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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Radiograph stress measurement of metallic denture base formed by wire explosion energy. 1. Stress changes during various stages of manufacturing metallic denture base].

The radiograph stress measurement method is the only known means of a non-destructive measurement, and this method is used to assess the residual stresses of various metals. This study was made to evaluate the possibility of radiograph stress measurement of the metallic denture base formed by the wire explosion energy. Radiograph stress measurements of stress changes during various stages of manufacturing metallic denture base were successfully obtained.

Dental Stress Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Development of a novel drug release system, time-controlled explosion system (TES). I. Concept and design.

A novel controlled drug release system. Time-Controlled Explosion System (TES) has been developed. TES has a four-layered spherical structure, which consists of core, drug, swelling agent and water insoluble polymer membrane. TES is characterized by a rapid drug release with a precisely programmed lag time; i.e. expansion of the swelling agent by water penetrating through the outer membrane, destruction of the membrane by stress due to swelling force and subsequent rapid drug release. For establishing the concept and development strategy, TES was designed using metoprolol and polystyrene balls (size: 3.2 mm in diameter) as a model drug and core particles. Among the polymers screened, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC) and ethylcellulose (EC) were selected for a swelling agent and an outer water insoluble membrane, respectively. The release profiles of metoprolol from the system were not affected by the pH of the dissolution media. Lag time was controlled by the thickness of the outer EC membrane; thus, a combination of TES particles possessing different lag times could offer any desired release profile of the model compound, metoprolol.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1994

Development of a novel drug delivery system, time-controlled explosion system (TES). IV. In vivo drug release behavior.

Time-Controlled Explosion System (TES) has the time-controlled drug release property with a pre-designed lag time. The drug release from the system is initiated by destruction of the membrane. In this study, metoprolol tartrate was used as a model drug. After five types of TES with different in vitro lag times were orally administrated to dogs, plasma metoprolol concentration was monitored. There existed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo lag time, while the extent of absorbed metoprolol decreased with prolongation of lag time. Next, the in vivo drug release behavior was directly investigated using five different colored TES with a lag time of two hours. Each TES was consecutively administrated to the fasted dogs at predetermined intervals. The amount of metoprolol released was monitored by recovering the administered TES from the gastrointestinal trace. The in vivo release profile corresponded with the in vitro one. It is demonstrated that TES can release the drug in in vivo conditions similarly to in vitro. Based on these results, the decrease of the absorption is suggested to be caused by increased hepatic first-pass metabolism of the drug due to the retarded release rate with longer lag time.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

"Filing the gaps": Canadian voluntary nurses, the 1917 Halifax explosion, and the influenza epidemic of 1918.

During the Great War, St. John Ambulance established a reserve of approximately 2,000 casually trained nursing volunteers as Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses, or VADs, who assisted in military hospitals at home and overseas. During the 1917 Halifax explosion, and the 1918 influenza epidemic, VADs provided substantial assistance to qualified medical and nursing personnel. This paper considers their record during these specific events, arguing that despite the potential for VADs to undermine the status and job security of qualified graduate nurses, they proved instead both a valuable asset and a positive influence for the future development of Canadian nursing.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Periodic explosive expansion of human retroelements associated with the evolution of the hominoid primate.

