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PubMed1994

Fish consumption and risk of stroke. The Zutphen Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A low-to-moderate average daily fish consumption has been reported to convey protection against coronary heart disease incidence and mortality. Currently there is no information about its effect on stroke risk. METHODS: In 1960, 1965, and 1970 cross-check dietary histories were obtained in 552 men aged 50 to 69 years in 1970 in the town of Zutphen, The Netherlands. The association between fish consumption and stroke incidence in the period 1970 to 1985 was assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. Adjustments were made for confounding by age, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, serum total cholesterol, energy intake, alcohol consumption, and prescribed diet. RESULTS: The mean fish consumption in 1970 was 17.9 g/d. Men who consumed more than 20 g of fish per day in 1970 had a reduced risk of stroke compared with those who consumed less fish. The hazard ratio (HR) amounted to 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.99), and did not change after adjustment for potential confounders. Fewer strokes occurred among the 301 men who always reported fish consumption between 1960 and 1970 than among the men who changed fish consumption habits between 1960 and 1970 or did not consume fish at all (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.34 to 1.16). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that consumption of at least one portion of fish per week may be associated with a reduced stroke incidence.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol consumption and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study examined the relationship between lifetime alcohol consumption and respiratory symptoms in 195 subjects (including 111 alcoholics) and FEV1 level in 165 subjects (including 91 alcoholics). After adjustment for age and cigarette smoking status, using multiple logistic regression, lifetime alcohol consumption was a significant predictor of chronic cough and chronic phlegm, but not of any wheeze or persistent wheeze. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that lifetime alcohol consumption was also a predictor of lower levels of FEV1 in a model that included age, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and an interaction between alcohol consumption and pack-years. The interaction between smoking and alcohol consumption was in a direction opposite to the independent effects of alcohol and smoking, suggesting a protective effect of alcohol with heavier amounts of smoking. Additional study is needed to further assess the relationship between respiratory symptoms and alcohol consumption, and between pulmonary function and alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Consumption of classical complement components by heart subcellular membranes in vitro and in patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Experiments were conducted to characterize the antibody-independent activation of complement in human serum by isolated human heart mitochondrial membranes in vitro and to determine whether similar patterns of complement consumption occurred in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Direct evidence for the interaction of C1 and heart mitochondrial membranes was obtained by mitochondria-C1 binding and elution experiments. Exposure of normal human sera to isolated human heart mitochondria at 37 degrees C resulted in the consumption of C1, C4, C2, and C3 without significant consumption of the terminal components of the complement system (C6 through C9). The consumption occurred in the absence of detectable anti-heart mitochondria autoantibody, was demonstrated to be calcium dependent, and was inhibited by either 0.01 M EDTA or ethylene glycol bis(bets-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Although specific absorption of C1q from human sera inhibited the mitochondria-dependent activation of C4, C3 donsumption was not affected. These data indicate that the consumption of C4 and C2 likely occurred due to the mitochondrial membrane-mediated activation of C1, but that the consumption of the C3 did not necessarily involve either the classical or alternative complement pathways. After the in vitro characterization of the mitochondria-dependent activation of the complement system, additional studies were performed to determine whether similar consumption occurred in patients after acute myocaridal infarction. During a 72-h period after hospital admission significant decreases in C1, C4, and C3 occurred in six patients with recent chest pain but no evidence of acute myocardial infarction. These studies suggest that myocardial cell necrosis results in the release of subcellular membrane constituents capable of activating the complement system in the absence of detectable anti-heart autoantibodies; such activation may be responsible in part for the development of acute inflammation and evolution of the infarct size following coronary artery occulusion.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2002

Opposite effects of ethanol and ketamine in the elevated plus-maze test in Wistar rats undergoing a chronic oral voluntary consumption procedure.

