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PubMed2002

Body mass, energy intake, and water consumption of rats and humans during space flight.

Alteration of metabolism has been suggested as a major limiting factor to long-term space flight. In humans and primates, a negative energy balance has been reported. The metabolic response of rats to space flight has been suggested to result in a negative energy balance. We hypothesized that rats flown in space would maintain energy balance as indicated by maintenance of caloric intake and body mass gain. Further, the metabolism of the rat would be similar to that of laboratory-reared animals. We studied the results from 15 space flights lasting 4 to 19 d. There was no difference in average body weight (206 +/- 13.9 versus 206 +/- 14.8 g), body weight gain (5.8 +/- 0.48 versus 5.9 +/- 0.56 g/d), caloric intake (309 +/- 21.0 versus 309 +/- 20.1 kcal/kg of body mass per day), or water intake (200 +/- 8.6 versus 199 +/- 9.3 mL/kg of body mass per day) between flight and ground control animals. Compared with standard laboratory animals of similar body mass, no differences were noted. The observations suggested that the negative balance observed in humans and non-human primates may be due to other factors in the space-flight environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Growth, nutrition and energy expenditure in pediatric heart failure.

Disturbances in growth are often a consequence of congenital heart disease during infancy and childhood. The magnitude of the growth disturbance is generally related to the anatomical lesion and is most severe in infants and children with congestive heart failure. Presently, surgical repair in this population is often delayed in order to permit increased weight gain. Surgery is preformed when a patient reaches an ideal weight and age, or failure to thrive precludes further waiting. The available data indicate that caloric intake in these infants and children may be nearly adequate for age, but is inadequate to permit normal growth rates. Energy expenditure appears to be significantly elevated in this population relative to that of age-matched infants and children. Therefore, while caloric intake may be appropriate for age, increased energy expenditure leaves the infant or child with congenital heart disease with little energy available for growth. More information is needed on energy intakes and expenditures of specific patient populations, and especially of patients with congestive heart failure, before accurate predictions of their metabolic needs are possible. This knowledge may allow us to better meet the nutritional needs of these populations and decrease the risk of malnutrition and failure to thrive, in turn decreasing surgical risk for these patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Obesity, diet and body temperature.

Studies conducted thus far on the pathogenesis of obesity have not clearly determined the role of body temperature in the energy balance. In an attempt to explore this relationship further, research has been undertaken, a part of which is represented by the present investigation carried out on 22 adult males: 11 having a BMI less than or equal to 25 (group A) and 11 with BMI greater than 25 (group B). Body temperature was measured by mouth and on the skin surface (in 4 points according to Ramanathan) on 2 consecutive days (every 30 min from noon to 6:30 p.m.), the 1st day with the participants fasting and the 2nd day after consumption of a meal whose energy content represented a part (45%) of the 24-hour energy intake of the subjects, as previously ascertained by a survey of their food consumption. The study was carried out under frequently checked microclimatic conditions. During the week prior to the measurements, the alimentary consumption of the subjects was monitored by direct weighing for 5 consecutive days. A significant rise in body temperature, probably due to dietary thermogenesis, was observed in group A (internal temperature: F = 13.05; skin temperature: F = 6.48) as well as in group B (internal temperature: F = 24.88; skin temperature: F = 5.35) after the meal. However in group B the skin temperature showed a smaller increase than in group A (delta t degree 0.31 vs. 0.49) and an earlier trend towards the basal values (nearly 5 vs. 6 h after the meal). In both groups a decrease in the skin delta t degrees is evident at 3 and 3.5 h, respectively, after the meal, followed by a more remarkable increase in this difference between the 4th and the 5th hour. The meaning of this decrease as well as the difference in body temperature versus caloric intake is discussed. Normal weight individuals demonstrated a positive correlation (r = 0.83) between usual caloric intake per square meter of body surface and fasting internal body temperature. This correlation was not observed in subjects with BMI greater than 25.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Race, socioeconomic status, and obesity in 9- to 10-year-old girls: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are inversely associated with obesity in 9- to 10-year-old black and white girls and their parents. Subjects were participants in the Growth and Health Study (NGHS) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Extensive SES, anthropometric, and dietary data were collected at baseline on 2379 NGHS participants. The prevalence of obesity was examined in the NGHS girls and parents in relation to SES and selected environmental factors. Less obesity was observed at higher levels of household income and parental education in white girls but not in black girls. Among the mothers of the NGHS participants who were seen, lower prevalence of obesity was observed with higher levels of income and education for white mothers, but no consistent patterns were seen in black mothers. Univariate logistic models indicated that the prevalence of obesity was significantly and inversely associated with parental income and education and number of parents in the household in white girls whereas caloric intake and TV viewing were significantly and positively associated with obesity. Among black girls, only TV viewing was significantly and positively associated with the prevalence of obesity. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that lower parental educational attainment, one-parent household, and increased caloric intake were significantly associated with the prevalence of obesity in white girls; for black girls, only increased hours of TV viewing were significant in these models. It is concluded that socioeconomic status, as measured by education and income, was related to the prevalence of obesity in girls, with racial variation in these associations. A lower prevalence of obesity was seen at higher levels of socioeconomic status in white girls, whereas no clear relationship was detected in black girls. These findings raise new questions regarding the correlates of obesity in black girls.

