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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

The development of derived stimulus relations through training in arbitrary-matching sequences.

Five-year-old children were taught three-stage sequences of arbitrary matching: A-C, B-C, A-D; A-C, B-D, B-C; or A-C, A-D, B-C. Each stage refers to a sample-comparison relation between stimuli. Unreinforced test probes revealed untrained arbitrary matches (B-D, A-D, and B-D, respectively), derivable by substitution of stimuli with a common sample or comparison function. Additional probes revealed further untrained sample-comparison relations derivable by substitution and identity, including the commuted relations D-B, D-A, and D-B, respectively. These processes may have relevance to conceptual and verbal behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Differences in health-related quality of life in rural and urban veterans.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether disparities in health-related quality of life exist between veterans who live in rural settings and their suburban or urban counterparts. METHODS: We determined health-related quality-of-life scores (physical and mental health component summaries) for 767109 veterans who had used Veterans Health Administration services within the past 3 years. We used rural/urban commuting area codes to categorize veterans into rural, suburban, or urban residence. RESULTS: Health-related quality-of-life scores were significantly lower for veterans who lived in rural settings than for those who lived in suburban or urban settings. Rural veterans had significantly more physical health comorbidities, but fewer mental health comorbidities, than their suburban and urban counterparts. Rural-urban disparities persisted in all survey subscales, across regional delivery networks, and after we controlled for sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with their urban and suburban counterparts, veterans who live in a rural setting have worse health-related quality-of-life scores. Policymakers, within and outside the Veterans Health Administration, should anticipate greater health care demands from rural populations.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Determination of ambroxol in an automated multi-pumping pulsed flow system.

A new flow methodology exploiting the multi-pumping approach was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. The flow manifold was implemented by using, exclusively, multiple solenoid-actuated micro-pumps, which acted simultaneously as sample insertion, solutions propelling and reagents commutation units. Linear calibration plots were obtained over an ambroxol concentration ranging from 10 to 200 mg l(-1) (r.s.d. < 0.5%, n = 15) and a sampling rate of about 60 samples per hour (flow rate = 1.92 ml min(-1), sample volume = 80 microl).

Ambroxol↗
PubMed2005

Contribution of school programmes to physical activity levels and attitudes in children and adults.

Although children and youth currently form the most active segments of the population in developed societies, there is a marked trend toward an increase in sedentary lifestyle among school-age children. The purpose of this review is to analyse the effects of school physical education (PE) programmes on: (i) the physical activity (PA) levels of participants as children and adults; and (ii) attitudes toward PE and PA in the same groups. Based on the literature analysed, it can be suggested that a sufficient quantity of a quality PE programme can contribute significantly to the overall amount of moderate-to-intense PA of the school-age child. Schools also have the potential to influence the habitual PA of children by encouraging increased participation in extracurricular sports activities, by favouring active commuting to school and by providing exercise equipment and supervision for youth in their neighbourhoods. Most young children have a very positive attitude towards PE. However, as they grow older, their perception of PE as a positive experience seems to become more ambiguous. From the few studies available, it seems likely that quality PE programmes help to maintain initial positive perceptions. Future research should address factors influencing the change of perceptions as a child matures. In addition to offering a quality PE programme, schools should ensure that the total weekly amount of PE is sufficient not only to maintain but also to enhance a child's physical fitness. More research is needed to determine the ability of school PE programmes to influence PA behaviour in adult life and to evaluate strategies that will make optimal use of the curricular time allocated to PE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Diet, exercise, and physical discomfort in college students.

778 students in a 4-yr. urban commuter college were tested to determine the effects of exercise and diet on self-reported discomfort. High exercisers reported significantly less physical discomfort than moderate or low exercisers. Greater consumption of sweets and fast food were significantly related to reported physical discomfort regardless of levels of exercise. High levels of fruit and vegetable consumption were associated with less discomfort in high exercisers. High dairy consumption was significantly related to fewer symptoms for high exercisers. Men who reported high ingestion of caffeine had significantly more discomfort than those who reported moderate to lower ingestion of caffeine.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Color preference in sport shoes: an informal look.