The anxiolytic effects of ethanol (EtOH) have been involved in the vulnerability to EtOH drinking in humans. However, the role of the anxiolytic effects of EtOH during a chronic ingestion of the drug has not been extensively addressed, either in humans or in animal models. Since it was first shown that EtOH interacts with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a growing body of evidence demonstrating the involvement of this receptor in a wide range of EtOH effects has been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of a voluntary consumption of EtOH to exert its putative anxiolytic-like activity in non-selected male Wistar rats held under a voluntary chronic oral consumption procedure using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. The effects of EtOH were compared with those of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine (KET), and with a mixture of both drugs. Rats were provided with 1-h limited access to one of the following sweetened (10% w/v glucose) solutions: (i) control; (ii) EtOH (ethanol, 10% v/v); (iii) KET (ketamine HCl, 0.28 mg/ml); or (iv) mixed (EtOH 10% v/v plus ketamine HCl 0.28 mg/ml) for 35 consecutive days. At the end of this period, and immediately after the last 1-h access to the respective solution, animals were independently tested in either EPM or open field tests. Previously, rats were tested on the inclined screen test during 15 consecutive days. The opposite effects were observed with EtOH and KET consumption in the EPM test, with EtOH decreasing and KET increasing the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the EPM, which was shown to be independent of any locomotor impairment, whereas consumption of the mixed solution did not significantly affect any test. Since the EtOH did not exhibit anxiolytic-like effects after its chronic oral consumption, it might be hypothesized that the anxiolytic activity of the EtOH is not critically involved in the maintenance of a voluntary EtOH consumption in non-selected rats. On the other hand, the lack of effects from mixed solution consumption suggests that EtOH and KET may interact in such a way that their effects are neutralized.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Goal setting is differentially related to change in fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption among fourth-grade children.

The impact of goal attainment in a dietary change program to increase fruit, 100% juice, and vegetable consumption was assessed among fourth-grade students. At each session, the students were given goals related to increasing fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption. Baseline consumption and postconsumption were assessed with up to 4 days of computerized dietary recalls. Analyses included regression models predicting postconsumption from the numbers of fruit-juice goals, vegetable goals, or total number of general goals attained, respectively. For students with low baseline fruit-juice preferences, attaining more fruit-juice goals resulted in increased post-fruit-juice consumption. Among those with low baseline vegetable consumption, attaining one vegetable goal was related to higher post-vegetable consumption. For boys and those with high baseline fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption, attaining three general goals was related to increased fruit, juice, and vegetable intake. The results show that goal attainment was somewhat effective in promoting dietary change among children.

Beverages↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality in Sweden.

Most previous studies on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been conducted in countries with an alcohol consumption pattern different from that in Sweden (and other countries in the "Vodka Belt"), where irregular binge drinking of distilled spirits is common. Therefore, we carried out an ecological study in Sweden where cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time series analyses (1973-1986) were performed on consumption of spirits, wine and beer in relation to age-standardized mortality in IHD for males and females. There was a negative correlation in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses between wine consumption and mortality from IHD, especially strong for women, but no consistent relationship between the consumption of total ethanol, spirits and beer versus the mortality from IHD. In the time series analysis, only wine was negatively correlated with IHD mortality for women. We conclude that, on a population level, consumption of spirits and beer in a Swedish drinking pattern does not imply any protection against death from IHD. On the other hand, wine consumption in Sweden could be associated with a reduced risk of IHD death among women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Single and repeated moderate consumption of native or dealcoholized red wine show different effects on antioxidant parameters in blood and DNA strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes in healthy volunteers: a randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN68505294).

BACKGROUND: Red wine (RW) is rich in antioxidant polyphenols that might protect from oxidative stress related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Antioxidant effects after single ingestion of RW or dealcoholized RW (DRW) have been observed in several studies, but results after regular consumption are contradictory. Thus, we examined if single or repeated consumption of moderate amounts of RW or DRW exert antioxidant activity in vivo. METHODS: Total phenolic content and concentration of other antioxidants in plasma/serum, total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in plasma as well as DNA strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes were measured in healthy non-smokers A) before, 90 and 360 min after ingestion of one glass of RW, DRW or water; B) before and after consumption of one glass of RW or DRW daily for 6 weeks. DNA strand breaks (SB) were determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay) in untreated cells and after induction of oxidative stress ex vivo with H2O2 (300 microM, 20 min). RESULTS: Both RW and DRW transiently increased total phenolic content in plasma after single consumption, but only RW lead to a sustained increase if consumed regularly. Plasma antioxidant capacity was not affected by single or regular consumption of RW or DRW. Effects of RW and DRW on DNA SB were conflicting. DNA strand breaks in untreated cells increased after a single dose of RW and DRW, whereas H2O2 induced SB were reduced after DRW. In contrast, regular RW consumption reduced SB in untreated cells but did not affect H2O2 induced SB. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that consumption of both RW and DRW leads to an accumulation of phenolic compounds in plasma without increasing plasma antioxidant capacity. Red wine and DRW seem to affect the occurrence of DNA strand breaks, but this cannot be referred to antioxidant effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Moderate alcohol consumption increases cholesterol efflux mediated by ABCA1.

