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PubMed2001

The effect of a single gavage dose of fumonisin B(2) on the sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations in vervet monkeys.

The disruption in sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) concentrations in plasma and urine of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was measured following a single gavage dose of either 1 (low dose) or 10 mg (high dose) fumonisin B(2) (FB(2))/kg body weight. Blood and urine were collected over a 51-day period. In the low-dose monkeys, none of the parameters measured increased significantly above the control values. In the high-dose monkeys the plasma Sa/So ratios were significantly increased (P< 0.05) above the corresponding control ratios after 3 days and continued to be significantly raised for another 27 days, whereafter the ratios declined to control values after 51 days. The plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) activities increased significantly above their control values from day 5 to day 23 and the gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities from day 7 until the end of the study period. The plasma cholesterol concentration and alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities increased transiently, but not significantly, and returned to control values within the study period. The urinary Sa/So ratio, plasma creatinine and urea values in both groups of monkeys did not increase above the control values. This study demonstrated that a single large dose of FB(2) can cause transient disruption of sphingoid metabolism in vervet monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulp reactions to restoration of experimentally induced crown fractures.

OBJECTIVES: Reattachment of the avulsed enamel-dentine coronal fragment to the remaining tooth structure has become an accepted clinical alternative to a resin composite build-up for the restoration of crown fractured teeth. Since little knowledge exists as to the pulpal response to this procedure, this study was designed to observe the condition of the pulp following experimentally induced crown fracture and restoration in monkeys. METHODS: Experiments were conducted in eight young green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). In all, 64 fractured incisors were investigated. Light microscopic examination of pulp tissue specimens was carried out after 3 months of observation. RESULTS: The evaluation was restricted to specimens having a fracture plane within 2 mm of the pulp and no pulpal exposure. In general, pulp tissue was well preserved irrespective of the restorative procedure. Even if the restoration or the bonded tooth fragment had been lost during the follow-up period, the pulp generally remained in good condition. Inflammatory infiltrates where seen in only a few specimens and then as clusters of mononuclear leukocytes. Hard tissue repair was frequently observed and displayed various configurations from isolated hard tissue deposits to areas of extensive hard tissue repair in the coronal portion of the pulp. Pronounced hard tissue repair and occurrence of inflammatory cell infiltrates correlated with the presence of stainable bacteria on the fractured dentine surface. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of direct exposure, reparative dentine is a frequent feature of the pulp's response to crown fracture and restoration with composite or reattachment of the crown fragment with dentine bonding. These restorative procedures appear to ensure continued function of the underlying pulp.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effect of removal of the coagulum in the alveolus before replantation upon periodontal and pulpal healing of mature permanent incisors in monkeys.

The effect of removal of the coagulum in the alveolus before replantation upon periodontal and pulpal healing was studied in green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Mandibular lateral incisors were extracted. The extra-alveolar period before replantation was 60 min. The storage medium for the extracted teeth was physiologic saline. On the right side of the mandible, the coagulum was removed before replantation, using syringe with saline assisted by a spoon-shaped excavator. On the left side, the tooth was replanted with the coagulum in situ. The replanted teeth were examined histologically after 8 weeks. The histometric analysis showed no significant difference in periodontal or pulpal healing between the two groups. Based on this finding, it is suggested that replantation of avulsed mature teeth be carried out immediately, without any attempt to remove the coagulum.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys.

The effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation was studied in green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Mandibular lateral incisors were extracted. The extra-alveolar period before replantation was 0, 18, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The storage media for the extracted teeth were tap water, physiologic saline, saliva or dry storage. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after replantation and the replanted teeth were examined histometrically. The following histologic parameters were registered for each tooth: surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), periapical inflammatory changes, the extent of vital pulp and downgrowth of pocket epithelium. A significant relationship was found between the frequency of root resorption, extra-alveolar period and storage medium. This was especially evident after dry storage. Surface resorption was found with approximately the same frequency irrespective of extra-alveolar period and storage media. Inflammatory root resorption was especially common after dry storage and was related to the length of the extra-alveolar period. Already after 30 min dry storage, this resorption type was very prominent. Teeth stored in tap water, saline or saliva showed about the same frequency of inflammatory resorption, which increased slightly with increased extra-alveolar periods. Replacement resorption showed a strong relationship to dry storage and became very prominent after 60 min. Replacement resorption was rarely found among teeth stored in saline or saliva; whereas it was significantly increased among teeth stored in tap water. It is concluded that saline and saliva offer good protection against root resorption during the extra-alveolar period.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of different types of autotransplanted connective tissues as potential periodontal ligament substitutes. An experimental replantation study in monkeys.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate connective tissue autotransplants as potential periodontal ligament substitutes. Green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were used. Maxillary permanent central incisors were extracted, root filled extraorally and the periodontal ligament removed from the root surface and the socket wall. Two circular cavities were prepared mesially and distally on the root surface. Different types of connective tissue autotransplants were then placed in these cavities, whereafter the teeth were replanted. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after replantation and the replanted teeth were examined histometrically. The connective tissue autotransplants were then examined for their capability of preventing root resorption or inducing or forming a new periodontal ligament, including periodontal fibers and cementum. Autotransplanted cutaneous and mucosal connective tissue as well as periosteum and fascia were all found to partially prevent ankylosis by forming a fibrous barrier between the root surface and the alveolus. However, no new cementum was formed. Periodontal ligament transplants, dental follicular tissue and possibly gingival connective tissue were the only tissues capable of both preventing ankylosis and forming a hard tissue on the surface of the cavity with a morphology similar to cementum. It is concluded that cementogenesis requires a highly specialized connective tissue. In this experiment, only odontogenic tissues had this capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of splinting upon periodontal and pulpal healing after autotransplantation of mature and immature permanent incisors in monkeys.

The effect of splinting upon periodontal and pulpal healing after autotransplantation of teeth with complete and incomplete root formation was studied in 16 green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). 2 maxillary incisors were extracted in each monkey and autotransplanted to the contralateral socket. One of these teeth was stabilized with an acrylic splint for either 2 or 6 weeks, while the other incisor was non-splinted. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after autotransplantation and the autotransplanted teeth were examined histologically. The following histologic parameters were registered for each tooth: surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), downgrowth of pocket epithelium, periapical inflammatory changes and extent of pulp necrosis. The histometric analysis demonstrated that splinting increased the extent of pulp necrosis and inflammatory root resorption compared to non-splinting. Furthermore, the extent of normal periodontium was decreased among the splinted teeth, when compared to the non-splinted teeth. It is concluded that splinting not only failed to improve healing but apparently exerted a harmful effect upon periodontal and pulpal healing after autotransplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of root development on periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of incisors in monkeys.

The influence of root development on periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation was examined in 30 green vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in which a total of 50 teeth were replanted. Maxillary central incisors with different stages of root development (immature, young mature and mature root formation) were replanted with untreated pulps or after root canal treatment with gutta percha and Kerr sealer. The extra-alveolar period in all groups was 18 min. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after replantation and the teeth examined histologically. The following histologic parameters were registered for each tooth: surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), downgrowth of pocket epithelium, periapical inflammatory changes and extent of vital pulp. Histologic analysis showed that the extent of vital pulp was significantly related to the stage of root development, being almost complete in teeth with immature roots and almost totally lacking in young mature and mature teeth. Surface resorption was found with the same frequency in the different root development groups while inflammatory resorption was slightly more frequent in young mature teeth than in mature teeth, a finding possibly related to a protective action of a thick cementum layer in the mature teeth. Replacement resorption was found with almost the same frequency in the different root development groups in non-endodontically treated teeth. As ankylosis is the most important factor determining the prognosis of replanted and autotransplanted teeth, the present findings indicate that replantation and autotransplantation of mature teeth could be of clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effect of apicoectomy before replantation on periodontal and pulpal healing in teeth in monkeys.

