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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Associative history affects the associative change undergone by both presented and absent cues in human causal learning.

R. A. Rescorla (2000) noted that a number of influential theories of associative learning do not take the associative history of cues (i.e., the prior training that they have received) into account when calculating the associative change undergone by those cues. The authors tested this assumption in a human causal learning paradigm and found associative history to be an important determinant of the learning undergone by cues that are presented on a trial. Moreover, associative history was also found to influence the amount of retrospective revaluation undergone by absent cues. These findings conflict with models of causal learning in which the associative change undergone by an element of a cue compound is governed by a summed error term (e.g., R. A. Rescorla & A. R. Wagner, 1972).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The influence of cue type on backward inhibition.

Backward inhibition is proposed as a process of lateral inhibition that operates during response selection in task switching, reducing interference caused by the most recently abandoned task set. The effect has been observed across a wide range of contexts but is eliminated by using spatial location to cue tasks (K. D. Arbuthnott & T. S. Woodward, 2002). The present studies replicated this finding, showing that spatial cues are also associated with greater response congruity than verbal cues, consistent with the lateral inhibition model. Spatial cues may introduce greater discriminability between competing category-response rules, reducing the need for lateral inhibition. However, when participants named the task before target presentation, backward inhibition was observed with spatial cues, suggesting that verbalization increased competition between sets, despite spatial localization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

On the role of causal intervention in multiple-cue judgment: positive and negative effects on learning.

Previous studies have suggested better learning when people actively intervene rather than when they passively observe the stimuli in a judgment task. In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the hypothesis that this improvement is associated with a shift from exemplar memory to cue abstraction. In a multiple-cue judgment task with continuous cues, the data replicated the improvement with intervention and participants who experimented more actively produced more accurate judgments. In a multiple-cue judgment task with binary cues, intervention produced poorer accuracy and participants who experimented more actively produced poorer judgments. These results provide no support for a representational shift but suggest that the improvement with active intervention may be limited to certain tasks and environments.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of human visual attention cues by olive baboons (Papio anubis) in a competitive task.

The ability of 4 olive baboons (Papio anubis) to use human gaze cues during a competitive food task was investigated. Three baboons used head orientation as a cue, and 1 individual also used eye direction alone. As the baboons did not receive prior training with gestural cues, their performance suggests that the competitive paradigm may be more appropriate for testing nonhuman primates than the standard object-choice paradigm. However, the baboons were insensitive to whether the experimenter could actually perceive the food item, and therefore the use of visual orientation cues may not be indicative of visual perspective-taking abilities. Performance was disrupted by the introduction of a screen and objects to conceal food items and by the absence of movement in cues presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of substance cue reactivity: advances in reliability, specificity, and validity.

An arousal-control and cross-over design was used to evaluate the reliability, specificity, and validity of the Normative Appetitive Picture System (NAPS), a cue exposure protocol with sets of visual alcohol, cigarette, and control cues. The authors also examined the utility of conceptualizing cue reactivity as a multidimensional phenomenon involving independent approach and avoidance dimensions. University student participants (n=369) rated multiple cue images in terms of arousing properties and capacity to elicit separate approach and avoidance inclinations. They also completed a battery of substance-related individual-difference measures. Results indicated that NAPS protocol reactivity profiles had good reliability and high specificity across cue types and individuals with different substance use histories. Avoidance reactivity independently predicted self-reports of substance-related behaviors, after controlling for approach reactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Role of residual olfactory cues in the determination of feeding site selection and exploration patterns of domestic rats.

Weanling domestic rat pups feed and explore in areas containing residual olfactory cues deposited by conspecific adults in preference to clean areas. Both nulliparous and lactating Long-Evans female rats deposit residual cues in an area that induce pups to explore and feed in it. Residual cues continue to affect the feeding and exploratory behavior of pups to maturity. Discrepancies between results obtained in the olfactory discrimination apparatus used by Leon and Moltz and those of the present experiments are resolved, and evidence is presented for the existence of residual cues not contained in anal excreta, which are attractive to pups. It is suggested that residual cues deposited by adult rats can play a role in directing weanlings to their first meals of solid food in the natural environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sexual behavior and sex-associated environmental cues activate the mesolimbic system in male rats.

