comprehensive ecologic and mammologic study on hantaviruses and their biologic characteristics in these areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Croatia--historical review].

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has been known from ancient times as a disease with many names, which raised great interest during the Korean war (1951-1954), occurring as a large epidemic (Korean hemorrhagic fever). Therefore, the subsequently discovered causative agent was named after the Hantaan River which runs along the 38th parallel and divides North Korea from South Korea. A similar disease was described in 1934 in Scandinavian countries (epidemic nephrosonephritis or nephropathy). During the Second World War, the disease was also registered as wartime nephritis in several European south-eastern countries. Since 1982, similar clinical manifestations of the disease, differently named in various parts of the world, have been assigned one unique name--hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, as recommended by the World Health Organization. In Croatia, the first patient with HFRS was diagnosed in 1952 and the paper describing the case was published in 1954 (Radosevic and Mohacek). Since then, the disease has been regularly occurring in our country, especially in sporadic form, with only two smaller epidemics recorded until 1995. The first epidemic with 14 forestry workers involved occurred in 1967 at the Plitvice Lakes, and the second with the same number of soldiers in 1989 around the Pieso-Airport near Zagreb. Simultaneously, in 1967 and 1989 two large-scale epidemics of HFRS occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina with 144 cases each. Until the first large epidemic of HFRS in Croatia during the Croatian War in 1995, occurring at several localities (Mala Kapela, Dinara mountain, west Slavonia), it was considered that there were only several natural foci of the disease in Croatia (around Ogulin and Slunj, Plitvice Lakes, Zagreb surroundings). A total of 125 cases were reported to the Croatian National Institute of Public Health in 1995. Fifty patients, 45 of them soldiers, were hospitalized at Dr. Fran Mihaljević University Hospital for infectious Diseases in Zagreb. In the same year, the largest epidemic also occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina with more than 300 cases. During the almost 50-year experience in HFRS surveillance, we have noticed two different clinical manifestations of the disease. The milder type of illness without hemorrhage is more common than the severe type with hemorrhages and extensive renal insufficiency. After the virus discovery and introduction of serologic testing, two causative agents have been detected during the 1970s and 1980s--Vranica and Fojnica, that were later serotyped as Puumala and Dobrava viruses.

Croatia↗
PubMed2003

Sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment.

A study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant WTP in Lezany, in the County of Reszel, in the Province of Warmia and Mazury in Poland. The results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, COD (90%) and BOD (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. In addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and unsatisfactory removal of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were found. The results of microbiological analyses confirmed the high efficiency of removal of indicator bacteria in the process of sewage treatment from 94 to 97%. In the sewage after the final phase of purification in stabilization ponds, the following pathogenic bacteria were identified with the use of the EPL 21tests: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter georgoriae, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella ozaenae, Ervinia herbicola, Edwardsiella tarda, Serratia odoriefra, Serratia marcescens, Providencia alcalifaciens, Hafnia alvei, Yersina pestis, Yersina pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia fredericksenii, Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromons hydrophila, Pseudomonas aerulginosa. The obtained results show that although the sewage purification system is efficient and reduces the contamination load to the level required by the regulations (Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry from 20 September 1991) and removes a great percentage of indicator bacteria, the purified sewage may be a source of pathogenic bacteria in inland waters.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1992

Hazardous exposure and lung disease among farm workers.

Industrialization of farming, animal raising, and forestry has added new chemical and mechanical hazards that need to be recognized and prevented. Lung disease among farm workers can result from a wide variety of hazardous exposures that include organic dusts, chemicals, and toxic gases. In addition to nonspecific symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, farm workers can develop occupational asthma or bronchitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, silo filler's disease (toxic hemorrhagic pulmonary edema), and neuromuscular respiratory failure.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring of water transfer from Katse Dam into the Upper Vaal river system: water utility's perspective.

Water quality is of prime importance to Rand Water's core business of ensuring a reliable supply of good quality drinking water to more than 10 million people. Rand Water has, therefore, implemented a water quality monitoring programme of the source water as well as the drinking water produced. The establishment of the Lesotho Highlands Water Transfer scheme necessitated the expansion of the monitoring programme. In 1996, Rand Water and Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) signed an agreement to jointly develop an extensive water quality monitoring programme for the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). Prior to this agreement, monitoring was mainly undertaken by consultants on behalf of LHDA in the main feeder rivers within the Katse Dam catchment (donor system). On the recipient system (Ash/Liebenbergsvlei), extensive physical and chemical monitoring was undertaken by Rand Water and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). Biological monitoring was however only carried out superficially prior to the release of water. Information gained from carrying out biological and chemical assessments clearly indicates that the water from LHWP has negatively impacted on the biological communities in the recipient system. The importance of detailed before and after biological and physiochemical monitoring of both donor and recipient systems is emphasised.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Fatal 2,4-D (ethyl ester) ingestion.