The effect of resection of the apical part of the root before replantation upon periodontal and pulpal healing was studied in 7 green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) using teeth with incomplete and complete root formation. Maxillary central incisors, mandibular lateral incisors and first and second mandibular molars were used in this experiment. On one side, the tooth was extracted and replanted with an intact root while the contralateral tooth had 2 mm of the apex resected for the purpose of facilitating pulpal repair and eliminating resorption in the resorption-prone region of the root. The replanted teeth were examined histologically 8 weeks after replantation. The histometric analysis revealed no significant difference in periodontal healing between teeth with or without apical resection. With regard to pulpal healing, apical resection was found to lead to significantly less vital pulp tissue in teeth with immature root formation. A similar, but not significant difference was found for mature teeth. Based on these findings, it could not be recommended that apices be resected prior to replantation in order to improve pulpal repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in stools of clinically diarrhoeic and normal nonhuman primates in Kenya.

A total of 114 nonhuman primates comprising 51 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and 63 olive baboons (Papio anubis) were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts using the modified Kinyoun's acid-fast staining technique. About 51.7% (59/114) of all the specimens examined, representing 78.4% (40/51) of the vervet monkeys and 30.1% (19/63) of the olive baboons were positive. Bright red, refractile Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in the stained faecal smears against a blue background. Up to 4/6 (66.7%) of the diarrhoeic vervets and 2/3 (66.7%) baboons, respectively, were positive while the rest were negative. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first on cryptosporidiosis in old world nonhuman primates in Kenya and probably the first report of the infection in olive baboons. Given the high frequency of oocysts in diarrhoeal specimens, the parasite may have been associated with clinical diarrhoea in the sampled animals. Cryptosporidium, which has been reported in humans in Kenya, is also suspected to occur in livestock. Its isolation from clinically ill, normal colony-borne and newly caught feral nonhuman primates has significant implications for both public health and animal agriculture in Kenya.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Social impulsivity inversely associated with CSF 5-HIAA and fluoxetine exposure in vervet monkeys.

Animal and human research suggests that the central serotonin system is involved in the inhibition of impulsive behavior. Two studies were designed to assess this relationship in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) using a standardized test of impulsivity in a social context: the Intruder Challenge. In the first study, an index of impulsivity in response to an unfamiliar adult male intruder (including latency to approach and aggressive and assertive interactions) was inversely correlated with levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (r = -0.33, p <.01, n = 138). The approach, but not aggressive, component of the Impulsivity Index was the primary contributor to this relationship (partial r = -0.27, p <.01). The second experiment compared responses to the Intruder Challenge after 9 weeks of daily treatment with fluoxetine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle. Fluoxetine-treated subjects (n = 6) had significantly lower Impulsivity Index scores than controls (n = 12). The results from these two investigations provide evidence for serotonergic influences on social impulsivity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Morphology of renal afferent arterioles and glomeruli, heart weight, and blood pressure in primates.

In a Caribbean outbred population of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), 5 to 10% of feral adults have elevated blood pressure (BP). We have investigated whether the increased pressure is associated with abnormal renal afferent arteriole structure or glomerular number. In seven young adult (aged 7 to 13 years) male monkeys with consistently high BP (mean BP, 111 mm Hg; ketamine anesthesia) and seven controls (mean BP, 81 mm Hg), the morphology of the renal vasculature has been analyzed in three cortical zones. In each animal, the left kidney vasculature was fixed while relaxed and at known intravascular pressure, and afferent arteriolar diameter and media cross-sectional area were estimated. The right kidney was perfusion-fixed and prepared for unbiased stereologic estimation of glomerular number and size. No difference was found in afferent arteriole lumen diameter or media cross-sectional area, or in glomerular number or size, between the high BP group and controls. There was no difference in heart weight between the two groups, but there was a negative correlation between left ventricle heart weight and afferent arteriole diameter (controls: r = -0.81, P = .025; all animals: r = -0.70, P = .005, slope about 3.5% reduction in lumen diameter for 10% increase in heart weight). The results suggest that cardiac mass and renal afferent arteriole structure may be controlled by a common mechanism unrelated to BP measured in anesthesia. However, the lack of conscious measurements prevents conclusions as to whether this mechanism involves ambulatory BP.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Atherosclerosis: aortic lipid changes induced by diets suggest diffuse disease with focal severity in primates that model human atheromas.

