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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The efficacy of praziquantel (Droncit R) against Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1958) in domestic fowl.

The efficacy of different dose rates of Praziquantel (Droncit R) in tablet and liquid (injectable) form against Raillietina tetragona in the domestic fowl was studied. A dose of 10 mg kg-1 of Praziquantel in tablet form and 0.15 ml kg-1 in liquid form was found to be effective against R. tetragona infection irrespective of age, sex and intensity of infestation of the host. Intramuscular (IM) administration of liquid Praziquantel was found to be more effective than subcutaneous (SC) administration. Susceptibility of the parasite to this drug increased with age.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Occurrence of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. (Cestoidea: Cyclophyllidea) in North American anurans (Amphibia).

A new host and geographic locality record is reported for tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. in two species of ranid frogs (Rana berlandieri and R. pipiens) from Texas and New York, respectively. Tetrathyridia were found encapsulated in liver and mesenteries of the hosts. Morphological examination and experimental inoculation of these tetrathyridia into mice demonstrated the absence of capacity for asexual proliferation. Overall prevalence of infection was low in anurans from Arkansas, Texas and New York, but intensities can be generally high. In addition, a summary of frogs and toads from North America reported as hosts of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Seasonal occurrence of Gyrodactylus derjavini (Monogenea) on brown trout, Salmo trutta, and Atlantic salmon, S. salar, in the Sandvikselva river, Norway.

Seasonal variation in prevalence and intensity of the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus derjavini on brown trout parr, Salmo trutta, and Atlantic salmon parr, S. salar, and occurrence of G. derjavini on ascending sea trout, S. trutta m. trutta, in the Sandvikselva river, southeastern Norway, was recorded. In general, both prevalence and intensity increased and decreased correspondingly with the rise and fall in water temperature. However, both prevalence and intensity decreased in warm periods when reproduction and transmission should be high, possibly from host-induced parasite mortality. Sea trout became infected with G. derjavini soon after they entered the river; prevalence tended to increase as the sea trout migrated upstream to the spawning grounds. It is hypothesized that transmission of G. derjavini to sea trout occurred via the river substratum.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Experimental verification of the effect of constant and changing water temperature on the micropopulation growth in Gyrodactylus gobiensis Gläser, 1974 (Monogenea) parasitizing gudgeon (Gobio gobio L.).

It has been verified under laboratory conditions that constant and changing water temperature markedly affects the micropopulation growth in Gyrodactylus gobiensis parasite on the body surface of gudgeons (Gobio gobio L.). At a water temperature of 12 degrees C, the number of gyrodactylids gradually increased up to the mean value of 63 specimens per host, which was reached on days 27-28 after experimental infection. At a constant temperature of 18 degrees C, the parasites completely disappeared from the bodies of infected fishes on days 15-20 p.i. A similar effect was produced by gradually increasing temperature from 12 to 18 degrees C, while the decrease in water temperature from 18 to 12 degrees C resulted in an increase in the parasite number.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiological observations on helminth infections of calves in southern Ghana.

This paper describes helminth infections in three groups of calves of different ages grazing naturally infested pastures from March 1987 to May 1988. Calves in which the faecal egg output was followed from birth showed Toxocara vitulorum eggs as early as two days after birth and maximum patency occurred after two months. The fall in Toxocara egg output coincided with a rise in that of the strongylates; Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostumum spp. The influence of rainfall in dictating strongylate nematode infection was clear with high egg output during high rainfall and low egg counts when the rainfall was lower. There was an indication that calves carry the infection from the end of the minor rainy season in November to the beginning of the next rains in March and then contribute to pasture contamination. However, calves born in December may remain uninfected until the onset of the rains.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epsiprantel, a new tapeworm remedy. Preliminary efficacy studies in dogs and cats.

The anthelmintic potential of epsiprantel, 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-4-oxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b-octahydropyrazin [2,1-a] [2]benzapine, was revealed using the tapeworms Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis in the cat, and Taenia pisiformis and T. hydatigena in the dog. Subsequent controlled tests in cats demonstrated oral efficacy of 100% against D. caninum with a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Although consistently 100% effective against T. taeniaeformis at 5 mg/kg, a single worm was found in one cat treated at 7.5 mg/kg. In experimental infections of Taenia pisiformis in dogs, 100% activity was achieved from a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg. No adverse reaction or drug-associated toxicity were observed at dose levels used.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: association between mucous cell density in skin and site selection.

