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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Complex events in the evolution of the haptoglobin gene cluster in primates.

Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA show that new world monkeys have only one haptoglobin gene but that chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and old world monkeys have three. Humans have two: haptoglobin (Hp) and haptoglobin-related (Hpr). These observations suggest that a triplication of the haptoglobin locus occurred after the divergence of the new world monkeys, followed by a deletion of one locus in humans. To investigate these events, we have cloned the haptoglobin gene cluster in chimpanzee. The organization of the Hp and Hpr genes in chimpanzees is the same as in humans, including a retrovirus-like sequence in the first intron of Hpr. The third gene, which we name Hpp for haptoglobin primate, is 16 kilobases downstream of Hpr. A second copy of the retrovirus-like sequence occurs between Hpr and Hpp. The nucleotide sequence of the chimpanzee Hpp gene suggests that it may code for a functional protein, but the chimpanzee Hpr gene has a single base deletion in exon 5 that causes a frameshift. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee sequences suggests that the human Hpr gene was generated by a homologous unequal crossover between ancestral Hpr and Hpp genes. The crossover point lies within a 1.3-kilobase region containing exon 5 and 500 nucleotides 3' to the genes, but the exact point is obscured by a subsequent gene conversion event.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey.

The directional preference of neurons sampled from all layers of the striate cortex was determined using the responses to drifting grating stimuli of optimal spatial and temporal frequency. In addition, contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency was measured and from the resulting spatial contrast sensitivity function the peak contrast sensitivity and optimal spatial frequency were obtained. The distribution of directionally selective cells showed a distinct laminar pattern. Upper layer 4 (4a, 4b, and 4c alpha) and layer 6 were the only cortical layers with neurons that showed a pronounced preference for the direction of stimulus motion. The directionally selective cells in these layers are among those with the highest contrast sensitivities but had optimal spatial frequencies that were confined to the low and middle range of the optimal spatial frequency distribution. These findings suggest that the directionally selective cells may fall into at least 2 distinct populations, which may be the first stages in the visual pathway that correspond to those channels, inferred from psychophysical experiments, that underlie the detection of movement.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Structure of rete testis, vas efferens, epididymis and vas deferens of langur monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne).

Morphological and histological features of rete testis, vas efferens, epididymis and vas deferens were studied in the langur monkey. Tubular extensions of rete were located towards lateral side of the testis. Its epithelium comprises mostly of cuboidal cells with hyaline cytoplasm. Three to nine bundles of vas efferens, emerging below the cranial pole of the testis, were observed. Vas efferens epithelium comprises of ciliated and nonciliated cells. Epididymis could be divided into six zones on the basis of cytological features. Principal cells, basal cells, apical cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were observed in the epididymal epithelium, but their number, shape, size and location of nuclei varied in different zones. Vas deferens epithelium comprises of principal cells, basal cells, apical cells and few intraepithelial lymphocytes. Epithelium is surrounded by lamina propria, longitudinal, circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Viral hepatitis A in lower Old World monkeys (possibility of use as a model for vaccine testing)].

Morphological, virological and serological data characteristic of spontaneous hepatitis A in macaques and green monkeys have been presented. The disease similar to human hepatitis A was induced in M. iris macaques, with the virus isolated from spontaneously infected rhesus monkeys. Experimental model of hepatitis A in macaques is likely to be used for the testing of vaccines and antiviral preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A second sooty mangabey monkey with naturally acquired leprosy: first reported possible monkey-to-monkey transmission.

The existence of naturally acquired leprosy in a second sooty mangabey monkey has been documented. The disease has the clinical and histopathological characteristics of subpolar lepromatous leprosy (LLs), and microbiological studies thus far confirm the etiologic agent as Mycobacterium leprae. This mangabey had been housed in direct contact with the first mangabey in which naturally acquired leprosy was diagnosed in 1979. Clinical symptoms appeared in the second mangabey in 1986, almost 7 years after the appearance of skin lesions in the first monkey. It is likely that the second mangabey contracted leprosy from the first mangabey or that both animals contracted the disease by contact with an unknown common third source. This is the only known possible natural transmission of leprosy from monkey to monkey, and suggests that a potential zoonosis exists in wild monkeys that may serve as a reservoir for the disease in areas where human leprosy is endemic.

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PubMed1986

A comparison of fingers and hand in varanus, opossum and primates.

A comparative analysis of hands constitutes the basis of an assessment of hand function in an evolutionary context. Terms as functional domain and functional options are instrumental to define the functional expansion, which can be seen when comparing reptiles, opossum and primates. In man the structural arrangement can be interpreted in functional terms only by terms as functional continuum or universe and by performance control. In the great apes knuckle walking and brachiation seems to interfere with a full-fledged pollical-digital interplay, the latter function being considered to constitute the structural base of optimalization collecting afferent information, requiring brain development, which opens up categories as abstraction, design and freedom.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term vasectomy effects on testis and accessory sex organ function in langur monkey.

Testicular biopsy, serum and semen samples from bilaterally vasectomized and sham-operated langur monkeys were studied following 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 years of surgery to assess testis and accessory sex organ function. Testicular degeneration was evident in certain tubules. Circulating levels of serum testosterone were statistically unchanged. Seminal plasma concentrations of fructose, acid phosphatase, sodium and potassium did not change, whereas semen volume, LDH, magnesium and citric acid decreased significantly suggesting an altered prostatic function following longer durations of vasectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

In situ characterization of T lymphocyte subpopulations in leprosy in the mangabey monkey.

Leprosy in the mangabey monkey is an experimental model which is similar both clinically and histologically to human lepromatous leprosy. The immunopathology of these diseases was compared using monoclonal antibodies against T lymphocyte subpopulations in frozen tissue sections with an immunoperoxidase technique. In both mangabey and human lepromatous granulomas OKT4 (or Leu 3a) and Leu 2a cells were scattered among macrophages with greater numbers of Leu 2a as compared with OKT4 (or Leu 3a) cells. The results suggest that from an immunopathological standpoint experimental leprosy in mangabeys will provide a suitable model for the investigation of the pathogenesis of human lepromatous leprosy and for the evaluation of new antileprosy vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

ICRC vaccine-induced changes in M. leprae-specific cell-mediated immunity in langur (Presbytis entellus) monkeys.

The effects of the administration of ICRC antileprosy vaccine on skin reactions and lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT) to antigens of Mycobacterium leprae have been investigated in Hanuman langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) which live native to north India. In a majority of these monkeys, the vaccine brings about lepromin conversion associated with a change in tissue response consistent with "ugrading" of immunity. However, no concomitant changes were observed in the LTT. The significance of these observations is discussed. It is proposed that the langur monkey could be used as a laboratory model to screen "candidate" antileprosy vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Laboratory animal models for human scrub typhus.

A wide variety of animals have been utilized in an attempt to provide the information necessary to bring scrub typhus to the point where it is no longer a threat to man. The laboratory mouse is usually the animal of choice for the study of this disease. The discovery that certain strains of inbred mice are genetically resistant to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, has opened new avenues in the study of the immune response to the disease. The cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis, appears to be the best animal model for the study of scrub typhus as it occurs in humans and should be useful in the development of an efficacious vaccine.

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