Moderate alcohol consumption increases HDL cholesterol, which is involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cholesterol efflux, using J774 mouse macrophages and Fu5AH cells, and on other parameters in the RCT pathway. Twenty-three healthy men (45-65 years) participated in a randomized, partially diet-controlled, crossover trial. They consumed four glasses of whisky (40 g of alcohol) or water daily for 17 days. After 17 days of whisky consumption, serum capacity to induce ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from J774 mouse macrophages was increased by 17.5% (P = 0.027) compared with water consumption. Plasma capacity to induce cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH cells increased by 4.6% (P = 0.002). Prebeta-HDL, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and lipoprotein A-I:A-II also increased by 31.6, 6.2, and 5.7% (P < 0.05), respectively, after whisky consumption compared with water consumption. Changes of cAMP-stimulated cholesterol efflux correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) with changes of apoA-I but not with changes of prebeta-HDL (r = 0.30, P = 0.18). Cholesterol efflux capacities from serum of lean men were higher than those from overweight men. In conclusion, this study shows that moderate alcohol consumption increases the capacity of serum to induce cholesterol efflux from J774 mouse macrophages, which may be mediated by ABCA1.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1↗
PubMed2000

Diet-associated risks of disease and self-reported food consumption: how shall we treat partial nonresponse in a food frequency questionnaire?

Using data from a population-based case-control study on thyroid cancer, we studied two approaches of handling missing answers in a food frequency questionnaire when estimating food consumption and nutrient intakes. We analyzed the dietary reports of 165 cases and 248 control subjects. In the first approach, the omitted food items were considered as "null consumption." In the second approach, the missing answers were replaced with the median frequencies for subjects in the corresponding outcome category actually answering that specific food item. The results showed marginal differences between the two methods. In addition, the null consumption assumption was validated by means of complementary telephone interviews with a subsample of subjects who provided incomplete reports. Overall, the originally omitted answers actually corresponded to very rare consumption for 54.2% of cancer patients and for 54.7% of controls. However, this "true" proportion of null consumption varied greatly between different food items (range 0-96%) and between food groups (range 14-82%). To interpret the omitted self-reports of food consumption as indication of "zero consumption" is quite reasonable when the investigation does not focus on dietary items widely consumed in the source population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Blood harmane concentrations and dietary protein consumption in essential tremor.

BACKGROUND: Beta-carboline alkaloids (e.g., harmane) are highly tremorogenic chemicals. Animal protein (meat) is the major dietary source of these alkaloids. The authors previously demonstrated that blood harmane concentrations were elevated in patients with essential tremor (ET) vs controls. Whether this difference is due to greater animal protein consumption by patients or their failure to metabolize harmane is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with ET and controls differ with regard to 1) daily animal protein consumption and 2) the correlation between animal protein consumption and blood harmane concentration. METHODS: Data on current diet were collected with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and daily calories and consumption of animal protein and other food types was calculated. Blood harmane concentrations were log-transformed (logHA). RESULTS: The mean logHA was higher in 106 patients than 161 controls (0.61 +/- 0.67 vs 0.43 +/- 0.72 g(-10)/mL, p = 0.035). Patients and controls consumed similar amounts of animal protein (50.2 +/- 19.6 vs 49.4 +/- 19.1 g/day, p = 0.74) and other food types (animal fat, carbohydrates, vegetable fat) and had similar caloric intakes. In controls, logHA was correlated with daily consumption of animal protein (r = 0.24, p = 0.003); in patients, there was no such correlation (r = -0.003, p = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The similarity between patients and controls in daily animal protein consumption and the absence of the normal correlation between daily animal protein consumption and logHA in patients suggests that another factor (e.g., a metabolic defect) may be increasing blood harmane concentration in patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Weekly recall and dairy estimates of alcohol consumption in a general population survey.

