Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Contraception Continuation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

The outcome of pregnancy in former oral contraceptive users.

As part of a continuing major prospective survey, the outcome of 5530 pregnancies in former oral contraceptive (pill) users was compared with the outcome of 11 009 pregnancies in the control series of women who had never used the pill. In former pill users there was a significantly higher induced abortion rate. There was no increase in the reported spontaneous abortion rate, and there is evidence to suggest that the true spontaneous abortion rate may be materially lower in former pill users. The previous use of oral contraceptives appeared to have no adverse effect on subsequent births.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1967

Cytologic changes following the use of oral contraceptives.

Abnormal cytologic findings in gynecologic smears were more common among patients using oral contraceptives than among control patients. Cytologic examination should be routinely performed before oral contraceptives are prescribed. The exfoliation of endometrial cells was essentially the same between control and oral contraceptive patients. No evidence of excessive stimulation of epithelial element in endometrium accompanied the continued use of hormonal contraceptives. In general, the cytohormonal effect associated with oral contraceptives showed a depressed superficial cell count in the vaginal smears. Teenagers using oral contraceptives constituted 2 to 3% of the surveyed group. Long-term effects of antiovulatory drugs in young females are yet to be observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Two good reasons: women's and men's perspectives on dual contraceptive use.

In the US, continued high rates of unintended pregnancy, combined with increases in heterosexual transmission of HIV to women, have sharply magnified concern about the factors leading to or barring the use of contraceptive methods to protect concurrently against both risks. This paper reports on results of focus group research among African-American women participating in a longitudinal study and African-American men who are either partners of the women or are of similar socio-economic status as their partners. We found a high level of agreement between men and women on the issues and problems that both sexes face. People felt that regardless of a woman's use of other contraceptive methods, a condom should always be used for protection. This belief, however, differed markedly from actual practice. Although we attempted to discern the relative salience of concern about pregnancy versus STIs, we conclude that people may not separate these two concerns in their resolve to use two methods. Furthermore, they recognized the need for dual protection, but expected conflict with their partners from using condoms as a second method because of high levels of distrust regarding sexual fidelity. Thus people are caught in a bind: distrust further increases the sense of a need for dual methods, but using condoms exacerbates the problems people have with achieving trust in relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cancer risk as related to use of oral contraceptives during fertile years.

A case-control study of 452 breast cancer patients, aged less than 50 years, and 872 age-, race-, and religion-matched control patients generated relative risk estimates of breast cancer associated with oral contraceptive practices. The relative risk of breast cancer from ever-use of oral contraceptives was 1.1, not significant. Relative risks did not differ by age, interval since first use, interval since last use, or time periods in which steroid compounds differed in composition and potency. However, the relative risks of breast cancer from current use, from 2 to 4 years of ever-use, from 6 or more years of use by women with prior benign breast disease, and from use before first childbirth were increased significantly. The findings suggest the malignant process may be quickened if transformed cells are present during oral contraceptive use. Yet, the findings neither indicate that oral contraception induces breast cancer nor do they exonerate female steroid hormones. The findings do encourage continued surveillance of steroid contraception for cancer induction or promotion. In addition to duration of oral contraceptive use and other measures of dose response, future observations should pay especial attention to use by women before first childbirth and by women with already established benign breast disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception.

BACKGROUND: Combination injectable contraceptives provide a highly effective, reversible method of preventing pregnancy, and they do not require daily administration or use at the time of coitus. Although they are used in many countries, their acceptability could be limited by method characteristics, such as the need to obtain a monthly injection or bleeding pattern changes. OBJECTIVES: To assess the contraceptive efficacy, bleeding patterns, discontinuation, user preferences, and side effects of combination injectable contraceptives. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched computerized databases for randomized controlled trials of combination injectable contraceptives. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials reported in any language were eligible if they compared a combination injectable with any other contraceptive method (e.g., a second combination injectable contraceptive, progestin-only injectable contraceptive, other hormonal contraceptive or barrier method) or placebo. We limited the review to currently marketed combination injectable contraceptives. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The primary reviewer evaluated all titles and abstracts from the literature searches to determine their eligibility. Two reviewers independently extracted data from the eligible trials. Data on contraceptive efficacy, bleeding patterns, continuation, and side effects were entered and analyzed with RevMan 4.2. MAIN RESULTS: Combination injectable contraceptives include depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) 25 mg plus estradiol cypionate (E(2)C) 5 mg, as well as norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) 50 mg plus estradiol valerate (E(2)V) 5 mg. These combination injectable contraceptives resulted in lower rates of early study discontinuation due to amenorrhea or other bleeding problems, but had higher rates of discontinuation due to other reasons than the progestin-only comparison contraceptives. Studies comparing two combination injectable contraceptives found that NET-EN 50 mg plus E(2)V 5 mg resulted in less overall early discontinuation and less discontinuation due to amenorrhea or prolonged bleeding than DMPA 25 mg plus E(2)C 5 mg. However, these differences were not detected in all trials making this comparison. The NET-EN plus E(2)V group also had more cyclical (regular) bleeding and fewer prolonged bleeding reference periods than the DMPA plus E(2)C group. The groups did not differ in their amenorrhea rates. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While discontinuation rates can be viewed as a measure of method acceptability, the findings should be interpreted with caution since discontinuation rates are dependent on many other factors. Future research should be directed toward interventions to improve the acceptability of combination injectable contraceptives, such as providing injections in settings more convenient than clinical sites, methods for women to administer their own injections, and counseling about possible bleeding pattern changes.