Five retroelement families, L1 and L2 (long interspersed nuclear element, LINE), Alu and MIR (short interspersed nuclear element, SINE), and LTR (long terminal repeat), comprise almost half of the human genome. This genome-wide analysis on the time-scaled expansion of retroelements sheds light on the chronologically synchronous amplification peaks of each retroelement family in variable heights across human chromosomes. Especially, L1s and LTRs in the highest density on sex chromosomes Xq and Y, respectively, disclose peak activities that are obscured in autosomes. The periods of young L1, Alu, LTR, and old L1 peak activities calibrated based on sequence divergence coincide with the divergence of the three major hominoid divergence as well as early eutherian radiation while the amplification peaks of old MIR and L2 account for the marsupial-placental split. Overall, the peaks of autonomous LINE (young and old L1s and L2s) peaks and non-autonomous SINE (Alus and MIRs) have alternated repeatedly for 150 million years. In addition, a single burst of LTR parallels the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary, an exceptional global event. These findings suggest that the periodic explosive expansions of LINEs and SINEs and an exceptional burst of LTR comprise the genome dynamics underlying the macroevolution of the hominoid primate lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Lifetime and 1-month prevalence rates of intermittent explosive disorder in a community sample.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the lifetime and 1-month prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder (IED) by both DSM-IV and research criteria in a community sample. METHOD: The final 253 (34.1%) of individuals who were entered into the Hopkins Epidemiology Study of Personality Disorder and sampled in the context of a follow-up study of participants from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study completed a supplemental interview that allowed for the determination of IED by DSM-IV and/or research criteria. RESULTS: The mean +/- SE percentage of subjects who met inclusion criteria was 11.07% +/- 1.97%, and 6.32% +/- 1.53% met full criteria, for lifetime IED by either diagnostic criteria set; 2.37% +/- 0.96% met full criteria for IED within the previous 1 month. Adjusting the prevalence rates to account for differential sampling from the original ECA study did not substantially affect these results. Onset of problematic aggressive behavior in IED subjects (described as lifelong in most subjects) began as early as childhood, peaked in the third decade, and declined steadily after the fifth decade. While distress and/or impairment due to aggressive behavior was documented in 87.5% of IED subjects, only 12.5% of IED subjects reported seeking help for this problem. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent problematic aggressive behavior in the community, as defined by IED, may be far more common than previously thought. Conservatively estimated, the number of individuals in the United States with IED, based on these data, may be no lower than 1.4 million for current IED or nearly 10 million for lifetime IED.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and features of intermittent explosive disorder in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the lifetime and current prevalence, along with other characteristics such as age at onset, patterns of comorbidity, and interest in treatment, of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder (IED) in an outpatient psychiatric sample. METHOD: 1300 individuals presenting for outpatient psychiatric treatment at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, R.I., underwent structured diagnostic assessment for Axis I and II disorders. The diagnosis of IED was made according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: 6.3% (SE, +/- 0.7%) of patients met criteria for lifetime DSM-IV IED, and 3.1% +/- 0.5% of patients met criteria for current DSM-IV IED. While DSM-IV IED was the current principal diagnosis in only 0.6% +/- 0.2% of patients, most patients with current DSM-IV IED (80%) were interested in treatment for their intermittent aggressive behavior. Only lifetime alcohol/drug disorder was more frequent in DSM-IV IED compared with non-IED patients. Age at onset for DSM-IV IED peaked in the teen years, was earlier for men than women, and occurred earlier than all comorbid disorders, with the exception of phobic anxiety disorders, suggesting that IED cannot be attributed to most comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: DSM-IV IED in psychiatric samples is far more common than previously thought. DSM-IV IED develops early in life, especially in male patients, and its development may be independent of most other disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Radiation injuries from military and accidental explosions: a brief historical review.

Nuclear radiation was discovered in the late 1800s. Advances in nuclear physics split the atom to herald the atomic age soon afterward. Now, a century later, health care providers remain acutely aware that nuclear hazards may present instantly and unexpectedly, with devastating and massive results. This article highlights known radiation injuries from military and accidental explosions. This information is critical for the preparedness of health care providers in view of aging nuclear power plants, potential industrial and medical accidents, and the buildup of military weapons by other countries.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative characteristics of environmental factors of rural localities in the area of Totsk nuclear explosion].

Environmental pollution of rural settlements in the vicinity of Totsk nuclear explosion was investigated. The findings show that the blanket of snow, soil and drinking water in the polluted area did not differ from those in the control district. High levels of stable strontium in the soil and drinking water and those of iodine in the water were detected. The concentrations of plutonium-239, 240 and cesium-137 in the soil were higher than the levels of global sediments and the baseline values of cesium-137 for the Orenburg Region.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2000

Study of the explosive strength of the rectus femoris muscle using electromyography.

