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PubMed2002

Lignin deposition and associated changes in anatomy, enzyme activity, gene expression, and ruminal degradability in stems of tall fescue at different developmental stages.

Stem tissues of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sampled at three elongation stages and three reproductive stages. Anatomical analysis showed the deposition of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin during plant development and the formation of a lignified sclerenchyma ring. A dramatic increase in Klason lignin content was found from elongation stage to reproductive stage. Lignin composition analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that S lignin content and S/G ratio increased with stem development, but contents of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and G lignins decreased during the same period. S lignin content and S/G ratio also increased from the younger upper internode down to the older basal internode of the stem, but G and H lignin decreased in parallel. Relative O-methyltransferase activities increased during stem development and in parallel with the lignification process of stem. The pattern of enzyme activity during development varied with the choice of substrate, with highest activities seen when substrates were caffeoylaldehyde and 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and lowest activities were seen when caffeic acid and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol were used as substrates. The expression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes increased during the stem elongation stage and remained at high levels during the reproductive stages. The changes at anatomical, metabolic, and molecular levels during plant development were closely associated with lignification and degradability. This study provides an integrated picture of the molecular and chemical events that accompany changes in lignin deposition and ruminal degradability.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1975

[On the phenolic acids of vegetables. IV. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)].

Lettuce, endive and chicory exclusively, cornsalad and sweet fennel almost exclusively contain caffeic acid derivatives beside traces of ferulic acid. Parsley exclusively and spinach almost exclusively show p-coumaric acid derivatives. Compared to root, fruit and seed vegetables the contents of phenolic acids in green leaves are considerably high. Rhubarb is the only vegetable, which contains gallic acid (chief phenolic acid) beside hydroxycinnamic, protocatechuic and vanillic acid derivatives. Furthermore hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (salicylic, gentisic and vanillic acid) occur in cornsalad, sweet fennel, parsley and spinach in small concentrations; cornsalad shows p-hydroxybenzoic acid (ca. 20 mg/kg). Onions (Allium cepa) contain almost only protocatechuic acid beside small amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid. In the outer dry coloured skins protocatechuic acid reaches concentrations up to 2% of plant material; the internal pulpy tissues show lower concentrations (ca. 20 mg/kg). On the contrary to the bulbs the green leaves of onions like chive and leek contain almost exclusively compounds of ferulic and p-coumaric acid. Garlic even shows a different phenolic acid pattern of skins and internal tissues. The caffeic acid derivatives of potatoes are mainly localized to a 1--2 mm thick outer layer. The different localization of phenolic acids in the different parts of vegetable plants is discussed.

Caffeic Acids↗
PubMed2001

Do wine polyphenols modulate p53 gene expression in human cancer cell lines?

BACKGROUND: The p53 gene is an established tumor suppressor and an inducer of apoptosis. We here attempt to determine whether the putative anticarcinogenic properties attributed to red wine and its polyphenolic constituents depend, at least in part, upon their ability to modulate p53 expression in cancer cells. METHODS: Three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D; MDA-MB-486) and one human colon cancer cell line [Colo 320 HSR (+)] were treated for 24-h with each of four polyphenols [quercetin; (+)-catechin, trans-resveratrol; caffeic acid] at concentrations ranging from 10(-7) M to 10(-4) M, after which, p53 concentrations were measured in cell lysates by a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. RESULTS: None of the polyphenols tested affected p53 expression in the breast cancer cell lines T-47D and MDA-MB-486. p53 content of MCF-7 breast cancer cells (wild-type) was increased by caffeic acid, decreased by resveratrol, and showed a twofold increase with catechin, that reached borderline statistical significance; however, none of these effects were dose-responsive. Colo 320 HSR (+) cells (with a mutant p53 gene) had lower p53 content upon stimulation, reaching borderline statistical significance, but without being dose-responsive, in the presence of caffeic acid and resveratrol. Apart from toxicity at 10(-4) M, quercetin had no effect upon these four cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: The observed p53 concentration changes upon stimulation by polyphenols are relatively small, do not follow a uniform pattern in the four cell lines tested, and do not exhibit a dose-response effect. For these reasons, we speculate that the putative anticarcinogenic properties of wine polyphenols are unlikely to be mediated by modulation of p53 gene expression.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1993

Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus integrase.