Observations on five workdays at a large terminus for a number of commuter rail lines indicated that among 4731 passengers 5% of 2794 men and 31% of 1937 women wore white sport shoes. Questions relative to interpretation are raised.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Driving-induced stress in urban college students.

Urban college student commuters (N = 407) were surveyed about their experiences with stress induced by driving. Of the participants 23.6% reported becoming angry at another driver more than once per day. They rated stress from other drivers as equal to the stress experienced during a college examination but gave slightly lower ratings to traffic congestion, road construction, and finding a parking place as sources of stress. Slow drivers, a child not restrained, and a vehicle following too closely were the highest rated annoying situations. Of participants, 21.6% had reported another driver to the police; nearly 22% said they carried a weapon for protection from other drivers (5.4% said a gun). Men were more than twice as likely as women to carry a weapon and three times as likely to carry a gun. Of the total sample, 19.1% feared being shot by another driver. Most participants (75.8%) said drivers were more aggressive and dangerous than they were five years ago.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of noise environment in a major railway station in India.

To assess the degree of noise pollution in relation to the health and safety of the employees and commuters, a study on the levels of noise originating from various locomotives and also from different other sources was undertaken at Kalupur railway station of Gujarat State in India. The sound pressure levels (SPL) were measured on platforms. Noise dose count was monitored on a ticket collector on duty for 8 h. The results reflected that the SPLs in the platforms well exceeded the day time noise exposure limit. Further, the SPLs produced by loudspeakers were high and those by train whistles were intensely high pitched. The noise dose count of the ticket collector was also in excess of ACGIH standard. All these suggest that the SPLs in the platforms can endanger the healthful living of the users. Suitable control measures have been suggested.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Prevention strategy for vibration hazards by portable power tools, national forest model of comprehensive prevention system in Japan.

In the 1950s, the introduction of portable power tools into the production process of many industries began on a large scale around the world and resulted in many cases of occupational vibration syndrome after the 1960s. There was an urgent world wide need to undertake preventive steps, medical assessment and therapy. At the end of 1964, our investigation began in Japanese national forests, and then in mines and stone quarries. The Japanese Association of Industrial Hygiene established a "Committee for Local Vibration Hazards" (1965), and many researchers in the medical and technological fields joined this Committee. After 10 years, a comprehensive system for the prevention of vibration syndrome was established in the national forestry. It consists of 1) improvements in vibrating tools, 2) hygienic regulation of operation time with an alternative working system, 3) health care system involving early medical checks, early therapy and age limitations in operation of vibrating tools, 4) protection against cold in the workplace and while commuting, and 5) education and training for health and safety. The prevention strategy for vibration syndrome in our national forests is to establish a comprehensive prevention system in cooperation among researchers in the medical and technological fields, workers and administration. The Ministry of Labor presented that strategy as good model of prevention for other industries (1976). New designs for this model were developed and adapted according to the special conditions of each industry. Thus comprehensive system for prevention of vibration syndrome developed successfully from the late 1970s to 1980s in Japan.

Forestry↗
PubMed1999

Association of working hours with biological indices related to the cardiovascular system among engineers in a machinery manufacturing company.

A field survey of 278 engineers (20-59 years) in a machinery manufacturing company was conducted to investigate the association of working hours with biological indices related to the cardiovascular system (heart rate variability, blood pressure and serum levels of magnesium, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cholesterol). Average working hours (defined as <"hours at workplace" + "half a commuting time">) and sleeping hours in this study were 60.2 +/- 6.3 hr/week and 6.6 +/- 0.8 hr/day respectively. There were no significant relationships between working hours and biological indices related to the cardiovascular system, but sleeping hours was closely related to working hours negatively. Furthermore, the serum DHEA-S level was significantly related to sleeping hours positively. Combining these two results, it appeared that long working hours might lower the serum DHEA-S level due to the reduction of sleeping hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quantities and units for biological reference materials used with in vitro diagnostic measuring systems for antibodies.

The WHO International Reference Materials (IRM), whether International Biological Standards (IS) (formerly International Reference Preparations (IRP)) or International Biological Reference Reagents (IRR), have served a good purpose in standardizing bioprocedures by defining international units of bioactivity or potency where dimensions seem difficult to establish. Especially for in vitro diagnostic procedures, the trend is towards measuring biochemically informative molecular-based quantities (involving the unit mole) when some chemical entity of a component can be defined. The use of a standard, with a value assigned by any procedure, as a calibrant in other procedures does not assure traceability and valid diagnostic results if the component (analyte) is microheterogeneous to a varying degree or there are varying matrix effects. Only experiment can demonstrate commutability of the material.