The rectus femoris muscle was electromyographically studied in eleven individuals of the masculine sex. The objective was to study the action potential and the explosive strength of this particular muscle in the movement utilized to kick the field soccer ball and in other exercises of the orthostatic position. The following movements were analyzed: flexibility of the hip with the knee bent, flexibility and extension of the knee (completely crouched), flexibility of the hip with the knee extended, movement of the kick without contact with the ball and movement of the kick in contact with the ball. The results were: the rectus femoris muscle showed much stronger action potential in flexing the hip with the knee flexed more than 90 degrees; with the knee extended 60 to 90 degrees; in the movement extending the knee from a complete crouch and at the moment of the kick in contact with the ball. The action potential was strong in the movements flexing the knee (crouch) and in the initial movement of the kick.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

[Explosive "thunderclap" headaches: should they be taken seriously?].

"Thunderclap" headaches are explosive, extremely intense and sometimes associated with neurological signs or symptoms. As illustrated by the 3 case histories presented here, they are a heterogenous group as far as etiology and prognosis are concerned. They may be symptomatic of an intracranial disorder (subarachnoïd hemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis, pituitary apoplexia) or idiopathic without any known cause and with a benign, though occasionally recurring, course. They can be spontaneous or triggered by Valsalva maneuvers (cough, exertion, coïtus, ...). In certain cases of so-called "idiopathic" thunderclap headache, diffuse, multifocal segmental and reversible vasospasm of cerebral arteries has been found on neuroimaging. As headache characteristics are similar in symptomatic and benign cases, angio-MRI is recommended when CT-scan and CSF examination are normal.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

An environmental survey relating to improvised and emulsion/gel explosives.

The detection and identification of traces of inorganic ions and sugars can play a major role in the forensic investigation of an explosives related incident. This survey investigated the background levels of these substances in the general environment. Six sampling locations were selected from around the mainland of the United Kingdom, representing urban and rural sites. Swab and vacuum samples were collected from different locations within each site including motor vehicles, private houses, hotels, the exterior of buildings, road surfaces, and street signs. Sampling was carried out in summer and winter to investigate changes in the levels of the target species due to seasonal factors such as road treatments or weather. The samples were extracted with water and analyzed for a range of inorganic anions, cations, and sugars using ion chromatography. Most of the target anions were found to be common to all locations. Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were found to be the most common and the most abundant. Chlorate was found at a low level in some external samples. Perchlorate and thiocyanate were not detected in any samples. There was a marked increase in the quantity of sodium and chloride detected in samples collected during the winter. Sodium and calcium were detected in most samples. Potassium and magnesium were detected in approximately half of the samples. Ammonium was less common but detected at significant levels in wall samples. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were detected in the vacuum samples from the interior surfaces of houses, hotels, and cars.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Explosion of a vulvar hematoma during spontaneous vaginal delivery. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Vulvar hematoma formation during a spontaneous vaginal birth is rare. Although conservative management or observation is an option, complications, including delivery obstruction and excessive vaginal bleeding, may occur. CASE: A woman presented in active labor with an enlarging vulvar hematoma reaching the size of a softball. Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred with an "explosion" of the hematoma and excessive blood loss. To obtain hemostasis, the hematoma cavity was explored and the bleeding points sutured. CONCLUSION: With a large intrapartum vulvar hematoma, the risk of rupture exists. If it occurs, delivery should be accomplished expediently, hemostasis achieved rapidly and blood loss monitored closely.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Local and regional in-hospital trauma care following fireworks depot explosion in Enschede].

