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PubMed1995

Incremental doses of dobutamine induce a biphasic response in dysfunctional left ventricular regions subtending coronary stenoses.

BACKGROUND: Dobutamine stress echocardiography has been proposed as a diagnostic tool to identify viable myocardium. How regional wall thickening responds to dobutamine in the ischemic or short-term hibernating myocardium has not been adequately defined. We hypothesized that regional wall thickening would improve initially and subsequently deteriorate with incremental doses of dobutamine in viable myocardial regions supplied by a stenotic coronary artery. This study was undertaken to determine whether this biphasic pattern of regional function characterizes the response of ischemic or hibernating myocardium to dobutamine and to explore the factors and mechanisms that determine this response. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-six pigs in four groups were studied: a control group (n = 5) to assess the response of myocardium perfused by nonstenotic coronary artery to incremental doses of dobutamine, and three experimental groups with a left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis producing acute myocardial ischemia (n = 7), short-term myocardial hibernation for 90 minutes (n = 7), and short-term hibernation for 24 hours (n = 7) to determine the functional and metabolic response to dobutamine under these conditions. Regional coronary flow was reduced to 40% to 60% of baseline, with significant reductions of regional wall thickening as measured by two-dimensional echocardiography and sonomicrometers. An incremental dobutamine infusion from 2.5 to 25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 increased wall thickening and coronary flow without lactate production in the control group. In the other three groups, during the incremental dobutamine infusion, regional wall thickening improved initially, from 11.4 +/- 7.5% to 19.8 +/- 11.4%, P < .01, at dobutamine doses of 2.5 to 10 (4.5 +/- 2.2) micrograms.min-1.kg-1 but deteriorated subsequently to 5.0 +/- 5.8% at the maximal dose of dobutamine of 12.6 +/- 4.1 micrograms.min-1.kg-1. The initial improvement of regional wall thickening was associated with a small increase in regional coronary flow (from 0.53 +/- 0.18 to 0.68 +/- 0.25 mL.min-1.g-1 myocardium, P < .05) and with regional lactate production. High doses of dobutamine did not further increase regional coronary flow but markedly increased lactate production and induced regional myocardial acidosis (pH 7.26 +/- 0.07). The biphasic pattern of response to dobutamine was observed in each of the three experimental groups. Both peak improvement and peak deterioration occurred earlier and at lower dobutamine dose levels in the group with acute ischemia compared with the group with short-term hibernation for 24 hours (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: A biphasic response of wall thickening to incremental dobutamine with initial improvement and subsequent deterioration is characteristic of ischemic or short-term hibernating myocardium. The initial low-dose dobutamine infusion improved wall thickening in the ischemic or hibernating myocardial region to a modest level. This initial modest improvement was transient and at the expense of metabolic deterioration of myocardial ischemia, so that at higher doses during prolonged dobutamine infusion, wall thickening deteriorated, lactate accumulated, and myocardial acidosis developed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Fragmentation of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin produced by choriocarcinoma.

When human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions with dithiothreitol (DTT), a smaller weight material (CTP'), in addition to the beta-subunit, could be detected by Western blot analysis using antiserum for hCG beta-carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP). The CTP' band was much more apparent with urinary hCG from a patient with choriocarcinoma than with that from normal pregnant women. Second-dimensional electrophoresis of the choriocarcinoma hCG (c-hCG) after reduction with DTT indicated that the CTP', Mr 25,000, was released from the beta-subunit. The carbohydrate structure of the CTP' was analyzed by affinity with lectin-peroxidase on a nitrocellulose membrane. The CTP' did not interact with Concanavalin A, but exhibited strong interaction with both RCA120 and Arachis hypogaea after removal of sialic acid, indicating that it was released as a fragment containing an O-linked sugar chain as was found in the hCG beta carboxy-terminal portion. Western blot analysis using the antisera for hCG alpha, hCG beta, and hCG beta-CTP showed that the CTP' contains not only the carboxy-terminal portion but also a part of the internal (core) portion of the beta-subunit molecule. This dissociation of the c-hCG beta was further supported by the presence of a faster moving component (FMC) which may correspond to the NH2-terminal side counterpart. The desialylated FMC could be detected by Concanavalin A and RCA120 but not by Arachis hypogaea, indicating that it contains N-linked rather than O-linked sugar chains. The FMC does not contain any of the epitopes for the antisera examined in Western blot. These results indicate that the beta-subunit of the choriocarcinoma urine hCG has an unusual site which is dissociated into two components of Mr 25,000 (CTP') and Mr 18,000 (FMC) by DTT reduction.

Choriocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Growth and differentiation of Vero cells cultivated in three-dimensional type 1 collagen.

Vero cells grown in a three-dimensional arrangement of type 1 collagen were phenotypically altered. Such alterations consisted of variations in cellular form and reactivity to toluidine blue. After 22 days of incubation the Vero cells formed three-dimensional arrangements in both tubular form and cellular mass. A reduction in the collagenous substrate was observed in the culture and the alteration noted in the birefringence of the extracellular matrix was attributed to enzymatic action. This model demonstrates a good in vitro system for the study of collagenase activation and for in vitro tests with collagen.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A biomechanical profile across the patellar groove articular cartilage: implications for defining matrix health.

Macroscopically normal articular cartilage across all bovine patellar grooves studied exhibited a smooth gradation in mechanical properties. Rigorous standardisation of microtensile and microcompressive testing showed that stiffness in tension of the deep matrix, its tendency to rupture and compressive stiffness all dropped progressively across the medial margin and trough of the groove, and reached their lowest values at approximately one quarter of the distance up the lateral margin. The changes in mechanical properties were correlated with ultrastructural differences. The deep matrix of very stiff tissue from the medial margin showed a dense arrangement of fibril segments orientated with varying degrees of obliquity about a radial mean. The more compliant tissue had a markedly less dense fibrillar array with a pronounced radial orientation. It is suggested that the gradation in mechanical properties results from differential loading of the joint surface. From the available evidence it seems likely that the compliance of the cartilage increases proportionately with the reduction in load. The results are discussed with reference to Broom's (1986b) model of the fibrillar architecture of cartilage. It is proposed that increasing compliance is related to a graduated reduction across the joint surface in the number and/or strength of the interfibrillar bonds, resulting from differential loading. A proportionate number of fibrils would have a reduced number of short-period lateral deflections and thus an increasingly overall radial orientation. This would result in a concomitant graded reduction in the degree of constraint exerted by the three dimensional fibrillar network on the hydrated proteoglycans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

"Ultrasensitive" silver stains: their use exemplified in the study of normal human cerebrospinal fluid proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis.

We have developed a series of photochemical silver stains that are more than 100 times as sensitive as the Coomassie Blue stains. These stains facilitate the quantitative estimation of proteins in two-dimensional gel patterns. Recently, we discovered that by using light (photodevelopment) to catalyze the reduction of ionic silver to metallic silver, we could produce an image of proteins on polyacrylamide gels within 10 min after their electrophoretic separation. We used these stains to detect proteins resolved in two-dimensional electrophoretograms of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from 51 normal human volunteers, finding no qualitative protein changes in the more than 300 CSF polypeptides resolved on each individual's electrophoretogram. We quantified 67 of these proteins per individual with computer-assisted densitometry, only five of which showed significant quantitative age-related alterations. We saw no sex-related differences. This consistency in the protein pattern for cerebrospinal fluid from normal individuals allows it to serve as a baseline for comparisons with disease states.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Puromycin aminonucleoside and adriamycin disturb cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix protein organization, but not protein synthesis of cultured glomerular epithelial cells.