Black People↗
PubMed1996

The changing presentations of diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the presentation and outcomes associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Eleven episodes (2%) of DKA were diagnosed during the 10-year study period. All patients were under close observation by the Diabetes-in-Pregnancy Service. Plasma glucose levels of less than 200 mg/dL were present in 4 of the 11 patients (36%), 10 (90%) of whom presented with nausea, vomiting, and decreased caloric intake. Two subsequently had fetal distress necessitating cesarean section. One fetal death occurred in a patient treated with subcutaneous insulin. Despite contemporary methods of diabetes care, near-normal plasma glucose levels are not enough to preclude diabetic ketoacidosis. Nausea, vomiting, and decreased caloric intake in an otherwise normal pregnant, diabetic woman requires evaluation to exclude ketosis.

Diabetes, Gestational↗
PubMed1975

Utilization of fat emulsion during total parenteral nutrition in children.

Tolerance for Intralipid fat emulsion during total parenteral nutrition (PN) was studied in 6 children. The Intralipid dose was monitored by the daily determination of plasma Intralipid levels. Fat removal was investigated at the start of and during the PN period by the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) and by determining the plasma postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. When the plasma Intralipid levels exceeded a value of 100 mg/100 ml, hyper pre-beta lipoproteinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperphospholipidaemia appeared. During PN most patients showed marked increases of postheparin LPL. Return to normal values occurred after discontinuation of PN. Maximal LPL activities were found to correlate significantly with total daily caloric intake (r=0.95, 0.05 less than p less than 0.01). The Intralipid elimination constant hardly changed during PN, with the exception of patient 6, who showed a marked increase (from 7 to 22%). Conclusions of this study are as follows: First a high caloric intake during PN leads to a marked increase of postheparin LPL activity. Second, by monitoring plasma Intralipid levels at 100 mg/100 ml approximately, it is possible to adjust the Intralipid dose in order to prevent hyperlipaemia and to take maximal benefit from rising fat tolerance. Thirdly the IVFTT appeared to be of little value to estimate the child's fat elimination capacity.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

Dietary fat and mammary cancer. I. Promoting effects of different dietary fats on N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis.

The promoting effects of diets varying both in type and amount of fat on N-nitrosomethylurea [(NMU) CAS: 684-93-5]-induced mammary tumorigenesis were assessed in female inbred F344 rats. Two seed oils (safflower and corn) and two fruit oils (olive and coconut), varying widely in their diene, monoene, and saturated fatty acid ratios, were fed in the casein-based AIN-76A diets at 23% [high-fat (HF) diet] and 5% [low-fat (LF) diet] by weight, with the exception of coconut oil which was fed only at 23%. The predominant fatty acid in safflower and corn oils was linoleic acid (82 and 56%, respectively), while the predominant fatty acids in olive and coconut oils were oleic (79%) and myristic (54%), respectively. The test diets were fed beginning 2 days after administration of NMU and continued until termination of the experiment at 22 weeks post NMU administration. Analysis of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity data obtained from the 7 experimental groups indicated that animals fed the HF safflower and corn oil diets exhibited enhanced mammary tumor yields when compared to animals fed HF olive or coconut oil diets or their LF counterparts. Since weight gains and total caloric intake were similar in all 4 HF groups, the results of this study indicate that the tumor-promoting properties of HF diets are more of a function of differences in fatty acid composition than of fat content per se or of total caloric intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effects of phenylpropanolamine on Zucker rats selected for fat food preference.