In an effort to further extend the number of targets for development of antiretroviral agents, we have used an in vitro integrase assay to investigate a variety of chemicals, including topoisomerase inhibitors, antimalarial agents, DNA binders, naphthoquinones, the flavone quercetin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester as potential human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitors. Our results show that although several topoisomerase inhibitors--including doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, ellipticines, and quercetin--are potent integrase inhibitors, other topoisomerase inhibitors--such as amsacrine, etoposide, teniposide, and camptothecin--are inactive. Other intercalators, such as chloroquine and the bifunctional intercalator ditercalinium, are also active. However, DNA binding does not correlate closely with integrase inhibition. The intercalator 9-aminoacridine and the polyamine DNA minor-groove binders spermine, spermidine, and distamycin have no effect, whereas the non-DNA binders primaquine, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibit the integrase. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester was the only compound that inhibited the integration step to a substantially greater degree than the initial cleavage step of the enzyme. A model of 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone interaction with the zinc finger region of the retroviral integrase protein is proposed.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2002

Olive oil phenolics: effects on DNA oxidation and redox enzyme mRNA in prostate cells.

Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and caffeic acid effects on hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage, hydroperoxide generation and redox enzyme gene expression were studied in oxidative-stress-sensitive human prostate cells (PC3). Hydroxytyrosol led to lower levels of hydroperoxides, DNA damage, and mRNA levels of classic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) for all the studied concentrations. Only hydroxytyrosol was effective at low concentrations (10 microm). Tyrosol reduced DNA oxidation only at high (>50 microm) concentrations and increased hydroperoxides, GPx and phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx mRNA levels. Caffeic acid elicited effects between those of the other two phenolics. Results indicate that hydroxytyrosol is the only significant antioxidant phenolic in olive oil and may be the major component accounting for its beneficial properties. Tyrosol appeared to exhibit pro-oxidant effects (only at high concentrations) and caffeic acid was neutral. Both number and position of hydroxyl groups appear to play a role in the cellular effects of hydroxytyrosol.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Influence of sample preparation on assay of phenolic acids from eggplant.

Sample preparation is often overlooked and is frequently considered as "a means to an end". This systematic study with a phenolic-enriched substrate, eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), was undertaken to evaluate the substantial variations in the extraction techniques, solvents, and parameters as described in the published literature. Direct comparison of over 10 extraction procedures or conditions was performed to show the importance and influence of sample preparation on the assay of phenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid (CA) was the most abundant phenolic acid accounting for >75% of the total phenolic acids content extracted from the eggplant sample. Optimum extraction of CA and total phenolics (TP) from Black Bell cultivar of eggplant were obtained when extractions were performed with a mixture of MeOH/H2O at a ratio of 80:20% v/v using a pressurized liquid extractor (PLE) at 100 degrees C. The amount of CA and TP extracted from eggplant by the previously reported procedures using a wrist shaker, rotary shaker, stirring, sonication, or reflux with different extraction solvents (acetone or varying composition of MeOH/H2O solvent mixtures) varied significantly between 5 and 95% as compared to PLE. The predominant phenolic acids in the free phenolic acid fraction of Black Beauty cultivar of eggplant were CA isomers. However, caffeic acid isomers were the major phenolic acids extracted from the base-hydrolyzed fraction. The total amount of caffeic acid extracted from the Italian Neon cultivar was more that twice that of four other eggplant cultivars (Orient Express, Calliope Zebra Stripe, Orient Charm Neon, and Black Beauty).

Caffeic Acids↗
PubMed2004

Protective effect of Mesona procumbens against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced acute hepatic damage in rats.

The protective effect of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) and its active compounds on liver damage was evaluated using the model of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced acute hepatic damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 +/- 10 g) were orally pretreated with a water extract of Hsian-tsao (WEHT) (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg) or caffeic acid (0.1 g/kg of body weight) for 13 days before a single dose of t-BHP (0.2 mmol/kg, intraperitoneally) to each animal, and the rats were sacrificed 18 h later by decapitation; blood samples were collected for the assays of serum biochemical values. The livers were excised from the animals and assayed for oxidative injury, antioxidant enzyme, and pathological histology. The result showed that the oral pretreatment of WEHT (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg) or caffeic acid (0.10 g/kg) before t-BHP (0.2 mmol/kg) treatment significantly lowered the serum levels of the hepatic enzyme markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and reduced oxidative stress of the liver by evaluation of malondialdehyde, glutathione, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. The histopathological evaluation of the rat livers showed that WEHT and caffeic acid reduced the incidence of liver lesions including cloudy swelling, pyknosis, and cytolysis induced by t-BHP in rats. On the basis of the results of this study, it can be speculated that M. procumbens protects liver against t-BHP-induced hepatic damage in rats.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Differential activation of heme oxygenase-1 by chalcones and rosolic acid in endothelial cells.

The induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is widely recognized as an effective cellular strategy to counteract a variety of stressful events. We have shown that curcumin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, two naturally occurring phytochemicals that possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities, induce HO-1 in many cell types. This suggests that stimulation of HO-1 could partly underlie the beneficial effects exerted by these plant-derived constituents. Here we examined the ability of additional plant constituents to up-regulate heme oxygenase activity and HO-1 in aortic endothelial cells. Incubation of endothelial cells with a series of polyphenolic chalcones (5-50 microM) resulted in increased heme oxygenase activity; interestingly, the chemical structure dictated the pattern of heme oxygenase induction, which was unique to each particular compound employed. We also found that rosolic acid, a constituent isolated from the rhizome of Plantago asiatica L. dramatically increased HO-1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Severe cytotoxicity was observed after prolonged exposure (24 or 48 h) of cells to curcumin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, whereas 2'-hydroxychalcone and rosolic acid did not affect cell viability. By using different mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, we determined that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase pathways play only a minor role in the induction of HO-1 by rosolic acid and 2'-hydroxychalcone. On the other hand, increased intra- and extracellular thiols markedly reduced the rise in heme oxygenase activity elicited by rosolic acid. Thus, this study identified novel plant constituents that highly induce HO-1 in endothelial cells and investigated some of the mechanisms involved in this effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and bioavailability of free and bound phenolic acids from Trichilia emetica Vahl.

Trichilia emetica Vahl. is commonly used in folk medicine of Mali for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, the content and the antioxidant activity of phenolic acids from Trichilia emetica root were evaluated. Free phenolic acids were extracted with a mixture of methanol and 10% acetic acid. Bound phenolic acids were released using first alkaline and then acid hydrolysis. All fractions were quantified separately by HPLC. After alkaline hydrolysis, a remarkable increase in caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, protocathecuic acid and gallic acid content was observed, showing that most of phenolic acids in the drug are present as bound forms. Moreover, the extracts submitted to alkaline hydrolysis showed high antioxidant properties in two in vitro assays: autooxidation of methyl linoleate (MeLo) and ascorbate/Fe(2+)-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat microsomes. An in vivo study was also performed to investigate the intestinal absorption of phenolic acids after oral administration of Trichilia emetica extracts. Results showed high levels of phenolic acids, free or conjugated to glucuronide, in the plasma of rats treated with the hydrolyzed extract. Due to the absence of chlorogenic acid in plasma samples, the presence of caffeic acid seems to be derived from hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid in the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Structure-DPPH* scavenging activity relationships: parallel study of catechol and guaiacol acid derivatives.

The scavenging behavior of a series of catechol and guaiacol acid derivatives toward DPPH(*) was examined having as a starting point the order of activity derived on the basis of theoretically calculated BDE values. The studied compounds were protocatechuic, homoprotocatechuic, dihydrocaffeic, and caffeic acids and also vanillic, homovanillic, dihydroferulic, and ferulic acids. Catechol and guaiacol were used as reference compounds. Observations from the parallel study were made with regard to structural features (number and position of hydroxyl groups and the side-carbon chain characteristics) that regulated the behavior of the compounds experimentally. The exceptional DPPH(*) scavenging behavior observed for homoprotocatechuic acid in ethanol and for caffeic acid in acetonitrile could not be supported by the respective BDE values. Ferulic was the most active among guaiacolic acids, whereas dihydroferulic exhibited the highest stoichiometry. Ionizable carboxylic groups seem to affect considerably the relative order of activity as was also evidenced using the ORAC assay. Questions raised about the validity of widely accepted views on criteria for SARs are discussed with regard to literature findings.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2007

Growth suppression of human cancer cells by polyphenolics from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves.