Algestone↗
PubMed1980

Blood pressure and oral progestational agents. A prospective study of 119 black women.

Blood pressure and body weight were carefully measured in 119 young black women before and after 6 to 24 months of contraceptive therapy with oral progestational agents (minipills). Results are compared with 673 women followed during continued use of nonhormonal contraceptive methods. Minipill therapy (0.35 mg of norethisterone) was associated with no significant (p greater than 0.05) increase in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure means. Minipill users did not develop diastolic blood pressures of 90 mm Hg or more during the study period. Substantial weight gain occurred as a side effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The use of hormonal contraception in perimenopause is still a hazard?].

The need for contraception in a period of life characterized by irregular menstrual cycles as the perimenopause represents a social and biological event for each woman and a challenge for the gynecologist. The use of oral contraceptives in perimenopause has been vastly discussed in the last decade. Several investigators have focused their attention on the risks related to hormonal administration to older women neglecting all the advantages. The introduction of new lower-dose formulations and progestin-only preparations as implants or intra-uterine system has deeply changed the indications for hormonal contraception allowing their use in patients in whom it was previously contraindicated. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that the use of hormonal contraception during the perimenopausal period does not offer only advantages in term of cycle control but also gives an important protection against the development of gynecological malignancies. However, in clinical practice the use of hormonal contraceptives in older women has not been accepted by a large number of physicians who continue to consider hormonal contraception in women over forties a tabù. The aim of this review is to discuss lights and shadows of the use of hormonal contraception in perimenopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A five-year clinical trial of levonorgestrel silastic implants (Norplant TM).

Silastic implants containing the progestin, levonorgestrel, were tested as a long-term contraceptive system in 101 women. During five full years of use, no pregnancies occurred. The 5-year continuation rate was 54%. Menstrual irregularities were the most frequent reason for termination of use but only during the first year. More than half of the terminations for this reason were in the first year. Some of the subjects elected to continue use of the implants beyond 5 years, allowing release rate data to be obtained through 6 years. From the second through the sixth year of use, the implants delivered a constant 30 micrograms per day of levonorgestrel to the subjects, and even after six years 57% of the original steroid content remained in the capsules. Return of fertility following removal was essentially immediate and not related to time of use. Medical reasons for removal were infrequent and no pattern was discernible.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A comparative study of standard-dose and low-dose oral contraceptives in rural Bangladesh.

Fieldworkers in a rural area of Bangladesh distributed two kinds of oral contraceptives to women accepting this method; 286 women received a standard-dose oral contraceptive and 366 women one mile away were given a low-dose pill of the same formulation. Continuation rates at 12 months were 86% for the standard-dose and 75% for the low-dose pill. Worker performance accounted for some of the difference, but the results suggest that the lower-dose pill is less acceptable in rural Bangladesh than the standard-dose pill of the same formulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[From the prescription of contraceptives to their application. A study of the on-going use of contraceptive methods in immigrant circles during the post-partum period].

PURPOSE: The research presented here aimed at establishing a possible link between the level of integration of an immigrant population and the rate of continuity following a prescription for contraception given to women on leaving the maternity clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1995 to November 1996, a study was conducted in Valence among 71 women who came from Turkey, sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb. Out of 87 women interviewed at the maternity, 71 were seen a second time. As well as taking into consideration socio-demographical factors, the study compared the degree of integration with the use of the prescribed contraceptive method six months after leaving the maternity clinic. RESULTS: The study shows that there is no significant link between the level of integration and the continued use of a contraceptive method six months after birth. The only salient fact is that women who had lived less than 10 years in France systematically used a contraceptive method (P = 0.004, relative risk: 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.84). DISCUSSION: Our study would tend towards the following observation: the more recently the immigrant arrived, the more receptive they were towards proposals made by the medical personnel. We consider that rather than it being the case of either total confidence in, or distrust of, medical contraception, the cultural factor remains important and must be taken into account in any approach among this kind of population. It is more a question of community health education than of medical prescription.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Migraine attacks and increased platelet aggregability induced by oral contraceptives.