Atherosclerosis in Vervet or African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) models the morphology and cytology of the disease of humans, and it is well established that the rate of atherogenesis in Vervets is influenced by diet. Aortic intimal concentrations of lipids and phospholipids known to be major components of atheromas were determined in female Vervets fed for 4 years on either an atherogenic (AD) or a prudent Western diet (PD). Lipid concentrations detectable microscopically as cholesterol crystals and foam cells were confirmed biochemically. In addition, the AD was associated with diffuse, invisible accumulation of lipids throughout aortic tissue to the extent that tissue with no fatty streaks or plaque (AD) contained the same or more lipids than visible fatty streaks (PD). Correlations between lipid concentrations and atherosclerosis were highly positive, which supports known correlations between aortic, plasma, and dietary lipids during atherogenesis, and validates the aortic lipid analysis. These aortic lipid concentration results imply that atherosclerosis is not confined to focal pathologic anatomy, but in terms of lipid components of the disease, it develops throughout the arterial system of Old World omnivorous primates. If the results are applicable to people, they provide new insight and emphasize the need to minimize dietary sources of atherogenic lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[18F]Fluoro-beta-fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine derivatives show stereo, geometrical, and regio specificities as in vivo central dopaminergic probes in monkeys.

Stereo (D and L), geometrical (E and Z), and regiospecific (2-, 4-, and 6-[18F]fluoro) analogs of beta-fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine (FMMT) have been investigated in adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, n = 12) in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). Brain transport through the blood-brain barrier and central aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD)-mediated decarboxylation rates were established. Results show strict structural dependency of the kinetic behavior of radiofluorinated FMMT analogs, with the E-isomer exhibiting a higher specificity over the (Z) geometrical counterpart for central dopaminergic structures. The 6-[18F]fluoro substituted L-(E)-FMMT was also favored over the 2- and 4-[18F]fluorosubstituted isomers in terms of their ability to localize in the same brain areas. The role of PET in drug development is also exemplified in this work.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of the thyrotropin receptor: a G protein coupled receptor with an intrinsic capacity to dimerize.

The rapidly escalating number of genome sequences has emphasized the basic tenants of the schema of life. By the same token comparisons according to specialized function or niche within nature expose genomic strategies to optimize the use of resources and ensure biological success. Increasing complexity may result from diversification, shuffling, and re-arrangement of an otherwise limited functional genomic complement. To further test the concept of relative structural plasticity of the TSH receptor we sequenced the TSHR gene of two Old World monkey species Macaca mulatta and Cercopithecus aethiops, evolutionary removed from Homo sapiens by >20Myr. Both genes encoded a protein of 764 residues. This structure was 99% homologous between the two species of Old World monkeys while C. aethiops was 97% and M. mulatta was 96% homologous to H. sapiens. TSHR sequence comparisons were sought for an additional eight mammals as well as four (two Salmon, Tilapia, and Sea Bass) from teleosts. The amino-acid sequences of the 14 TSH receptors were similar. The most variable sequences were those of the intracellular tail and the distal cysteine-rich C-terminus flanking region of the ectodomain, whereas the trans-membrane domain was most preserved. Some sequences were decidedly H. sapiens specific, while others were primate specific or showed the changes expected of evolutionary descent. Others, however, exhibited "cross-species polymorphism," sometimes at quite remarkable evolutionary distances. As opposed to H. sapiens the sequence differences may have subtle influences on TSHR function or may affect long-range compensation for radical changes in adducts. The two Old World monkeys share with other lower mammals the absence of a glycosylation site at 113-115. Sea Bass and Tilapia have four glycosylation sites, whereas the two salmon receptors have only three. Changes in some critical residues raise questions about variation in function: thus S281 is conserved in all mammals and an important determinant of negative agonist function of TSHR is replaced by R in Sea Bass. Likewise the K183, found at an important transitional region at LRR 6 conserved in all mammals, is represented by M in fish and may contribute to TSHR lutenization in fish. There is no evidence that evolutionary changes in primate receptors are more rapid than that in other mammals and the separation times of different mammals based on silent nucleotide changes of TSHR are closely parallel to archaeological estimates. Results of correlated mutation analysis, referenced to the rhodopsin crystal structure, affirms dimerization of TSHR transmembrane helices. In addition, it suggests the involvement of critical lipid-facing residues in the helices in receptor dimerization and oligomerization. We highlight the value of evolutionary informatics and set the stage for dissecting out potential subtle differences in TSHR function associated with structural variations.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2001

Simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) SIVmnd experimentally infects human and nonhuman primate cells.

