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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in wheat grains in the Republic of Croatia for 1965-2003 and dose assessment.

Results of systematic, long-term measurements of (137)Cs activities in wheat for the period 1965-2003 are summarized. Radiocaesum fallout activities affect wheat activity concentrations, the coefficient of correlation being 0.91. In the observed period, the highest activity of (137)Cs deposited by fallout, 6321 Bq m(-2), was recorded in 1986, i.e., in the year of Chernobyl accident, causing peak (137)Cs activity concentration in wheat of 38.0 +/- 13.0 Bq kg(-1). After the Chernobyl nuclear accident the (134)Cs:(137)Cs activity ratio in wheat was approximately 0.5, and did not differ from the value found in other environmental samples. The transfer coefficient from (137)Cs fallout deposition to wheat was calculated to be 8.6 x 10(-3) Bq y kg(-1) per Bq m(-2), indicating the low transfer of radiocaesium from fallout to wheat. The upper limit for the collective effective dose for the Croatian population due to (137)Cs and (134)Cs ingestion by wheat and wheat products consumption for period 1965-2003 was estimated to be 665 person-Sv, the upper limit for the annual collective effective dose in 2003 being only about 0.061 person-Sv.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1978

A review of parameter values used to assess the transport of plutonium, uranium, and thorium in terrestrial food chains.

A general methodology of predicting the food chain transport of atmospherically deposited radionuclides is reviewed with an emphasis on variation in parameter values important for realistic behavioral characterization of environmental releases of plutonium, uranium, and thorium. Parameters important to generic simulations of food chain transport, given a known constant deposition onto vegetation, include: fractional interception of particulates by vegetation, vegetation density, effective half-life of contamination on vegetation, soil-to-plant transfer factors, consumption rates by cattle and man, and transfer of nuclides from forage to meat and from forage to milk. Variation in these parameters, which has been encountered in field studies, is summarized. A partial reduction in the variation of predicted concentrations of actinides in foods can be accomplished by more accurately determining critical parameter values like fractional interception of deposition by vegetation, vegetation biomass, and the effective half-life of contamination on vegetation. Field research describing the site dependency and time dependency of probability density functions for model parameter values is needed to make probabilistic predictions concerning Pu, U, and Th transport in food chains and to reduce the uncertainty associated with model predictions and generic assessments of environmental impact.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1982

A sensitive method for the determination of iodine-129 in environmental materials.

A method is described for the analysis of 129I in environmental samples which uses a commercial facility to provide thermal neutron activation. The procedure has been designed to minimize treatment following irradiation. This permits chemical recovery to be estimated from a short-lived activation product of stable iodine. Sensitivity and throughput are comparable with other methods that have less restricted access to irradiation facilities. A summary is given of some measurements of activity concentrations in milk produced in the vicinity of a reprocessing plant; the results demonstrate the adequacy of the method for the intended purpose and show that present discharges do not result in a significant hazard to the local population.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Estimated dose to man from uranium milling via the beef/milk food-chain pathway.

One of the major pathways of radiological exposure to man from uranium milling operations is through the beef/milk food chain. Studies by various investigators have shown the extent of uptake and distribution of 238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, and 210Po in plants and cattle. These long-lived natural radioisotopes, all nuclides of the uranium decay series, are found in concentrated amounts in uranium mill tailings. In this paper, data from these investigations are used to estimate the dose to man from consumption of beef and milk from cattle that have fed on forage contaminated with the tailings. The estimated doses from this technologically enhanced source are compared with those resulting from average dietary intake of these radionuclides from natural sources.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The speciation of plutonium in foodstuffs and its influence on gut uptake.

Soluble plutonium complexing agents in foodstuffs have been identified. These have been labelled to high specific activity with 238Pu and their gut uptake determined in rats. The range of values found for naturally-occurring complexes was between 0.03% for oxalate and 0.1% for phytate. However, reasons are advanced for believing that the enhancement of uptake in rats fed the phytate complex would not be expected to occur in man. These results are not taken, therefore, as suggesting that there should be any change in the gut uptake factor of 0.05% currently recommended by the National Radiological Protection Board for plutonium contained in foodstuffs eaten by humans.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1984

Measurement of natural radionuclides in U.K. diet.

The levels of radium-226, lead-210 and polonium-210 in the U.K. diet have been determined. The important food groups contributing to the intake of these radionuclides have been identified. Seventy-five percent of the daily intake of radium-226 is derived from beverages, cereals, other vegetables, bread, sugars and preserves. Seventy-five percent of the intake of lead-210 and polonium-210 is derived from bread, milk, cereals, beverages, other vegetables, sugars and preserves, and meat products. The average daily intakes of these radionuclides are tentatively calculated to be 30 mBq for radium-226 and 82 mBq for both lead-210 and polonium-210. These levels are compared with data from other countries. The annual effective dose equivalents resulting from the intakes are approximately 3 muSv for radium-226 and 54 muSv from lead-210 and polonium-210 together. The differences between these doses and other current estimates are discussed.

Diet↗
PubMed1987

Sources and behavior of technetium in the environment.

Technetium is a man-made element produced in increasing amounts during the last decades. The chemical and physical properties of some technetium compounds are considered, and a discussion of possible source terms is included. Literature on the environmental behavior of technetium is reviewed to evaluate its transfer and equilibrium distribution in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Considerable effort has been expended in the last years in order to understand the biogeochemical processes responsible for the long-term behavior of technetium in the environment and its transfer through food chains as well as to identify critical pathways of the long-lived radioisotope Tc-99 from the environment to man.

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed1987

Chernobyl's challenge to the environment: a report from Sweden.

This paper reports the levels of radiocesium registered in about 9000 samples collected in different parts of Sweden following the Chernobyl accident during the period May-November 1986. The maximum Cs levels were detected in reindeer, freshwater fish and mushrooms. Parameters possibly affecting the nuclide concentration in different biota are briefly discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

Iodine-131 and other radionuclides in environmental samples collected from Ibaraki/Japan after the Chernobyl accident.

Measurements were made of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs and 103Ru in environmental samples collected from Ibaraki-Prefecture, Japan, after the Chernobyl accident. The highest values of 131I obtained in May 1986 were 98 Bq l-1 (2.7 nCi l-1) for rain water (collected at the beginning of the rainfall), 400 Bq kg-1 (11 nCi kg-1) for pine needles (wet), 160 Bq kg-1 (4.3 nCi kg-1) for vegetables (wet) and 52 Bq kg-1 (1.4 nCi kg-1) for seaweed (wet). Most of the radioiodine in rain water was present as IO3- and I-. The proportion of IO3- in fresh rain water was higher than that of I-, but the IO3- was converted to I- during storage. About 10% of 131I was removed from leaf vegetables by washing, and about 70% by boiling.

Accidents↗