The mesolimbic system plays an important role in the regulation of both pathological behaviors such as drug addiction and normal motivated behaviors such as sexual behavior. The present study investigated the mechanism by which this system is endogenously activated during sexual behavior. Specifically, the effects of sexual experience and sex-related environmental cues on the activation of several components of the mesolimbic system were studied. The mesolimbic system consists of a dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Previous studies suggest that these neurons are under tonic inhibition by local GABA interneurons, which are in turn modulated by mu opioid receptor (MOR) ligands. To test the hypothesis that opioids are acting in the VTA during sexual behavior, visualization of MOR internalization in VTA was used as a marker for ligand-induced activation of the receptor. Significant increases in MOR internalization were observed following copulation or exposure to sex-related environmental cues. The next goal was to determine if sexual behavior activates dopamine neurons in the VTA, using tyrosine hydroxylase as a marker for dopaminergic neurons and Fos-immunoreactivity as a marker for neuronal activation. Significant increases in the percentage of activated dopaminergic neurons were observed following copulation or exposure to sex-related environmental cues. In addition, mating and sex-related cues activated a large population of nondopaminergic neurons in VTA as well as neurons in both the NAc Core and Shell. Taken together, our results provide functional neuroanatomical evidence that the mesolimbic system is activated by both sexual behavior and exposure to sex-related environmental cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonism attenuates cue-induced cocaine seeking.

Neuroanatomical and pharmacological evidence implicates glutamate transmission in drug-environment conditioning that partly controls drug seeking and relapse. Glutamate receptors could be targets for pharmacological attenuation of the motivational properties of drug-paired cues and for relapse prevention. The purpose of the present study was therefore to investigate the involvement of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine using a second-order schedule of reinforcement (FR4(FR5:S)) under which a compound stimulus (light and tone) associated with cocaine infusions was presented contingently. Following extinction, the effects of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP 39551 (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)), two competitive AMPA/kainate antagonists, CNQX (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 mg/kg i.p.) and NBQX (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg i.p.), the NMDA/glycine site antagonist L-701,324 (0, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg i.p.), and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg i.p.) on cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking were examined. The AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists CNQX and NBQX, the NMDA/glycine site antagonist L-701,324, and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP attenuated significantly cue-induced reinstatement. The NMDA antagonist CGP 39551 failed to affect reinstatement. Additional control experiments indicated that attenuation of cue-induced reinstatement by CNQX, NBQX, L-701,324, and MPEP was not accompanied by significant suppression of spontaneous locomotor activity. These results suggest that conditioned influences on cocaine seeking depend on glutamate transmission. Accordingly, drugs with antagonist properties at various glutamate receptor subtypes could be useful in prevention of relapse induced by conditioned stimuli.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Perceptual weighting of relative amplitude and formant transition cues in aided CV syllables.

The current study explored the changes in weighting of relative amplitude and formant transition cues that may be caused by a K-amp circuit. Twelve listeners with normal hearing and 3 listeners with sensorineural hearing loss labeled the stop consonant place of articulation of synthetic consonant-vowel stimuli. Within the stimuli, two acoustic cues were varied: the frequency of the onset of the second and third formant (F2/F3) transitions and the relative amplitude between the consonant burst and the following vowel in the fourth and fifth formant (F4/ F5) frequency region. The variation in the two cues ranged from values appropriate for a voiceless labial stop consonant to a voiceless alveolar stop consonant. The listeners labeled both the unaided stimuli and the stimuli recorded through a hearing aid with a K-amp circuit. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was used to calculate the perceptual weight given each cue. Data from listeners with normal hearing show a change in relative weighting of cues between aided and unaided stimuli. Pilot data from the listeners with hearing loss show a more varied pattern, with more weight placed on relative amplitude. These results suggest that calculation of perceptual weights using an ANOVA model may be worthwhile in Future studies examining the relationship between acoustic information presented by a hearing aid and the subsequent perception by the listener with hearing loss.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Children with SLI use argument structure cues to learn verbs.

Across two tasks, children's use of argument structure cues to learn verbs was tested. In Task 1, we examined children's use of cues to interpret novel verbs while viewing single action scenes. In Task 2, we examined the role of cues for novel verb interpretation and retention through a story viewing task. The participants were 20 6-year-olds who were diagnosed as specifically language impaired (SLI) and 40 normally developing children who served as either age-matched or language-matched controls. Across tasks, the children with SLI demonstrated an ability to use cues to interpret verb meaning. For Task 1, scores of the children with SLI were not significantly different from those of either control group; for Task 2, their scores exceeded chance and were not found to be different from those obtained by the language-matched controls. When verb retention was examined, scores of the children with SLI were lower than those of both control groups, and they also did not exceed chance even after repeated exposure to the stimuli and additional testing. Patterns within the data ruled out inattention and an inability to follow the narrative as contributing to the children's low scores. Additionally, poor verb retention was not found to be related to a limitation in the perception and encoding of the cue content. Specific deficits with the storage and retrieval of grammatical information within the lexicon, general working memory/capacity limitations, or both are posited as plausible, but unconfirmed, explanations for the verb retention difficulties of the children with SLI.