This study set out to characterize the features of experimental infection by simian immunodeficiency virus in mandrill (SIVmnd) (Mandrillus sphinx), cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), African green monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and human cells. Purified cells were exposed to a primary isolate of SIVmnd grown in the infected mandrill peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and viral p27 gag antigen was quantitated by antigen capture ELISA. Human cells have been found to be infected by SIVmnd. SIVmnd infection in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque, baboon, mandrill and human cells were more effective than in vervet and chimpanzee cells. In addition, the lymphocytic cell lines SupT1, CEMx174 and Molt4 clone 8 were consistently infected by SIVmnd, whereas U937, a monocytic cell line, was not.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Ascaridoid nematodes of South American mammals, with a definition of a new genus.

Ascaridoid nematodes occurring in South American mammals are divided into categories based on their possible origin. The affinities are discussed of five species so far known only from the Neotropical Region. Toxocara alienata (Rudolphi 1819) is reported from Nasua rufa socialis, Procyon cancrivorus, and Tayassus torquatus. The specimens from T. torquatus are described and found most closely to resemble Toxocara mackerrasae from south-east Asian and Austrialian rodents. Anisakis insignis from Inia geoffrensis is transferred back to Peritrachelius Diesing, 1851, on account of the structure of the lips and spicules. P. insignis is shown to exhibit remarkable convergence of lip structure with Lagochilascaris turgida from Didelphis marsupialis. Galeiceps longispiculum (Freitas & Lent, 1941) from Pteronura brasiliensis is confirmed as a species distinct from G. cucullus (Linstow, 1899) and G. spinicollis (Baylis, 1923), but G. simiae (Mosgovoy, 1951) is considered to be a synonym of G. spinicollis. An error in the host record of G. spinicollis is corrected from Cercopithecus leucampyx kandti to Lutra maculicollis kivuana. Ascaris dasypodina Baylis, 1922 from armadillos, including Cabassous unicinctus and Tolypeutes matacos, is redescribed and placed in a new genus Bairdascaris. The question is raised as to whether some species in Lagochilascaris, Galeiceps, and Toxocara may have crossed directly by sea from Africa to South America, rather than entering via North America.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Sero-epidemiological survey on Yaba and 1211 virus infections among several species of monkeys.

The distribution of neutralizing antibody to Yaba virus and 1211 agent in the sera of three Asian and one African monkey species was examined.Cynomolgus (Macaca irus), bonnet (M. radiata) and rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys possessed antibody to Yaba virus at incidences of 19.9, 8.4 and 0%, respectively. In African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) the incidence was as high as 76.4%.As for 1211 agent, no Asian monkeys had neutralizing antibody and 5.5% of African green monkey sera neutralized the virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Validity of animal models for the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee diterpenes in human subjects.

Cafestol and kahweol, coffee lipids present in unfiltered coffee brews, potently increase LDL-cholesterol concentration in human subjects. We searched for an animal species in which cafestol similarly increases LDL-cholesterol. Such an animal model could be used subsequently as a model to study the mechanism of action of cafestol and kahweol. Cafestol and kahweol increased serum lipids in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), cebus (Cebus apella) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys, hamsters, rats and gerbils differently from the increase in human subjects. In African green monkeys, the rise in total cholesterol was less pronounced than that in human subjects. In addition, the increase in total cholesterol was predominantly due to a rise in HDL-cholesterol rather than LDL-cholesterol. Thus, the rise in plasma lipids might illustrate the mechanism in these monkeys rather than the mechanism in human subjects. In other animal species, cafestol and kahweol did not raise cholesterol consistently. The variability in effects on serum lipids could not be explained by the mode of administration or dose of diterpenes, nor by the amount of cholesterol in the diet. In conclusion, we did not find an animal model in which cafestol and kahweol elevate plasma lipoproteins to the same extent as in human subjects. For the time being, therefore, studies on the mechanism of action should be done preferably in human subjects.

Animals↗