Sweetpotato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) contain a high content of polyphenolics that consist of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid. We investigated the suppression of the proliferation of selected human cancer cells by phenolic compounds isolated from sweetpotato leaf. The human cancer cells used in this research included a stomach cancer (Kato III), a colon cancer (DLD-1), and a promyelocytic leukemia cell (HL-60). Caffeic acid and di- and tricaffeoylquinic acids dose-dependently depressed cancer cell proliferation, and the difference in sensitivity between caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and each kind of cancer cell was observed. Specifically, 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid effectively depressed the growth of three kinds of cancer cells, and caffeic acid had an exceptionally higher effect against HL-60 cells than other di- and tricaffeoylquinic acids. In attempting to clarify the mechanism of growth suppression with the addition of the apoptotic inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide, we observed that the nuclear granulation in 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid-treated HL-60 cells suggested apoptosis induction. This effect was confirmed by DNA fragmentation, an increase of caspase-3 activity, and expression of c-Jun. Growth suppression of HL-60 cells by 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid was determined to be the result of apoptotic death of the cells. These results indicate that 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid may have potential for cancer prevention.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

LC-MS investigation of oxidation products of phenolic antioxidants.

Two oxidation systems were examined for the oxidation of three groups of phenolic antioxidants; five cinnamic acids, two benzoic acids, and two phenols characteristic of olive fruits. Periodate oxidation, which is reported to produce products similar to polyphenol oxidase, was contrasted with the reactivity of the Fenton system, an inorganic source of hydroxyl radicals. Reaction products were identified as various quinones, dimers, and aldehydes, but the nature of the products differed between the two oxidation systems. Structure-activity effects were also observed for the different phenols. All cinnamic acids in this study reacted with the Fenton reagent to produce benzaldehydes as the main products, with the exception of 5-caffeoylquinic acid. In contrast, periodate oxidation gave no reaction with some of the cinnamic acids. Quinone formation was observed for the two compounds, caffeic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid, possessing o-hydroxy groups. Caffeic acid was unusual in that dimer formation was the main initial product of reaction. Benzoic acids were readily oxidized by both systems, but no identifiable products were isolated. Oleuropein was oxidized by both oxidants used in this study, resulting in quinones in each system, whereas little or no oxidation of tyrosol was observed. This highlights the importance of conjugation between the alkene double bond and the hydroxy group. The results question the validity of many existing methods of testing antioxidant activity.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1970

The action of o-dihydric phenols in the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by a phenolase from leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

1. Under defined conditions, the hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid catalysed by a phenolase from leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was observed to develop its maximum rate only after a lag period. 2. By decreasing the reaction rate with lower enzyme concentrations or by increasing it with higher concentrations of reductants, the length of the lag period was inversely related to the maximum rate subsequently developed. 3. Low concentrations of caffeic acid or other o-dihydric phenols abolished this lag period. With caffeic acid, the rate of hydroxylation was independent of the reductant employed. 4. Hydroxylation was inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, but with low inhibitor concentrations hydroxylation recovered after a lag period. This lag could again be abolished by the addition of high concentrations of caffeic acid or other o-dihydric phenols. 5. Catechol oxidase activity showed no lag period, and did not recover from diethyldithiocarbamate inhibition. 6. The purified enzyme contained 0.17-0.33% copper; preparations with the highest specific activity were found to have the highest copper content. 7. The results are interpreted to suggest that the oxidation of o-dihydric phenols converts the enzymic copper into a species catalytically active in hydroxylation. This may represent the primary function for the catechol oxidase activity of the phenolase complex. The electron donors are concerned mainly, but not entirely, in the reduction of o-quinones produced in this reaction.

Caffeine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds on LDL oxidation and vasorelaxation activity.

This study examined the efficacy of virgin olive oil phenolic extract and other phenolic compounds (oleuropein, caffeic acid) in preventing oxidative modifications of human low density lipoprotein oxidised by CuCl2. The vasorelaxant effect of these compounds on rat aortic ring with and without functional endothelium is also discussed. Olive oil phenolic extract, caffeic acid and oleuropein increased the lag time of conjugated diene formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, phenolic extract produced a vasorelaxant effect that persisted in denuded aorta and after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or methylene blue. Oleuropein did not produce a relaxant effect, whereas caffeic acid produced partial relaxation at concentration 0.5 g/L.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Regulation of HL-60 differentiation by lipoxygenase pathway metabolites in vitro.

We have studied the effects of lipoxygenase inhibition and metabolite addition of HL-60 cells induced to differentiate. When HL-60 are induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, caffeic acid, there is a marked change from the expected phenotype of mature granulocytes to a population composed predominantly of mature monocytes. (DMSO alone: 54% granulocytes, 10% monocytes; DMSO + caffeic acid: 23% granulocytes, 53% monocytes.) Addition of leukotriene D4 to DMSO-induced, caffeic acid-inhibited cultures resulted in a dose-dependent recovery of the granulocyte phenotype. Addition of lipoxygenase inhibitors to phorbol ester-treated HL-60 cells did not alter the expected monocytic differentiation. These results support a role for leukotriene D4 in the regulation of granulocyte differentiation of HL-60 cells induced with DMSO.