Antibodies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Certainty factor theory and its implementation in a medical expert system shell.

In this article some topics related to the MYCIN-model for uncertainty handling are discussed. First, it is pointed out that one of the problems identified by Adams should be considered as evidence supporting the point of view that the probabilistic interpretations of measures of belief and measures of disbelief given by Shortliffe are inappropriate. In this context some results achieved by Heckerman are reviewed, and it is shown that similar problems can be identified in the interpretation given by him. It is also pointed out that Heckerman's argument that the original probabilistic interpretation of certainty factors implies non-commutative evidence-updating is not correct. Then, in the context of the result achieved by Horvitz and Heckerman, in which it was proven that there is an isomorphic mapping from the evidence combination scheme for the likelihood ratio to the evidence combination function in EMYCIN and its successors, it is pointed out that the evidence combination scheme for the likelihood ratio suffers from a great restriction on its applicability in expert systems. Subsequently, some short remarks are made with respect to the complaint that sometimes the MYCIN model cannot work as well as expected. Lastly implementation of the certainty factor mechanism in a HIS-oriented expert system shell with some substantial changes is described.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2006

The nature of language.

Sentences share with equations properties of discrete, linear infinities; distinct symbol types; alternation of symbol types in the signal; deep-structure with a main verb and recursion; associative, commutative, and distributive properties; autonomous levels of organization; paraphrase, ellipsis, and ambiguity; powers of assertion, truth and falsity; modification of an entire statement; and a blank proxy element. Sentences are derived from the symmetrical equation by applying a single asymmetry transformation. The self-regulated, autonomous nature of the symmetrical equation is the antithesis of natural selection, which is contingent upon local conditions. The dependence of the sentence upon the equation means that the idea of language evolution presents numerous obstacles. For the most part, ideas contained in this paper are adapted from the authors book, Structure of Matter, Structure of Mind.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2005

Effects of semantic cues on mathematical modeling: evidence from word-problem solving and equation construction tasks.

Mathematical solutions to textbook word problems are correlated with semantic relations between the objects described in the problem texts. In particular, division problems usually involve functionally related objects (e.g., tulips-vases) and rarely involve categorically related objects (e.g., tulips-daisies). We examined whether middle school, high school, and college students use object relations when they solve division word problems (WP) or perform the less familiar task of representing verbal statements with algebraic equations (EQ). Both tasks involved multiplicative comparison statements with either categorically or functionally related objects (e.g., "four times as many cupcakes [commuters] as brownies [automobiles]"). Object relations affected the frequency of correct solutions in the WP task but not in the EQ task. In the latter task, object relations did affect the structure of nonalgebraic equation errors. We argue that students use object relations as "semantic cues" when they engage in the sense-making activity of mathematical modeling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Report of an innovative research program for baccalaureate nursing students.

In summary, an innovative low-cost way to teach undergraduate students about research and to socialize students into attending research conferences has been developed. It is not perfect yet, but with time, critical students, and responsive research-productive faculty, each program should improve. It is not surprising that sophomore students do not achieve the objectives at the same level as older students. As students move closer to the "real" world of nursing practice and develop increasing sophistication about nursing in general and research in particular, they are, hopefully, more knowledgeable consumers of nursing research. What is particularly satisfying to the planners of those Research Days is that through the experience of attending Undergraduate Research Day at various points in their educational progress, students are socialized into discussing research. Additionally, they seemed to develop some degree of comfort with this aspect of their future nursing role. The RN and former student panel participants normalized research involvement for the student attendees. Panel member stories about their mistakes and successes made students realize that nursing investigations need not be the sole property of those with doctoral degrees. A serendipitous outcome of these programs was an increased awareness by students of the specific research project in which their teachers were engaged. Students informally reported a feeling of pride and reflected accomplishment. The importance of timing in offering such programs should not have been a surprise at this urban commuter university. Unwittingly, in scheduling the Friday afternoon program the planners ignored the initial consideration that the program not impose financial hardship on students.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence against mobile pulleys on the rectus muscles and inferior oblique muscle: central nervous system controls ocular kinematics.