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid) is widely used in agriculture and forestry to destroy broad leaved weeds (herbicide). It has a moderate mammalian toxicity and human poisoning has rarely been reported except following ingestion with suicidal intent. We report two young adults who ingested it with suicidal intent, developed neurological, cardiac, hepatic and renal toxicity and died.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1992

[Endangering of the Liechtenstein population by the early-summer meningoencephalitis virus].

There have been a few severe cases of tick-borne encephalitis in Liechtenstein during the last 20 years. To form a better idea of the risk of infection and the potential benefit of vaccination, a total of 311 sera from different cohorts were investigated for antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis. The mean seroprevalence found was 3.6% and was not higher even in persons who were active in professional forestry. The antibodies measured derived in all groups mainly from previous vaccination and in only 2 cases (0.6%) from natural infection. It is concluded that the risk of TbE infection in Liechtenstein is very low. Therefore, a reduction in cases would probably be achieved only by mass vaccination.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surveillance of traumatic occupational fatalities in Alaska--implications for prevention.

Data on occupational injury fatalities in Alaska for the period 1980-85 were complied from workers' compensation claims and death certificates. These data yielded 422 unique cases for the 6-year period, for an average annual fatality rate of 36.3 per 100,000 workers. This rate is 5 times higher than the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimate of 7.6 per 100,000 for the United States during the same period. The four industries with the highest fatality rates were the same for Alaska as for the nation (agriculture-forestry-fishing, construction, mining, and transportation-communication-public utilities). The leading causes of occupational fatalities in Alaska, however, were considerably different than for the United States as a whole. Nationally, motor vehicles and industrial equipment accidents are the leading causes of death. In Alaska, the leading causes of occupational injury mortality are aircraft crashes and drowning. These findings highlight the benefit of local surveillance in planning prevention strategies.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2004

[Significance of senescence study on tree roots and its advances].

Root system is one of the important components of trees, and has some important physiological functions such as nutrient and water absorption, transport and storage, anchoring, and supporting. After tree root systems formed, roots often suffer from nutrient- and water-deficient stress, and thus, their absorption of nutrients and water appears more important. Soil nutrient and water have a great spatiotemporal heterogeneity. As the heterogeneity occurs, trees regulate carbon partitioning to roots, resulting in the senescence or death of some roots of the whole root system. In forestry, the senescence of tree roots is closely related to tree productivity, because there is a close relationship between the senescence of tree roots and the absorption of soil nutrient and water. At ecosystem and global scale, the senescence of tree roots influences the cycling of carbon and nutrients, because roots exhaust a great deal of carbon fixed by source leaves through photosynthesis, and there are great amounts of nutrients in tree roots. The senescence of tree roots is influenced by many environmental factors, biotic (e.g., fungi, bacteria, viruses, small edaphic animals) and abiotic (e.g., water, temperature, soil nutrients, heavy metals). These factors affect the senescence of tree roots by different mechanisms. Although we have much knowledge on the senescence of tree roots and some hypotheses have been proposed, some problems still remain to be resolved, and further experiments are needed to test these hypotheses. Interdisciplinary studies integrating cytology, biochemistry, soil science, and genetics are the prerequisite for rapid advances in understanding the essence of tree root senescence.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2004

[Potential ecological risks of transgenic trees].

A new approach to genetic improvement of trees has been introduced with the birth of gene engineering technique. Compared to that in crops, gene introduction in trees has bigger potential ecological risk in environmental release and extension, because trees, most of which are wind-dispersed, grow on various habitats, have longer life span, and subject to relatively more extensive management. Extensive plantation of transgenic trees may reduce the genetic diversity of the trees concerned. Co-evolution of pests and pathogens is likely to be caused under the pressure of long-term and continuous selection of the trees derived from gene transferring. Escaping of exogenous gene may have a certain kind of influence on fitness of plants naturally generated, and as a result, have influence on species diversity in the natural world. It is not reasonable for China, a developing country, to reject gene introduction as an approach to promote forestry development. It is also important, on the other hand, to take future ecological safety into consideration because it is unwise to get present profit at the cost of future profit. To strengthen basic study on gene transferring, adopting safe management of varieties generated from gene transferring and increasing funds on research and management of transgenic trees are believed to be measures to decrease, to the greatest extent, ecological risks brought about by gene transferring of trees, and to quicken transformation of products of trees derived from gene-transferring into merchandises.

Ecosystem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in Sardinian teen-agers].

A cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study was conducted on teen-agers in Northern Sardinia, a low risk population for Lyme borreliosis. The adjusted sero-prevalence estimate for Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescent Assay on 443 teen-agers (229 males and 214 females) was 6.1%. The females vs males Odds Ratio was 5.1 (CI95%: 2.1-12.8). The prevalence was associated with the family size (chi2 for trend: p=0.03); teenagers without cohabitants, except parents, had a five fold risk (CI95%: 1.2-20.7) of sero-positivity in comparison to those with wider families. No significant association was found with other socio-economical indices nor with pet-owning. In conclusion, positive Lyme serology is not common in Northern Sardinia, but further sero-epidemiological survey on at high-risk population (forestry workers, hunters, shepherds) are needed.

Adolescent↗