Caffeic Acids↗
PubMed1992

Bay K 8644 is a negative inotrope in the presence of arachidonic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid.

The inotropic and radioligand binding characteristics of arachidonic acid (AA) and the fish oil derivative, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were studied. AA alone was a concentration-dependent negative inotrope in isolated hamster papillary muscles. The negative inotropic effect of AA was enhanced 500-fold by the coadministration of indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor) and caffeic acid (lipoxygenase inhibitor). The dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 (BK) was a concentration-dependent positive inotrope. BK in the presence of AA was a concentration-dependent negative inotrope. The negative inotropic effect of BK in the presence of AA was blocked by caffeic acid but not indomethacin. EPA alone was a concentration-dependent negative inotrope. EPA had no effect on the positive inotropic effect of BK. Scatchard analyses of [3H]nitrendipine (dihydropyridine) binding to cardiac membranes in the presence of AA or EPA resulted in a decrease in the KD (-1/slope) with no effect on Bmax (x intercept). Kinetic studies further revealed that both AA and EPA enhanced the off rate of [3H]nitrendipine binding. These data suggest that both AA and EPA mediate similar direct negative inotropic effects through cardiac sarcolemmal calcium channels. A unique effect on E-C coupling by AA, not shared by EPA, is mediated through the lipoxygenase pathway (leukotrienes). AA and its eicosanoid products may play critically important roles in regulating myocardial contractility during acute and chronic myocardial ischemia. Differences between AA and EPA may contribute to the beneficial effects of dietary fish oils enriched in EPA.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed2006

Impact of alkyl esters of caffeic and ferulic acids on tumor cell proliferation, cyclooxygenase enzyme, and lipid peroxidation.

The antioxidant ferulic and caffeic acid phenolics are ubiquitous in plants and abundant in fruits and vegetables. We have synthesized a series of ferulic and caffeic acid esters and tested for tumor cell proliferation, cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and -2) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities in vitro. In the tumor cell proliferation assay, some of these esters showed excellent growth inhibition of colon cancer cells. Among the phenolics esters assayed, compounds 10 (C12-caffeate), 11 (C16-caffeate), 21 (C8-ferulate), and 23 (C12-ferulate) showed strong growth inhibition with IC50 values of 16.55, 13.46, 18.67, and 7.57 microg/mL in a breast cancer cell line; 9.65, 7.45, 17.05, and 4.35 microg/ mL in a lung cancer cell line; 5.78, 3.5, 4.29, and 2.46 microg/mL in a colon cancer cell line; 12.04, 12.21, 14.63, and 8.09 microg/ mL in a central nervous system cancer cell line; and 8.62, 7.76, 11.0, and 5.37 in a gastric cancer cell line. In COX enzyme inhibitory assays, ferulic and caffeic acid esters significantly inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Caffeates 5-10 (C4-C12), inhibited COX-1 enzyme between 50% and 90% and COX-2 enzyme by about 70%, whereas ferulates 15-21 (C3-C8) inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by 85-95% 25 microg/mL. Long-chain caffeates 11-14 (C16-C22) and short-chain ferulates 15-20 (C3-C5) were the most active in lipid peroxidation inhibition and showed 60-70% activity at 5 microg/mL concentration.

Caffeic Acids↗
PubMed2001

LC/ES-MS detection of hydroxycinnamates in human plasma and urine.

Hydroxycinnamates are components of many fruits and vegetables, being present in particularly high concentrations in prunes. An abundance of phenolic compounds in the diet has been associated with reduced heart disease mortality. However, little is known about the absorption and metabolism of these metabolites after normal foods are consumed. An LC--electrospray--MS method was developed to measure the concentration of caffeic acid in human plasma and urine, but it can also be applied to ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid. The limit of detection was found to be 10.0 nmol/L for caffeic acid and 12.5 nmol/L for ferulic and chlorogenic acids. The method was tested on samples of plasma and urine collected from volunteers who consumed a single dose of 100 g of prunes and increased levels were observed, demonstrating that the method is capable of detecting changes in hydroxycinnamate levels induced by dietary consumption.

Absorption↗