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) and Adriamycin (ADR) cause glomerular proteinuria associated with degenerative alterations of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GVEC) and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane when administered to rats. This in vitro study was performed to define, in detail, the quantitative and qualitative changes of a number of adhesion-associated proteins (cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix and integrin proteins) upon exposure to PA and ADR. By immunofluorescence we observed: (1) dose- and incubation-time-dependent filament pattern changes and decreased staining of the cytoskeletal proteins actin, vimentin, keratin, and beta-tubulin; (2) an altered distribution, and decreased expression of the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and heparan sulfate and (3) a loss of the beta 1-integrin focal adhesions upon exposure to PA and ADR. Using an ELISA, a concentration-dependent decrease was found (a 50% reduction with 50 micrograms/ml PA for 48 h and with 2 micrograms/ml ADR for 24 h) in the production of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins per cell. These general effects were suggestive of a disturbance of protein synthesis but, by metabolic labelling studies, no reduction in overall protein synthesis was found. Using two-dimensional PAGE on 35S-methionine steady-state labeled cells, no changes were found in intracellular protein patterns of PA- and ADR-treated cells (pH 5-7.5, MW 110-20 kD). We hypothesize that exposure of GVEC in vitro to PA and ADR might result, directly or indirectly, in perturbation of the macromolecular organization of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins with loss of GVEC adhesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Three-dimensional dental imaging by spiral CT. A progress report.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the feasibility of using spiral computed tomographic data for three-dimensional image acquisition, display, and segmentation of dental structures and lesions and to demonstrate the feasibility of metal artifact suppression. STUDY DESIGN: Isolated extracted teeth, a dry mandible, cadaver mandible, and cadaver head were scanned and reconstructed using spiral computed tomography data. Algorithms for metal artifact reduction including extended attenuation range and interpolation of missing projections were applied. Volumetric rendering was performed to synthesize images comparable to conventional intraoral dental radiographs. Serial examinations were obtained by spiral computed tomographic tomography, registered by surface matching, and interval change determined by three-dimensional subtraction. RESULTS: Metal artifact reduction was successful in markedly reducing the streaks and star patterns that usually accompany metallic restorations and intraoral appliances. Voxel sum images were comparable to dental radiographs. Image segmentation could successfully isolate dental structures, and simulated lesions could be detected through three-dimensional subtraction. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the feasibility of spiral volumetric computed tomography for quantitative study of oral hard tissues in the presence of metal restorations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

A reductive acidolysis final deprotection strategy in solid phase peptide synthesis based on safety-catch protection.

A reductive acidolysis final deprotection strategy in solid phase peptide synthesis was developed using a new safety-catch type of semi-permanent protecting groups and new linkers which were derived from 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl protection. This new strategy was based on a two-dimensional protection scheme employing acid-labile temporary and acid-stable but reductive acidolysis-cleavable semi-permanent protecting groups. By using this strategy, we successfully synthesized four model peptides, of which two contained C-terminal amide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of electrochemical parameters for an EC mechanism from a global analysis of current-potential-time data: application to reductive cleavage of methylcobalamin.

Simultaneous evaluation of electron-transfer rate constant, k degree, following chemical reaction rate constant, kf, electron-transfer coefficient, alpha, and standard potential, E degree', for electron transfer coupled to a following chemical reaction (EC mechanism) is described. A mathematical model for the current response to a potential step is developed by incorporating the appropriate concentration terms into the Butler-Volmer equation. Experimental current-potential-time (i-E-t) surfaces are fit to this model to evaluate the parameters. Fitting individual i-t or i-E curves did not yield unique parameter values whereas an i-E-t surface constituted by several i-t or i-E curves could be fitted to obtain unique values. A generalized kinetic zone diagram for the EC reaction is drawn by examining the limiting forms of the expression for current. Theoretical limits of measurable rate constants are estimated from the zone diagram. The three-dimensional electro-chemistry described above was used to study the reductive cleavage of methylcobalamin in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent and 0.1 M tetrabutyl-ammonium perchlorate supporting electrolyte. The parameters estimated are as follows: alpha = 0.552 +/- 0.004; k degree = 0.011 +/- 0.0015 cm s-1; kf = 1500 +/- 140 s-1; E degree' = -1.54 +/- 0.01 V. The rate constant for the following reaction, kf, in DMSO solvent is approximately 4000-fold faster than the similar process in aqueous medium. It is suggested that this enhancement is relevant to methyl group transfer in enzymatic reactions, e.g., methionine synthase, if the enzyme mechanism involves a reductive cleavage which produces a methyl radical.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2006

Soft tissue facial volumes and shape in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment.