PURPOSE: To provide evidence against the existence of orbital pulleys. METHODS: Interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans; video eye tracking; ocular motor nerve stimulations; and clinical observations. RESULTS: No pulleys or planes splitting the extraocular muscles into layers were noted on MRI scans. Smooth muscle does not antagonize striate muscle. There is no physiological evidence that human rectus pulleys shift the ocular rotational axes to attain commutative behavior. In the monkey and humans, the axes of rotation are not determined by eye position. Operations on the extraocular muscles reveal no pulleys. CONCLUSIONS: The somatosensory system of the central nervous system controls the extraocular muscles. The autonomic nervous and the hormonal systems control the infrastructure of the orbit vital for the function of the extraocular muscles. The three systems are integrated and controlled by the central nervous system. Neural circuits are necessary to compensate for extraocular muscle abnormalities. There are no pulleys.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonization.

CONTEXT: The National Kidney Disease Education Program recommends calculating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine concentration. Accurate creatinine measurements are necessary for this calculation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the state of the art in measuring serum creatinine, as well as the ability of a proficiency testing program to measure bias for individual laboratories and method peer groups. DESIGN: A fresh-frozen, off-the-clot pooled serum specimen plus 4 conventional specimens were sent to participants in the College of American Pathologists Chemistry Survey for assay of creatinine. Creatinine concentrations were assigned by isotope dilution mass spectrometry reference measurement procedures. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical laboratories with an acceptable result for all 5 survey specimens (n = 5624). RESULTS: The fresh frozen serum (FFS) specimen had a creatinine concentration of 0.902 mg/dL (79.7 micromol/L). Mean bias for 50 instrument-method peer groups varied from -0.06 to 0.31 mg/dL (-5.3 to 27.4 micromol/L), with 30 (60%) of 50 peer groups having significant bias (P < .001). The bias variability was related to instrument manufacturer (P < or = .001) rather than method type (P = .02) with 24 (63%) of 38 alkaline picric acid methods and with 6 (50%) of 12 enzymatic methods having significant biases. Two conventional specimens had creatinine concentrations of 0.795 and 2.205 mg/dL (70.3 and 194.9 micromol/L) and had apparent survey biases significantly different (P < .001) from that of the FFS specimen for 34 (68%) and 35 (70%) of 50 peer groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty of 50 peer groups had significant bias for creatinine. Bias was primarily associated with instrument manufacturer, not with type of method used. Proficiency testing using a commutable specimen measured participant bias versus a reference measurement procedure and provided trueness surveillance of instrument-method peer groups.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1994

[Study of sexual function of male diabetics].

We studied the actual general state of sexual dysfunction in 201 male diabetics (age range: 22-76 years) who were commuting outpatients, using the Sapporo Medical University's Sexual Function Questionnaire. The control group consisted of 6,426 healthy male subjects. The principal parameters taken into account by the Questionnaire were the libido and ability to achieve/maintain an erection, with consideration given to the factor of the subject's age. The results were as follows. 1. The diabetic patients who were experiencing neuropathy showed a decrease in the ability to achieve/maintain an erection at an earlier age than the patients without neuropathy. In addition, the number of patients with a decreased ability to achieve/maintain an erection was found to be 30 (45%) of 67 cases with neuropathy compared with 24 (18%) of 134 cases without neuropathy. The severity of that decreased ability was also greater in the cases with neuropathy. 2. In comparison with the healthy male control subjects, the diabetics showed decreases in libido and the ability to achieve/maintain an erection which were not very severe at younger ages, but became striking after the age of about 60 years. Thus, the degree of dysfunction accelerated with increasing age. After the age of 60 years, the erection score was found to decrease in 31.7% of the patients without neuropathy but in 61.1% of the patients with neuropathy. 3. Weighted regression analysis showed that the most important factor involved in the ability to achieve/maintain an erection was the subject's age (contribution rate: 27.2%), followed by neuropathy (7.4%). These two factors represented the explanatory factor of erectile dysfunction in approximately 1/3 of the diabetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