Treatments of human and rodent obesity frequently involve administration of amphetamine derivatives, much like phenylpropanolamine, which suppress food intake. The Zucker rat is a commonly employed model of youth-onset obesity in which the homozygous genotype manifests hyperphagia as well as other characteristics that parallel human obesity. Using a macronutrient selection procedure, we examined phenylpropanolamine's differential actions in controlling dietary intake, spontaneous open-field activity, and regional hypothalamic neurotransmitter levels in obese female Zucker rats of varying fat food preference. We hypothesized that phenylpropanolamine would alter hypothalamic monoamine levels differently in low-fat preferring and high-fat preferring Zucker rats, and hence affect feeding behavior and activity differently in these two groups. It was found that in high-fat preferring animals, phenylpropanolamine significantly decreased spontaneous open-field activity, decreased only carbohydrate caloric intake, and increased serotonin and 5-HIAA levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In low-fat preferring animals, phenylpropanolamine decreased carbohydrate, protein, and total caloric intake, had no significant effect of spontaneous activity, and increased serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels in the PVN. Inherent and induced physiological differences of low-fat and high-fat preferring animals are discussed as well as phenylpropanolamine's potential in combination drug therapy for the treatment of human hyperphagic obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in malnourished children treated with hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and effectiveness of intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) in children on hemodialysis. DESIGN: Prospective experimental study with a single intervention group. SETTING: A pediatric hemodialysis unit. SUBJECTS: Four malnourished children on hemodialysis (3 girls and 1 boy) 4 to 18 years of age were studied during a period of 1 year. INTERVENTION: IDPN, which is composed of amino acids (8.5% solution), glucose (as 10% to 15% dextrose), and 20% fat emulsion, was administered at every dialysis session (3 times a week, during 4 hours each time) for 7 to 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Oral caloric intake (evaluated by using a 3-day diet history), dry weight (weight after dialysis), body mass index, percent ideal body weight, total lymphocyte count, and serum levels of albumin before, immediately after cessation of IDPN, and 3 months after cessation of IDPN. RESULTS: Oral caloric intake increased markedly after IDPN administration, from 5 to 63 kcal/kg/d (mean, 33 kcal/kg/d) before IDPN administration to 35 to 177 kcal/kg/d (mean, 86 kcal/kg/d) at the time of cessation. Weight did not change during the treatment period but it did increase from 9.5 to 36.4 kg (mean, 25 kg) to 11 to 39 kg (mean, 26.7 kg) 3 months later. Percent ideal body weight increased from 73% to 88% (mean, 78.5%) to 79% to 90% (mean, 85.1%), and body mass index increased from 12.2 to 15 kg/m(2) (mean, 13.5 kg/m(2)) to 13.4 to 15.5 kg/m(2) (mean, 14.6 kg/m(2)). Total lymphocyte count increased from 538 to 2,041 cells/mm(3) (mean, 1,403 cells/mm(3)) to 724 to 2,884 cells/mm(3) (mean, 2,066 cells/mm(3)). Plasma levels of albumin increased in 1 patient but remained unchanged in others. CONCLUSION: Short-term IDPN treatment may serve as a safe and effective nutritional intervention in malnourished children on hemodialysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effect of pistachio nuts on serum lipid levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Elevated serum cholesterol levels play an important role in the development of coronary artery disease. Previous studies have suggested that nut consumption benefits lipid profile. Pistachio nuts are widely available, inexpensive and frequently consumed by the general population. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether substituting 20% of the daily caloric intake in the form of pistachio nuts will improve the lipid profiles of humans with primary, moderate hypercholesterolemia. DESIGN: Controlled, randomized crossover design. SETTING: Outpatient dietary modification, counseling and blood analysis. PATIENTS: Ten patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. INTERVENTION: Three weeks of dietary modification with 20% caloric intake from pistachio nuts. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides were monitored. Lipid profiles were analyzed prior to, during and after dietary modification. RESULTS: After three weeks, there was a decrease in total cholesterol (p<0.04), an increase in HDL (p<0.09), a decrease in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio (p<0.01) and a decrease in the LDL/HDL ratio (p<0.02). Triglycerides and LDL levels decreased, but not significantly. Body weight and blood pressure remained constant throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that eating pistachio nuts instead of other dietary fat calories can improve lipid profiles, thereby decreasing coronary risk. Further studies will be required to confirm these results and to determine the mechanism of this effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Menstrual status and serum leptin levels in anorectic and in menstruating women with low body mass indexes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum leptin levels in anorectic women, menstruating women with low body mass indexes (BMI) and normally menstruating women with normal BMI. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University clinics. PATIENT(S): Fourteen amenorrheic patients with anorexia nervosa (group A), 11 menstruating women with a BMI <18 kg/m(2) (group B), and 20 normal controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Determination of BMI, caloric intake, total fat mass, ovarian volume, and serum leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, FSH, LH, E(2), PRL, and TSH levels. INTERVENTION(S): None. RESULT(S): Mean BMI and fat mass were similar in groups A and B and significantly higher in controls. Mean caloric intake was significantly lower in group A than in group B and controls. Median serum leptin levels were significantly lower in group A than in group B and controls, and significantly lower in group B than in controls. Median serum insulin-like growth factor I levels were significantly lower in group A than in group B and controls. Binary segmentation analysis of groups A and B showed that LH was the most relevant variable in differentiating the two groups, followed by leptin. CONCLUSION(S): A threshold of leptin levels exist above which, even in the presence of low body mass indexes, the menstrual function is preserved.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Fasting decreases thyrotropin responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone: a potential cause of misinterpretation of thyroid function tests in the critically ill.