Child↗
PubMed2001

The influence of sensitivity to reward on reactivity to alcohol-related cues.

AIMS: To investigate the role of sensitivity to reward in mediating social drinkers' reactivity to alcohol cues. DESIGN: A standard cue-reactivity paradigm was employed. Two groups of social drinkers (heavy and light) were assessed after exposure to the sight, smell and taste of a neutral cue (water) and then an alcohol cue (glass of beer). SETTING: Sessions were conducted in a laboratory based environment. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty heavy (12 males, eight females) and 18 light social drinkers (seven males, 11 females) were recruited; mean age was 23.6 years. MEASUREMENTS: The Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test (CARROT), assessing behavioural responsiveness to a monetary incentive; urge to drink; positive affect; and the BAS scales, assessing sensitivity to reward. FINDINGS: Heavy drinkers displayed a significant increase in responsivity to rewards (i.e. CARROT) and self-reported urge to drink, but not positive affect, after exposure to alcohol. For the heavy drinkers, heightened sensitivity to reward (i.e. BAS scales) was significantly related to cue-elicited urge to drink and positive affect. CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with a conditioned appetitive motivational model of alcohol use and suggest that Gray's theory of personality may be of some benefit in explaining variation in reactivity responses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Attentional shifts to smoking cues in smokers.

AIMS: Many theories of addiction assume that responses to drug cues maintain drug use and precipitate relapse. There is evidence that measures derived from experimental cognitive psychology yield important information about cue reactivity. We used a pictorial version of the visual probe task to evaluate: (i) whether minimally deprived smokers attend differentially to smoking cues (attentional bias); (ii) whether this bias is related to self-reported craving and dependence; and (iii) whether it predicted outcome in a subsequent cessation attempt. DESIGN: Participants took part in a structured smoking cessation program. Each participant completed the visual probe task roughly 2 weeks before quitting while non-deprived. SETTING: A research smoking cessation clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 141 heavy smokers seeking treatment for smoking cessation. MEASUREMENTS: The computerized attentional bias measure and self-reported urge were taken in a laboratory session. Participants also monitored their smoking and craving on electronic diaries both when smoking ad libitum and for up to 6 weeks post-cessation. FINDINGS: Participants were faster and more accurate in responding to a visual probe that replaced a smoking picture than to a neutral picture, indicating that they showed attentional bias towards the smoking cues. Attentional bias on the first half of the task correlated with pre-task craving, indicating that the bias may tap motivational processes, but it did not predict outcome in smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The visual probe task can add useful information about attentional responses to drug cues. Further work is required to uncover the theoretical significance and utility of this measure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Role of the dopamine D3 receptor in reactivity to cocaine-associated cues in mice.

Environmental stimuli previously associated with drug effects can acquire secondary reinforcing properties, able to maintain drug-seeking behaviour or induce relapse. We have used a classical Pavlovian conditioning procedure to assess the role of the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) in the expression of drug-conditioned responses. Mice repeatedly receiving cocaine in a particular environment distinct from home-cages displayed hyperlocomotion after subsequent exposure to the drug-paired environment. Cocaine-conditioned hyperactivity was inhibited by BP 897 or SB-277011-A, D3R-selective partial agonist and antagonist, respectively. D3R gene-targeted mice showed a trend towards an increase in cocaine cue-conditioned hyperactivity. BP 897 had no effect on reactivity to neutral or aversive cues. Cocaine-conditioned mice had increased levels of D3R mRNA and binding in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and transcripts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a factor controlling D3R expression, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Cocaine had no effects on D3R or BDNF genes when administered in home-cages. Cocaine cue-conditioned c-fos expression was found in cortical areas, notably in the somatosensory cortex, where it was inhibited by BP 897, and in several regions belonging or linked to the limbic system. In conditioned mice, BP 897 inhibited c-fos expression in VTA and activated it in amygdala. These results demonstrate a modulation of reactivity to cocaine cues by the D3R, the expression of which is elevated in the NAc by the repeated association of drug effects with a particular context, through a BDNF-dependent mechanism. D3R-selective partial agonist or antagonist inhibit cocaine cue-conditioned activity possibly by normalizing exacerbated D3R function in the NAc, but our results also point to a possible participation of a pathway involving the VTA, amygdala and somatosensory cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reading emotion cues: social communication difficulties in pediatric populations.