BACKGROUND: To obtain the best surgical results in orthognathic surgery, treatment planning and the evaluation of results should be performed on measurable three-dimensional reproductions of the face of the patients, and compared to reference subjects. METHODS: Seven women aged 18-35 years, all with a skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry, were assessed both before (on average, 2 months) and after (on average, 10.7 months) surgical intervention (mandibular reduction by sagittal split osteotomy and LeFort I maxillary advancement). The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 soft tissue facial landmarks (face, eyes, nose, mouth and lips, ears) were collected with a noninvasive, electromagnetic digitizer; facial volumes were estimated, and compared to reference values collected in 87 healthy women of the same age and ethnic group. Inter-individual modifications in facial shape were also assessed. RESULTS: Before surgery the patients had smaller faces than the reference women, with larger lower lips and noses. A large within-group variability was found. Surgical treatment significantly reduced total facial volume and mandibular volume, increased total and upper lip volumes (Student's t test, p<0.05), and made all values more homogenous within the group. Shape differences were significantly larger before than after surgery. On average, right side gonion was the landmark that moved the most, closely followed by menton, while the tragi and ala nasi moved the least. The three-dimensional approach used in this study enabled quantitative evaluation of the final soft tissue results of surgery, without submitting the patients to invasive procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Structure of subtilosin A, a cyclic antimicrobial peptide from Bacillus subtilis with unusual sulfur to alpha-carbon cross-links: formation and reduction of alpha-thio-alpha-amino acid derivatives.

The complete primary and three-dimensional solution structures of subtilosin A (1), a bacteriocin from Bacillus subtilis, were determined by multidimensional NMR studies on peptide produced using isotopically labeled [(13)C,(15)N]medium derived from Anabaena sp. grown on sodium [(13)C]bicarbonate and [(15)N]nitrate. Additional samples of 1 were also generated by separate incorporations of [U-(13)C,(15)N]-L-phenylalanine and [U-(13)C,(15)N]-L-threonine using otherwise unlabeled media. The results demonstrate that in addition to having a cyclized peptide backbone (amide between N and C termini), three cross-links are formed between the sulfurs of Cys13, Cys7, and Cys4 and the alpha-positions of Phe22, Thr28, and Phe31, respectively. The stereochemistry of all residues in 1 except for the three modified ones was confirmed to be L by complete desulfurization with nickel boride, acid hydrolysis to the constituent amino acids, and conversion of these to the corresponding pentafluoropropanamide isopropyl esters for chiral GC MS analysis. The stereochemistry at the modified residues was determined by subjecting each of the eight possible stereoisomers of 1 to eight rounds of ARIA structure calculations, starting with the same NMR peak files and assignments. The stereoisomer with the l stereochemistry at Phe22 (alpha-R) and d stereochemistry at Thr28 (alpha-S) and Phe31 (alpha-S) (LDD isomer) fit the NMR data, giving the lowest energy family of structures with the best rmsd. Thus, biochemical formation of the unusual thio links proceeds with net retention of configuration at Phe22, and inversion at Thr28 and Phe31. Model amino acid derivatives bearing a sulfide moiety at the alpha-carbon were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding alpha-alkoxy compounds with benzyl thiol and SnCl(4). Separation of their pure stereoisomers and desulfurization with nickel boride demonstrated that the reduction of such compounds proceeds with epimerization, in contrast to the previously reported retention of stereochemistry for analogous reaction of steroidal sulfides. However, desulfurization of subtilosin A to cyclic peptide 14, which is inactive as an antimicrobial agent, occurs with inversion of stereochemistry at the alpha-carbons of Phe22 and Thr28 and with 4:1 retention at Phe31. This indicates that the desulfurization reaction proceeds via an N-acyl imine and that the structure of the surrounding peptide controls the geometry of reduction. Posttranslational linkage of a thiol to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid residue is unprecedented in ribosomally synthesized peptides or proteins, and very rare in secondary metabolites. Subtilosin A (1) represents a new class of bacteriocins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Interpolating moving least-squares methods for fitting potential energy surfaces: Analysis of an application to a six-dimensional system.