We have previously reported that caloric deprivation inhibits peripheral T4 metabolism and blunts the TSH response to TRH in euthyroid obese subjects. To determine whether these phenomena also occur in hypothyroid subjects, T4, T3, rT3, and the TSH response to TRH were measured initially and after a 60-h fast in seven hypothyroid patients. Short term fasting caused a 29% decrement in the maximum serum TSH increment and a 32% decrement in the integrated TSH response to TRH (P less than 0.01). In two subjects with mild hypothyroidism, basal TSH as well as the TSH response to TRH were reduced to levels within the normal range. Specifically, basal TSH values decreased from 7.6 to 3.5 microU/ml and from 11 to 4.1 microU/ml. In the seven subjects, mean serum T3 decreased significantly from 88 to 60 ng/dl, (P less than 0.05) and rT3, initially undetectable in six of seven subjects, rose to detectable or low normal values in four of seven subjects, serum T4 remained at 2.7 micrograms/dl during both study periods. We conclude that 1) fasting induces changes in both peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in hypothyroid individuals which are qualitatively similar to those that occur in euthyroid subjects; and 2) in certain hypothyroid subjects, fasting alone can decrease basal TSH values to within the normal range. If these data can be extrapolated to critically ill subjects whose caloric intake may be diminished, they suggest that basal TSH concentrations in moderately and severely hypothyroid critically ill subjects will accurately reflect the biochemically hypothyroid state. However, mild degrees of hypothyroidism in critically ill subjects might be overlooked due to the lowering effect of fasting or poor caloric intake alone on basal TSH concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diet, nutrition and bone health].