Diary and weekly recall measures of alcohol consumption in a representative sample (N = 399) of the Dutch population are compared. The weekly recall method consisted of a personal interview with questions about actual alcohol consumption on the previous 7 days. The diary consisted of 14 daily self-reports of consumption and followed the interview. The diary method yields estimates of consumption that are on average 22% higher than those based on weekly recall measures, reducing total undercoverage by about 11%. The difference between the two methods cannot be attributed to a variation of consumption over weeks but seems to stem from a difference in accuracy of recall. There was an increase in glasses underreported at the upper levels of consumption, but underreporting did not seem to be of a nonlinear nature. Considering the large individual variation in consumption over weeks, the ranking of individuals according to their self-reports is relatively stable across method.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Does allowing the sale of wine in Quebec grocery stores increase consumption?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if allowing wine sales in corner grocery stores, beginning in 1978 for domestic Quebec wines and then in 1983 for imported wines, in addition to sales in government monopoly stores, led to an increase in alcohol consumption. METHOD: Aggregate retail sales data for the period 1953 to 1990 were analyzed using econometric regression techniques. Time series (unit root) analysis and structural modeling were used to take into account the effect of price, income and other social, economic and demographic factors in order to determine the effect of factors underlying consumption behavior in both the long and short term. RESULTS: In the post-intervention period, wine consumption continued along the rising trend established in the pre-intervention period, with an apparent shift in favor of domestic wine consumption. The increase in wine consumption was highest in the period immediately following privatization, but the increase eventually dampened down within a few years. There was no fundamental change in the responsiveness of wine consumption to price. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the level of wine consumption can be controlled through price changes when alcohol availability increases through increased sales outlets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of outcome expectancies and disinhibition on ad lib alcohol consumption.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to demonstrate a causal role for alcohol expectancies in alcohol consumption by experimentally manipulating expectancies and measuring ad libitum consumption in the laboratory. A second goal was to determine whether effects of expectancy manipulation on alcohol consumption would differ as a function of disinhibition, a trait often associated with increased risk for alcohol-related problems. METHOD: Male nonproblem drinkers (N = 120) completed measures of preexisting expectancies, disinhibition and typical alcohol consumption; were given expectancies for the effects of alcohol on a novel task for which they were paid based on their performance; and participated in an ad lib drinking session. RESULTS: Subjects who were told that alcohol would impair task performance expected greater impairments in performance (p < .001) and consumed less alcohol (p < .05) than subjects told that alcohol had no effect on performance and those told that the effects of alcohol were unknown. Differences in alcohol consumption across groups were mediated by expected effects of alcohol on task performance. Subjects scoring higher in disinhibition expected more negative effects of alcohol in the impairment condition than in the other conditions, whereas subjects scoring lower in disinhibition did not expect differences in the effects of alcohol across the three conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol outcome expectancies were effectively manipulated and a causal effect of expectancy on alcohol consumption was demonstrated. This was the first demonstration of a causal effect of expectancy using a behavioral measure of alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol consumption debut: predictors and consequences.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of the timing of alcohol consumption debut and to analyze possible associations between the timing of debut and later alcohol consumption and possible alcohol-related problems. METHOD: A population sample of 465 adolescents (249 girls) from the greater Oslo area was followed up through five data collections over a 6-year span. By means of generalized structural equation modeling--accommodating survival variables--parental and friends' influences on debut age were estimated. Further, the consequences of the age of debut on subsequent alcohol consumption and alcohol problems were studied, taking other influences into consideration. In particular, possible gender differences were investigated. RESULTS: The mean age for alcohol consumption debut was 14.8 years. The age of alcohol debut had an independent effect on both future alcohol consumption and the development of alcohol-related problems, and the effects were invariant across sex. According to the estimated model, a 10% delay in debut age will lead to a 35% decrease in subsequent expected alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol debut was an excellent predictor of subsequent alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. The strong preventive implication is that interventions should be implemented in order to postpone alcohol debut age. A weak implication is that preventive measures should be implemented for the early onset drinkers. Further, it seems to be important to give high priority to more thorough studies on the exact nature of the relationships we have investigated here.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The modeling of alcohol consumption: a meta-analytic review.

OBJECTIVE: Modeling, or the imitation of another's behavior, has been proposed to influence alcohol consumption. The literature dealing with effects of modeling on alcohol consumption was reviewed using meta-analytic procedures in order to determine the strength of the modeling effect and the variables that moderate the effect. METHOD: Thirteen studies were examined in which participant's alcohol consumption in the presence of a high consumption model was compared to a low consumption model condition or a no-model condition. Analyses were conducted for the four dependent measures utilized in the literature: amount consumed, blood alcohol concentration, number of sips taken and volume per sip. Mean effect sizes (d) were calculated for each dependent measure and moderator variables were examined. RESULTS: Modeling had a significant effect on all four dependent measures, with the strongest effects being on amount consumed and blood alcohol concentration. In addition, analyses identified numerous variables that moderate the effect of modeling on alcohol consumption, including the drinking history of the participant, the drinking task used and the nature of the interaction between model and participant. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that modeling has a strong effect on alcohol consumption; however, several variables do mediate this effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Do changes in per capita consumption mirror changes in drinking patterns?