The basic formal and numerical aspects of different degree interpolated moving least-squares (IMLS) methods are applied to a six-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) of the HOOH molecule, for which an analytic ("exact") potential is available in the literature. The results of systematic investigations of the effects of weight function parameters, the degree and partial degree of IMLS, the number of data points allowed, and the optimal automatic point selection of data points up to full third-degree IMLS fits are reported. With partial reduction of cross terms and automatic point selection the full six-dimensional HOOH PES can be fit over a range of 100 kcal/mol to an accuracy of less than 1 kcal/mol with approximately 1350 ab initio points.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An active shape model for the reconstruction of scoliotic deformities from back shape data.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to improve the accuracy and reliability of the spinal midline reconstructions in scoliosis from back shape data. Design. An active shape model which covers the variety of scoliotic curves with a minimum of adjustable parameters is designed for the reconstruction of the spinal midline based on rasterstereographic back surface measurements. BACKGROUND: To reduce the number of X-rays needed for patients with a scoliosis, an automatic method was developed for the reconstruction of spinal deformities from back shape data. METHODS: 264 digital X-rays of 264 patients with scoliosis were used as a training set. By examining the statistics of the vertebral body centres a point distribution model was derived. The model is used as a basis to reconstruct the spinal midline from back shape data (active shape model). RESULTS: 478 rasterstereographs of 114 scoliotic patients have been evaluated with this new procedure and with an existing procedure. Both procedures deliver a three-dimensional curve of the spinal midline. The frontal projections of these spinal midlines are compared with the vertebral centres of the corresponding 478 X-rays. The active shape model improved the results as compared to the existing procedure from sigma(x)=3.4mm to sigma(x)=3.0mm. CONCLUSION: The use of the active shape model improves the overall accuracy of the spinal midline reconstructions in scoliosis from back shape data.RELEVANCE. Improvements to the accuracy and the reliability of the three-dimensional spinal reconstruction based on back shape data, can lead to an additional reduction of X-rays for patients with a scoliosis.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulmonary MR angiography utilizing phased-array surface coils.

Magnetic resonance angiography of the pulmonary vasculature was evaluated in 12 subjects using breath-hold gradient echo scans and surface coils at 1.5 T. Flow-compensated GRASS, spoiled GRASS (SPGR), and WARP-SPGR sequences were utilized. Comparisons were made among flip angles of 10-60 degrees, slice thicknesses of 3-10 mm, and body coil as well as Helmholtz pair and phased-array multiple coils. With 30-40 contiguous slices encompassing the lung, intrathoracic vasculature was segmented using a UNIX/X-windows based package dubbed VIDA. Three-dimensional anatomy was visualized by a brightest voxel projection algorithm, following reduction of chest wall pixel intensities by an operator-interactive module. Both SPGR (30 degrees flip angle, 4 mm slice thickness) and WARPSPGR (15 degrees flip angle, 5 mm slice thickness) in combination with phased-array multiple coils provided the most satisfactory images, based upon observations by three radiologists and signal-to-noise ratio measurements. The MR angiograms visualized vessels as distal as sixth to seventh order branches. The technique was successfully applied to three patients with pulmonary embolism. The results of this study demonstrate that the pulmonary vascular tree can be imaged by MR angiography combining a high resolution technique utilizing phased-array multiple coils, fast gradient echo sequences with breath-holding, and postprocessing of the volumetric image data. The technique is attractive since it is noninvasive and provides a full three-dimensional portrayal of the pulmonary vasculature.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

A two-stage linear discriminant analysis via QR-decomposition.