Nutrition is an important "modifiable" factor in the development and maintenance of bone mass and in the prevention of osteoporosis. The improvement of calcium intake in prepuberal age translates to gain in bone mass and, with genetic factor, to achievement of Peak Bone Mass (PBM), the higher level of bone mass reached at the completion of physiological growth. Individuals with higher PBM achieved in early adulthood will be at lower risk for developing osteoporosis later in life. Achieved the PBM, it is important maintain the bone mass gained and reduce the loss. This is possible adopting a correct behaviour eating associated to regular physical activity and correct life style. The diet is nutritionally balanced with caloric intake adequate to requirement of individual. This is moderate in protein (1 g/kg/die), normal in fat and the carbohydrates provide 55-60% of the caloric intake. A moderate intake of proteins is associated with normal calcium metabolism and presumably does'nt alter bone turnover. An adequate intake of alkali-rich foods may help promote a favorable effect of dietary protein on the skeleton. Lactose intolerance may determinate calcium malabsorption or may decrease calcium intake by elimination of milk and dairy products. Omega3 fatty acids may "down-regulate" pro-inflammatory cytokines and protect against bone loss by decreasing osteoclast activation and bone reabsorption. The diet is characterized by food containing high amount of calcium, potassium, magnesium and low amount of sodium. If it is impossible to reach the requirement with only diet, it is need the supplement of calcium and vitamin D. Other vitamins (Vit. A, C, E, K) and mineral (phosphorus, fluoride, iron, zinc, copper and boron) are required for normal bone metabolism, thus it is need adequate intake of these dietary components. It is advisable reduce ethanol, caffeine, fibers, phytic and ossalic acid intake. The efficacy of phytoestrogens is actually under investigation. Some drugs may interfere with calcium and other nutrients and produce an unfavourable effect on bone health.

Bone Development↗
PubMed2002

Phytoestrogens and liver disease.

Phytoestrogens are plant substances that are similar to 17-beta-estradiol and produce estrogenic effects. A protective role in the development of breast and prostate cancer has been hypothesized. Estrogen receptors and their variant forms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); therefore weak estrogenic substances in the diet may play a role in its development. To investigate the role of phytoestrogens in HCC an investigation of dietary intake of these substances has been performed. Cases, patients at first diagnosis of cirrhosis or HCC were chosen. Questionnaire was built up using indications from previously published papers, extending the registration of details of the diet to reconstruct intake of nutrients for the last year. Interviews were always performed by the same dietician. Quantities determined with the help of photos of servings. Data were analyzed with Winfood database completed with data regarding content in phytoestrogens of food, beverages and seasonings. So far 92 cirrhotic patients and 32 HCCs have been interviewed. No significant difference was registered among the two groups regarding total caloric intake or single nutrients (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins). A significant lower intake of genistein was evidenced in patients at first diagnosis of HCC in comparison with cirrhotics; no significant difference was found in daidzein intake. Lignans intake was strictly related with wine intake; intake was significantly lower in cases only when wine was taken into account otherwise it was similar. Results can be summarized as follows: (1) there are no clear-cut differences (both qualitative or quantitative) between cirrhotics and HCC patients in the overall daily caloric intake while; (2) definite differences exist in the intake of some of the phytoestrogens (genistein, SEC, MAT); (3) differences between cases and controls in SEC and MAT are mainly attributable to lower alcohol intake in cases while; (4) significantly lower genistein intake in HCC only seems due to personal preferences of patients. In conclusion, these differences that we have evidenced in the diet in regard to estrogen-like substances may be relevant in modulating the risk of developing HCC in cirrhotic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Hypogeusia and zinc depletion in chronic dialysis patients.