Speech-language pathologists frequently address social communication difficulties in children with diverse linguistic profiles. Of consequence to effective management of social communication skills is that some children with language disorders may also have difficulty understanding emotional cues. The ability to recognize and comprehend the emotional meaning of messages is accomplished through integration of linguistic cues (e.g., what the speaker says), nonlinguistic cues (e.g., the speaker's facial expressions), and situational cues (e.g., predicting how the speaker is likely to feel about the particular topic). This article explores children's comprehension of emotion as expressed through facial expressions and situational cues. First, development of emotion comprehension in children with normal development is summarized. This is followed by a brief review of studies investigating emotion comprehension in clinical populations. Suggestions for assessment and intervention of children's emotion comprehension skills are presented.

Affect↗
PubMed1978

Binocular utilization of monocular cues that are undetectable monocularly.

The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.

Cues↗
PubMed1998

Cues to viewing distance for stereoscopic depth constancy.

A veridical estimate of viewing distance is required in order to determine the metric structure of objects from binocular stereopsis. One example of a judgment of metric structure, which we used in our experiment, is the apparently circular cylinder task (E B Johnston, 1991 Vision Research 31 1351-1360). Most studies report underconstancy in this task when the stimulus is defined purely by binocular disparities. We examined the effect of two factors on performance: (i) the richness of the cues to viewing distance (using either a naturalistic setting with many cues to viewing distance or a condition in which the room and the monitors were obscured from view), and (ii) the range of stimulus disparities (cylinder depths) presented during an experimental run. We tested both experienced subjects (who had performed the task many times before under full-cue conditions) and naïve subjects. Depth constancy was reduced for the naïve subjects (from 62% to 46%) when the position of the monitors was obscured. Under similar conditions, the experienced subjects showed no reduction in constancy. In a second experiment, using a forced-choice method of constant stimuli, we found that depth constancy was reduced from 64% to 23% in naïve subjects and from 77% to 55% in experienced subjects when the same set of images was presented at all viewing distances rather than using a set of stimulus disparities proportional to the correct setting. One possible explanation of these results is that, under reduced-cue conditions, the range of disparities presented is used by the visual system as a cue to viewing distance.

Cues↗
PubMed1999

Veering re-visited: noise and posture cues in walking without sight.

Effects of sound and posture cues on veering from the straight-ahead were tested with young blind children in an unfamiliar space that lacked orienting cues. In a pre-test with a previously heard target sound, all subjects walked straight to the target. A recording device, which sampled the locomotor trajectories automatically, showed that, without prior cues from target locations, subjects tended to veer more to the side from which they heard a brief, irrelevant noise. Carrying a load on one side produced more veering to the opposite side. The detailed samples showed that, underlying the main trajectories, were alternating concave and convex (left and right) movements, suggesting stepwise changes in body position. It is argued that the same external and body-centred cues that contribute to reference-frame orientation for locomotion when they converge and concur, influence the direction of veering when the cues occur in isolation in environments that lack converging reference information.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2001

Surface cues reduce the latency to name rotated images of objects.

Jolicoeur (1985, Memory & Cognition 13 289-303) found a linear increase in the latency to name line drawings of objects rotated (0 degrees to 120 degrees) from the upright (0 degrees) in the initial trial block. This effect was much shallower in later blocks. He proposed that the initial effect may indicate that mental rotation is the default process for recognising rotated objects, and that the decrease in this effect, seen with practice, may reflect the increased use of learned orientation-invariant features. Initially, we were interested in whether object-colour associations that may be learned during the initial block, could account for the reduced latency to name rotated objects, seen in later blocks. In experiment 1 we used full-cue colour images of objects that depicted colour and other surface cues. Surprisingly, given that Jolicoeur's findings were replicated several times with line drawings, we found that even the initial linear trend in naming latency was shallow. We replicated this result in follow-up experiments. In contrast, when we used less-realistic depictions of the same objects that had fewer visual cues (ie line drawings, coloured drawings, greyscale images), the results were comparable to those of Jolicoeur. Also, the initial linear trends were steeper for these depictions than for full-cue colour images. The results suggest that, when multiple surface cues are available in the image, mental rotation may not be the default recognition process.

Adult↗