UNLABELLED: On Saturday 13 May, 2000 at about 15:30 h, the Dutch city of Enschede was struck by the explosion of a midtown firework depot. Twenty-two people were killed and almost 1,000 people were wounded. A complete district with 1,000 houses was destroyed. In total, 527 victims were treated in one of the regional hospitals, 76 (14%) of whom were admitted and 451 (84%) were treated as outpatients. Of the clinically treated victims, 11 patients were triaged as T1 and needed immediate intervention, 63 patients were triaged as T2 where treatment within six hours was indicated, and two T3 patients did not need urgent treatment. The outpatients mainly suffered secondary blast injuries to the head and extremities due to flying debris. Of the 11 T1 patients, 10 underwent acute surgery; intervention radiology was performed in one patient. The injuries of the severely wounded T1 patients consisted of penetrating thoracic, abdominal and skull injuries, as well as blunt abdominal trauma and compound fractures. Two patients from the disaster area underwent acute vascular surgery for acutely burst aortic aneurysms. The in-hospital trauma care was characterised by the spontaneous arrival of a large number of extra medical personnel. The regional distribution of the trauma patients was adequate. The regional capacity of the emergency rooms, IC-units and operating facilities proved to be sufficient. Routing of lightly-wounded patients was found to be important. The communication in all phases of the disaster management appeared to be poorly structured. CONCLUSION: During the initial trauma care, the routing of vast numbers of ambulant, lightly-wounded patient, as well as extra doctors and nurses, needs careful planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[General practice adrift. Explosion of knowledge, technological development and population].

The explosion of biomedical research, and in turn, the far-reaching specialisation, which accompanies it, makes the health service field increasingly obscure and confusing. The general practitioner as gatekeeper occupies a central and much needed role in health care. Inherent this role are the professional core qualities of continuity, entirety, and a personal doctor-patient relationship, which ideally allow the GP to sort out and co-ordinate available services so that they suit the individual patient. These GP qualities also have the merit of making patients more content, they contribute to shared decision making, and they limit costs through more co-ordinated services. General practice today is faced with a dilemma. Increasing specialisation, consumerism, and liberalizsation threaten to eliminate the generalist role in health care, precisely at a time when it is most acutely needed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Explosive strength deficit as a predictor of vertical jumping performance.

Currently, variables predictive of vertical jumping performance can account for only part of its total variability. A potential additional source of variation called explosive strength deficit (ESD) was described in 1995 by Zatsiorsky (Science and Practice of Strength Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995. pp. 34-35.). ESD is determined by measuring the maximum force generated under ideal circumstances (F(mm)) and under task-relevant conditions (F(m)). It is calculated as 100(F(mm) - F(m))/F(m). For this study, the following operational definitions were used: F(mm) = squatting peak force at 0.51 m x s(-1); F(m) = squatting peak force at 1.43 m x s(-1). Data were analyzed using forward stepwise multiple regression. Mean ESD for men was 29.7% (SD = 11.7) and for women was 49.3% (SD = 11.2). For men and women, respectively, zero-order correlations for ESD with restricted vertical jumping (RVJ) distance were -0.35 and -0.60, and between ESD and drop vertical jumping (DVJ) distance were -0.20 and -0.63. However, when the previously identified predictors were taken into account, ESD was not a significant predictor (p > 0.05) of either type of jump. Therefore, it was concluded that ESD on the basis of velocity-regulated squats does not augment the explained variance previously established for vertical jumping performance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methemoglobin formation in human erythrocytes by nitroaromatic explosives.

We have examined the structure-activity relationships in methemoglobin (MetHb) formation by high explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-nitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-nitraminoethylnitrate (pentryl), and a number of model nitrobenzenes. In lysed human erythrocytes the rate constants of oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) oxidation increased with an increase in single-electron reduction potential (E(1)7) or with a decrease of the enthalpies of single-electron reduction of nitroaromatics. Tetryl and pentryl oxidized OxyHb almost 3 times faster than TNT. Although the initial rates of MetHb formation in intact erythrocytes by tetryl, pentryl, and TNT matched their order of reactivity in the oxidation of OxyHb in lysed erythrocytes, TNT was a more efficient MetHb forming agent than tetryl and pentryl during a 24-h incubation. The decreased efficiency of tetryl and pentryl was attributed to their reaction with intraerythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) producing 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Sglutathione, which acted as a less efficient OxyHb oxidizing agent.

Dinitrobenzenes↗