Dialysis patients generally have a poor appetite, do not enjoy eating, and complain of food, particularly protein, as being disagreeable. Twenty dialysis patients with the above symptoms were tested for taste acuity, serum zinc (Zn), Zn concentrations in hair samples (intracellular Zn), and daily caloric intake. A double-blind, cross-over study was instituted using a Zn supplement and a placebo. After supplementation with Zn, taste acuity markedly improved in 95% of patients and Zn concentrations in hair increased in 85% of patients. The patients' appetites were improved; the average caloric intake increased by 675 kcal/day, and intolerance to protein diminished. In addition 10 normal control subjects were studied pre- and post-Zn supplementation for fasting blood glucose, serum Zn levels, and hair Zn concentration. Side effects were noted, and these usually correlated with elevated serum Zn levels and were minimized or disappeared with decrease in dosage or cessation of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Contrasting diet and body mass among users and nonusers of oral contraceptives and exogenous estrogens: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Mean dietary constituent levels using the 24-hour recall method and body mass measures were examined among oral contraceptive and exogenous estrogen users and nonusers in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Among women aged 20-44 years, oral contraceptive users had a significantly lower mean Quetelet index of body mass and triceps skinfold thickness and a significantly higher total caloric intake. Among women aged 45-69 years, those taking exogenous estrogens had a significantly lower mean Quetelet index. No significant differences between hormone users and nonusers were seen for per cent of calories from fat (saturated or unsaturated), protein, carbohydrates, starch, sucrose, or alcohol. The higher total caloric intake in oral contraceptive users in contrast to nonusers and the lower body mass in both groups of gonadal hormone users may in part be indicative of other differences in life-style and behavior between the study groups. Further documentation of specific eating patterns, nutrient intake, and energy metabolism in women consuming gonadal hormones and in suitable control subjects seems to be indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of intrauterine nutritional supplementation on fetal growth retardation.

The effects of fetal nutritional supplementation on experimentally induced growth retardation were investigated in third-trimester sheep. The control group, C, was fed ad libitum (n = 8). Group R received a protein- and calorie-restricted diet over the last 3 weeks of gestation (n = 8). Group RS was given the same restricted diet as group R, and fetal, intragastric supplements of amino acids and glucose (n = 7). Over the experimental period, maternal weight increased 4.1 +/- 0.6 kg in C but was stable in R and RS (p less than 0.01). R and RS ewes and fetuses showed biochemical evidence of malnutrition but the changes were less severe in the RS group (p less than 0.05). Nutrient levels did not change in group C ewes and fetuses. At delivery, R lambs were smaller in weight and length than RS or C (p less than 0.05); gestational ages were the same. Weights were: R, 2,702 +/- 182 g; RS, 3,235 +/- 121 g; and C, 3,290 +/- 297 g. R also had lower fetal to maternal weight ratios and higher brain to body weight ratios than RS or C (p less than or equal to 0.05). Placental size was reduced 28% in R compared to C (p less than 0.05) and was intermediate in RS. The disparity in fetal size was explained by differences in nutrient acquisition between groups. Over the experimental period, caloric intake rose 24% in C fetuses; near delivery, they had the highest umbilical uptakes of carbohydrate and alpha-amino nitrogen. After maternal diet was limited, R and RS fetuses had dramatic decreases in umbilical uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen and static umbilical uptakes of carbohydrate. Caloric intake fell 42% in R. RS fetuses, however, were receiving sufficient gastric supplementation so that umbilical + gastrointestinal carbohydrate uptake equalled that of controls, and entry of alpha-amino nitrogen and calories was intermediate, between those of R and C. Fetal oxygen consumption reflected the differences in nutrient uptake, being greatest in C, lowest in R and intermediate in RS. Fetal supplementation lessened the drain on maternal nutrients and promoted more normal fetal growth and metabolism.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

The inter-relationships of physical activity, physical fitness, and body measurements.

While several measures of physical activity have been used in research, it is not clear how these measures relate to each other or to measures of fitness and fatness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of three commonly used indicators of physical activity to determine how they relate to each other as well as to measures of physical fitness and anthropometric measurements related to body fatness. Data from white adult men working for U.S. railroad companies in 1957 to 1960, who were free of pre-existing cardiovascular disease (N = 2,356), were used to study these relationships cross-sectionally. Total and intense leisure time activity and occupational activity were directly related to caloric intake. Total leisure time activity was inversely related to exercise test heart rate and directly related to body mass index, but not related to resting heart rate or skinfold thickness. Intense leisure time activity was significantly related to all fitness measures and not significantly related to fatness. Caloric intake was directly related to measures of fitness and inversely related to fatness. Occupational activity was directly related to measures of fitness and body mass index, and inversely related to skinfold thickness. These results provide a better understanding of methods appropriate to ascertaining physical activity in epidemiologic research as well as assisting in the comparison of results from studies which have used different physical activity indicators.

Adult↗