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PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis-related groups: a comparative analysis of hospital activity in different countries].

Comparative study of hospital activities in the Novgorod district and nine countries of the European Community, carried out within the framework of the International Project CAMISE (Case Mix and Severity) of the European Community on the basis of the classification system for diagnosis-related groups, showed a lower Case Mix Index, a longer hospital stay for all major disease, and a lower surgical activity in the hospitals of the Novgorod district in comparison with other European countries. The detected differences are largely due to specific features in the organization of hospital service in Russia (no special hospitals for acute and chronic patients, no nursing homes) and insufficiently intensive therapeutic and diagnostic process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Evelyne Delauche v. Commission, 16 December 1987.

The applicant worked for the European Communities in a position ranked Grade A4. She complained to the Commission when a man who had reached the grade of A4 four years after she had was appointed to a grade A3 position for which she had applied. She argued that, when there were several candidates acknowledged to be equally suitable for a position and one sex was considerably underrepresented in positions of that grade, preference should be given to a candidate of the underrepresented sex. She also argued that reasons should be given for the decision not to appoint a woman to the position. The Court rejected both arguments. It ruled that it had not been shown that both applicants were equally qualified for the position and that there was no duty to give a reason for not appointing a woman to a position. It also pointed out that the man who had been appointed to the position was better qualified, as evidenced by reports over a 12-year period relating to his administrative and management abilities.

Economics↗
PubMed2002

The practice of clinical chemistry in the European Union.

The European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry has been actively engaged in raising the level of clinical chemistry in the European Union. Closer contacts between the national societies for clinical chemistry have resulted in more comparable programs for postgraduate training of clinical chemists, closer similarity of contents and practice of the profession in the different countries, and the official registration of professionals. This article reviews some of the characteristics of professional organisation, practice, and regulation in the fifteen European Union countries. Many similarities appear. In half of the countries microbiology, blood-banking and transfusion medicine fall within the domain of clinical chemistry. The minimum number of years for training (university and postgraduate) is eight, but in practice this will extend to 10 or more years. Official regulation of the profession by law exists in a minority of countries. Continuing education and re-registration have not been officially instituted yet in any country, but these issues will be the next steps forward. In those countries that prepare themselves for entering the European Union, training and practice of clinical chemistry are moving towards the common standards of the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1996

Use of investigations in lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey.

A questionnaire survey was performed on the use of investigations and their impact on treatment of adult lower respiratory tract infection in the community. Data on the management of 2,056 such infections were obtained simultaneously from general practitioners in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Diagnostic tests were only performed in 29% of cases. Chest radiographs were performed most frequently (22%), followed by peripheral blood white cell count (15%) and microbiological examination of sputum (7%), with major differences being found in the frequency of these tests both by clinical diagnosis and country. A change in initial antibiotic therapy was made in 12% of cases, with use of investigation being significantly linked to such changes. Second- and third-line antibiotics were significantly different to first-line therapy, with macrolides the most frequently prescribed second-line and quinolones the most frequently prescribed third-line antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Weighing use and safety of therapeutic agents and feed additives (author's transl)].

(1) The pros and cons of using feed additives and therapeutic agents may be successfully weighed in the light of carefully considered consumer requirements. (2) The socio-economic interests of the producer and the welfare of the animal will also determine the response of the production apparatus to consumer requirements. (3) Consumption of the current amounts of products of animal origin and maintenance of price and quality will only be feasible in the event of rational large-scale production in which constituents used in nutrition, prophylaxis and therapeutics are highly important factors. (4) Using these ingredients should be preceded by accurate evaluation of their use and safety. Testing facilities, conduct of studies and reporting should be such as to make the results nationally and internationally acceptable to all those concerned. (5) In deciding whether feed constituents are acceptable in view of the established use and safety, compliance will have to be sought with those standards which are accepted in other fields of society. Measures which result in raising the price of food without actually helping to reduce the risks to the safety of man, animals and environment, are likely to be rejected by any well-informed consumer who is aware of the facts. (6) For accurate weighing of use and safety at a national level, possibilities are hardly adequate in Europe. Decisions reached within the framework of the European Community, also tuned to U.S.A.- conditions are rightly encouraged. A centrally managed professionally staffed and equipped test system in the European Community would appear to be indispensable.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Richness and diversity of parasite communities in European eels Anguilla anguilla of the River Rhine, Germany, with special reference to helminth parasites.

A total of 121 European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 2 sampling sites on the River Rhine were investigated in respect of their parasite communities. Special attention was given to the swim bladders, intestines, gills and fins of the fish. Twelve different parasite species were found to live in and on the eels. Data from each sampling site were kept separate. Parasites found in descending order of prevalence were: Anguillicola crassus, Trypanosoma granulosum, Myxobolus sp., Paratenuisentis ambiguus, Pseudodactylogyrus sp., Bothriocephalus claviceps, Myxidium giardi, Pomphorhynchus laevis, Trichodina sp., Raphidascaris acus, Acanthocephalus lucii and Acanthocephalus anguillae. Significantly different prevalences were reported for L3 larvae of A. crassus, adult P. ambiguus, B. claviceps and Myxobolus sp. at the 2 sampling sites. The highest number of parasite species was recorded from the intestine, which contained up to 6 different helminths. The coexistence of the acanthocephalans P. laevis and P. ambiguus, which showed clear patterns of distribution within the intestine of the respective hosts, was reported for the first time. Up to 3 different helminth species were found in the intestine of individual fish. Among those, acanthocephalans were the most prevalent worms with the eel-specific parasite P. ambiguus as the dominant species not only of the intestinal but also of the total component communities. Both infra and component communities exhibited low diversity and were dominated by this single species. The evenness reached only approximately 50% or less and it remained unclear why the helminth communities of the eels from the River Rhine with its huge catchment area exhibit such a low parasite diversity and high dominance.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1993

The European action against cancer.

1. Prevention. In this field the main goal is the fight against tobacco. The following measures have been proposed and are now being implemented within the European community: banning smoking in places open to the public, regulation of maximum tar content of cigarettes, health warnings on all tobacco products, ban of oral tobacco, harmonizing tobacco prices upward. The banning of direct and indirect advertising has been proposed but has not yet been accepted. 2. Screening. Pilot projects on breast cancers and cervix cancer screening were launched in all member states. Guidelines for quality assurance were prepared and circulated for both types of screening. Exchange of information was organized through a networking of pilot studies. 3. Informing the public. A European code against cancer was widely distributed with the help of associations, cancer leagues, and practitioners. Health education at school (from 5 to 12 years of age) was recommended, a program was adopted, and pilot projects for the education of teachers were supported. 4. Education and training of health professionals. Emphasis has been placed on general practitioners whose role is crucial. 5. Research. A wide prospective study on diet and cancer was organized in six member states. A cohort of over 500,000 individuals will be monitored, follow-up, whose samples of urine and blood will be kept in liquid nitrogen. Clinical research is supported. In conclusion, despite a relatively small budget (about 11 million $U.S. per year), it was possible to support and coordinate several actions and therefore to stimulate the fight against cancer in the European community.

Education↗