A case where common and complicated migraine attacks appeared during the course of oral contraception is reported. The attacks of complicated migraine also continued to appear after the contraceptives were stopped. Increased platelet aggregability was found at the time when the complicated migraine attacks were frequent and, therefore, treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin was given. At the time when a gradual reduction of the platelet aggregability was observed, a decrease in the frequency, and eventual disappearance of the complicated migraine attacks was simultaneously seen. Causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and complicated migraine attacks is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Norplant-associated major depression and panic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Norplant is a long-acting subdermal implant system that is widely used for contraception. The implant releases a continuous dose of levonorgestrel, a synthetic progestin. Although oral contraceptives are associated with depression and panic disorder, no cases have been reported of psychiatric disorders secondary to the use of Norplant. METHOD: Two women, aged 18 and 29 years, are described who developed major depression and panic disorder while using the Norplant system. RESULTS: These women who had no prior psychiatric history developed major depression and panic disorder 1 to 2 months after insertion of Norplant system capsules. The symptoms worsened over the course of a year. Following removal of Norplant, the symptoms of depression and anxiety resolved within 1 month. CONCLUSION: The progesterone content of oral contraceptives has been linked to major depression and panic disorder. Since Norplant is a progestin-only preparation, it is likely that some women will develop these disorders. These cases illustrate the importance of careful follow-up for adolescents and adults who select Norplant for contraception. Patients should be informed about the possible occurrence of psychiatric disorders. When evaluating new onset of depression and panic disorder in adolescent and adult women, it is important to inquire about Norplant insertion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A comparative analysis of three different dose combinations of oral contraceptives.

Three different low-dose formulations of oral contraceptives were compared to determine the most suitable preparation for Filipino women as reflected in the first year continuation rates, incidence of side effects and failure rates. A total of 1,800 subjects were enrolled in the study from 18 health centers in six provinces in two regions of the Philippines, covering a total of 18,282 women-months of use. Sociodemographic characteristics were comparable. The monophasic levonorgestrel group showed the best performance followed by the triphasic preparation. The norethindrone group consistently showed higher drop-out rates, which may be due to the relatively higher incidence of side effects. For all three preparations, bleeding irregularities were low. There were no major side effects and no pregnancy was reported in one year of use. Noted was a distinct regional and provincial difference in recruitment and follow-up performance, possibly due to clinic, client or program factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A three-dimensional study of endometrial microvessels in women using the contraceptive subdermal levonorgestrel implant system, norplant.

Recent evidence points towards a substantial disturbance of the process of angiogenesis within the endometrium in women who are exposed continuously to low dose contraceptive progestogens. This results in the patchy appearance of abnormally small and abnormally large, thin-walled vessels in the superficial regions of exposed endometrium. Three-dimensional pictures were developed from digitised images of serial tissue sections of endometrium in which microvascular endothelial cells were labelled with antibodies to the endothelial cell surface antigen, CD34 and their basement membranes labelled with anti-Collagen IV antibodies. Microvessels from endometrium exposed to continuous low-dose levonorgestrel from a subdermal implant system (Norplant) displayed considerable variations in size and shape. No spiral arterioles were identified. Some microvessels showed considerable dilatation, distortion and variability in the presence of surrounding basement membrane components. Other endothelial structures included narrow, solid cords of endothelial cells, without basement membranes, which often connected with normal or abnormal vessels containing lumens. Some areas, especially deeper in the tissue, contained microvessels of normal size and shape surrounded by basement membrane. These images have revealed an overall picture of great variability in superficial endometrial vascular structures in some women using a low-dose levonorgestrel implant system which appears substantially different from that seen in normal endometrium.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Progress in contraception: new technology.

Unintended pregnancy continues to be a major public health issue in this country. Approximately 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and, of these, half end in abortion. Although tubal sterilization is highly effective, many women subsequently express regret and remorse. Oral contraceptives represent an effective, reversible method. However, many women have difficulty using them consistently and correctly. Recently, four new delivery systems for hormonal contraception have become available in the United States: the monthly injection, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system, the combination hormonal contraceptive vaginal ring, and the transdermal contraceptive patch. All four new methods are effective, readily reversible, generally discreet, and reduce daily compliance challenges. The monthly injection, vaginal ring, and transdermal patch can be discontinued without the need for an office visit. This expanded menu of effective contraceptive options should help women find a method that suits their particular life style.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2005

[Contraception in young adolescents].

The continuing increase in teenage pregnancies and abortions calls for more effective sex education on the one hand, including a detailed explication of the (perfectly normal) changes an adolescent body is undergoing, but we also need to understand the way teenagers actually do use contraceptives. Modern contraception for teenagers should not cause any side effects and its efficacy must not be linked to compliance. Gynaecologists must acquaint themselves with the laws covering the prescription of contraceptives to adolescents. Whether hormonal contraceptives for men are also suitable for teenage boys remains to be seen. Advising mentally or physically handicapped teen-agers or those with chronic diseases on their contraceptive options is particularly challenging. Adolescents are more prone to contract HPV infections and thus need to be screened, counselled and told about the association between HPV and cervical dysplasia.

Adolescent↗