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine how well per capita alcohol consumption figures derived from beverage sales data relate to changes over time in survey-based measures of drinking patterns. It was expected that strong associations would be found among these various measures of consumption. METHOD: Data from 12 household surveys conducted in Ontario between 1977 and 1997 provided information on: percentages of drinkers; daily drinkers; those drinking five or more drinks at a sitting weekly; those reporting two or more alcohol-related harms; and average number of drinks per week. These variables were then correlated with per capita consumption. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found only between per capita consumption and percentage of daily drinkers, and between percentage of drinkers and average number of drinks per week. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship of per capita consumption to survey measures of drinking is weak. The absence of consistent associations over time between per capita consumption and survey measures may be attributable to the small number of available data points or to increases in unrecorded consumption. Further research is needed to verify and explain these results.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of acetaldehyde on acute tolerance and ethanol consumption in drinker and nondrinker rats.

OBJECTIVE: Acetaldehyde (AcH) has been shown to have aversive or reinforcing actions in relation to ethanol consumption. We have previously observed that a pharmacological dose of AcH (50-150 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) produced a dose-dependent flavor aversion in low-ethanol drinker (UChA) rats, whereas high-ethanol drinker (UChB) rats appeared to be insensitive to AcH. Both strains of rats differ innately in their brain aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and in their capacity to develop acute tolerance to ethanol. The present study evaluates the effects of AcH, in UChA and UChB rats, on rats' behavior, their voluntary ethanol consumption and the development of acute functional tolerance to motor impairment induced by a dose of ethanol. METHOD: Subjects were rats selectively bred for high (UChB; n = 48) and low (UChA; n = 40) voluntary ethanol consumption. Rats were treated with either saline or doses of AcH (50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.), and examined for effects on motor activity, on voluntary alcohol consumption with free access to a 10% alcohol solution and on acute tolerance to motor impairment induced by an ethanol dose (2.3 g/kg, i.p.), using the tilting plane test. RESULTS: AcH, 50 or 100 mg/kg, caused a dose-dependent loss of the righting reflex in UChA rats, whereas in UChB rats with same dose, a slight excitement was observed. There was significant increase of voluntary ethanol consumption in UChB rats (p < .001) 17 hours after the AcH injection, compared with saline-treated and control rats; in UChA rats, no change in voluntary ethanol consumption was produced. AcH produced a faster acute tolerance-to-ethanol development in UChB rats (p < .001) as compared with saline-treated and control rats, and no change in acute tolerance in UChA rats. Acetaldehyde injection did not change total mitochondrial ALDH2 activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that, 17 hours later, treatment of rats with pharmacological doses of acetaldehyde alters the voluntary ethanol consumption and acute tolerance development in UChB but not UChA rats. One of the factors involved may be a different sensitivity to AcH in these rat strains.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2002

Concurrent and retrospective reports of alcohol consumption across 30, 90 and 366 days: interactive voice response compared with the timeline follow back.

OBJECTIVE: To compare near-concurrent and retrospective reports of alcohol consumption and to determine whether a simple adjustment function could be applied to the retrospective reports to correct any distortions in reporting. METHOD: Reports of daily alcohol consumption collected via an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system were aggregated over 30, 90 and 366 days and compared with the corresponding retrospective reports gathered with the Timeline Follow Back (TLFB). Comparisons of the IVR and TLFB reports for five consumption variables were made for each time period for 33 men. RESULTS: Significant differences between reporting methods were found for four of the five variables tested. On average, the TLFB yielded an underestimate of alcohol consumption compared to the IVR. This underestimate associated with TLFB reports was not dependent on the length of the recall period. Regression analyses indicated that the relationship between the two modalities of reporting was dependent on the quantity of drinks reported, thus precluding the application of a simple, linear metric to the TLFB data to model near real-time daily data obtained through the IVR more accurately. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective TLFB consistently and significantly underestimated alcohol consumption compared to the aggregated daily reports. This underestimate, however, was stable across the three reporting periods. With one exception, no simple linear function could be applied to the retrospective TLFB consumption reports to more accurately reflect the IVR data gathered daily. Evidence presented here also suggests that underreporting on the TLFB is not simply a matter of consciously attempting to conceal consumption.

Adult↗