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a well-known method for feature extraction and dimension reduction. It has been used widely in many applications involving high-dimensional data, such as image and text classification. An intrinsic limitation of classical LDA is the so-called singularity problems; that is, it fails when all scatter matrices are singular. Many LDA extensions were proposed in the past to overcome the singularity problems. Among these extensions, PCA+LDA, a two-stage method, received relatively more attention. In PCA+LDA, the LDA stage is preceded by an intermediate dimension reduction stage using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Most previous LDA extensions are computationally expensive, and not scalable, due to the use of Singular Value Decomposition or Generalized Singular Value Decomposition. In this paper, we propose a two-stage LDA method, namely LDA/QR, which aims to overcome the singularity problems of classical LDA, while achieving efficiency and scalability simultaneously. The key difference between LDA/QR and PCA+LDA lies in the first stage, where LDA/QR applies QR decomposition to a small matrix involving the class centroids, while PCA+LDA applies PCA to the total scatter matrix involving all training data points. We further justify the proposed algorithm by showing the relationship among LDA/QR and previous LDA methods. Extensive experiments on face images and text documents are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Edema volume, not timing, is the key to success in lymphedema treatment.

BACKGROUND: There are currently between 1 and 2 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. Is the advocated, early intervention the key to successful treatment, or are there other, more important factors? METHODS: Responses to combined decongestive therapy (CDT) for 69 women were analyzed with regard to duration of lymphedema, differences in arm circumference, percent differences in arm volumes, volume of edema, reduction of edema volumes, and duration of treatment. RESULTS: Two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) analyses showed little correlation between duration and volume of edema or between duration and response and treatment. However, they did show a correlation between initial volumes of fluid in the tissues and responses. Patients with initial volumes of 250 mL or less had a mean reduction of 78% with CDT, whereas those with initial volumes between 250 and 500 mL had a mean reduction of 56%. CONCLUSION: The key to predicting successful lymphedema treatment is the initial volume of edema in the tissues regardless of whether the intervention is early or late.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pinning stationary planar fronts in diffusion-convection-reaction systems.

This paper considers various strategies for controlling a stationary planar front solution, in a rectangular domain with a diffusion-reaction distributed system, by pinning the solution to one or few points and using actuators with the simplest possible spatial dependence. We review previous results obtained for one-dimensional diffusion-reaction (with or without convection) systems, for which we applied two approaches: an approximate model reduction to a form that follows the front position while approximating the front velocity, and linear stability analysis. We apply the same two approaches for the planar fronts. The approximate model reduction allows us to analyze qualitatively various control strategies and to predict the critical width below which the control mode of the one-dimensional system is sufficient. These results are corroborated by linear analysis of a truncated model with the spectral methods representation, using concepts of finite and infinite zeros of linear multidimensional systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The human pituitary nitroproteome: detection of nitrotyrosyl-proteins with two-dimensional Western blotting, and amino acid sequence determination with mass spectrometry.

Nitric oxide is an important mediator that participates in reduction-oxidation (redox) mechanisms and in cellular signal transduction pathways. Two types of post-translational modifications are induced by nitric oxide: S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues and nitration of tyrosine residues. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based Western blotting was used to detect, and liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to determine the amino acid sequence of, several different nitrated proteins in the human pituitary. Proteins from several 2D gel spots, which corresponded to the strongly positive anti-nitrotyrosine Western blot spots, were subjected to in-gel trypsin-digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis. MS/MS, SEQUEST analysis, and de novo sequencing were used to determine the nitration site of each nitrated peptide. A total of four different nitrated peptides were characterized and were matched to four different proteins: synaptosomal-associated protein, actin, immunoglobulin alpha Fc receptor, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2. Those nitrotyrosyl-proteins participate in neurotransmission, cellular immunity, and cellular structure and mobility.

Amino Acid Sequence↗