Microhabitat selection of Gyrodactylus derjavini on the body surface of rainbow trout changed markedly during a 6-week experimental infection period. Pectoral fins, pelvic fins and anal fins were the most important sites (expressed in terms of parasite density) during the initial part of the infection. In the later stages of infection, the corneal surface and tail fin became increasingly more heavily infested. Factors responsible for this dynamic site selection were investigated. The density of superficial mucous cells in the epithelium of fins and skin was weakly correlated (r = 0.23) with parasite density in the first part of the infection. This association changed into a significant negative correlation (r = -0.92) as the infection progressed and the parasite population increased. These results strongly indicate that mucous cell contents play a decisive role in gyrodactylid site selection. Lysozyme, protease, immunoglobulin (Ig), complement factor C3, enzymes, lectinbinding carbohydrates and peptides adrenocorticotropic hormone, interleukin (IL-1) and somastatin) were detected in mucus and some of these (Ig, C3, IL-1, carbohydrates) are suggested to influence the infection dynamics. Thus, some molecules in mucus are liable first to attract the gyrodactylids, but subsequently reactive substances present in increasing amounts will counteract the performance of parasites in mucous-cell-rich microhabitats. The mechanisms involved in this process are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Development, symptomatology and treatment of "animal" and "plant" parasites of the central nervous system].

Eight cases of today rather rare infections of the brain and spinal cord with animal and plant parasites are described. Echinococcus was identified in one patient, cysticercus cellulosis in 4 and in 3 patients various fungi (actinomycosis Meyerii, aspergillus fumigatus, nokardiose asteroides) were found. Prior to the admission to the hospital none of these patients were correctly diagnosed. Animal parasites mimicked the symptomatology of a brain tumour or of a space occupying process. If localised intraspinally they produced signs similar to prolapsed lumbar disc. Plant parasites caused formation of particular suppurative granulation tissues in the form of abscesses which were often disseminated. By contrast, animal parasites produced only mechanical damage of the brain tissue. In addition to surgical intervention aiming at complete removal of parasite cysts or abscesses, drug therapy with the broadspectrum antibiotics or Praziquantel, an isochinoline derivate, is appropriate. Although due to the better diagnostic procedures and specific drug treatment the mortality rate in the countries with widespread parasite infections (Southern Europe and South America) has dropped from 50-80% to 5-6%, the experience shows that only about half of the patients survive the operation when a longer time-span is considered.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed1982

Efficacy of injectable and oral paste formulations of ivermectin against gastrointestinal parasites in ponies.

A controlled test was used in ponies to compare the antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin (22,23-dihydro-avermectin B1) in an injectable micelle solution administered IM with the efficacy of the same drug in an oral paste formulation. Parasite infections were naturally acquired in southern Louisiana. The drug was tested in both formulations at a dosage level of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight. Ivermectin in both formulations tested had an efficacy greater than 98% against Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis larvae. Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema spp, Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, and species of small strongyles present. Efficacy of ivermectin against Oxyuris equi larvae was 100% in the paste formulation and 93% in the injectable formulation. The ponies were less uniformly infected with S equinus, Draschia megastoma, Parascaris equorum, O equi adults, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and A magna. However, observations indicated that the drug in either formulation was also effective against these parasites, except Anoplocephala spp.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

[Evaluation of helminth intradermal tests in comparison to coproovoscopic surveys].

1600 subjects connected with mining were divided into 6 groups and examined because of intestinal parasites. There were: surface miners underground miners, retired miners and two groups of school-children up to 14 years old and from 14-17 years old, and persons not connected with the miners' work. The one control group consisted of 150 persons with negative coproscopical investigations, the other consisted of 112 persons, who were clinically healthy. The coproscopical investigations, morphological (eosinophil) and intradermal tests were made with the antigens Ascaris lumbricoides, Echinococcus granulosus, Cysticercus cellulosae, Taeniarhynchus saginatus and Trichinella spiralis. 214 persons (13.37%) were infected. The infestation with Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides (about 96%) was prevailing. Eosinophily varied between 5-7% and was found in 111 persons (6.3%). Most positive intradermal tests with Ascaris lumbricoides antigen were confirmed in the group of patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides (97%). Some cross-reactions were confirmed. The heaviest infestation with parasites was found out with the underground workers. The results of the coproscopical investigations were mostly similar to the results of the intradermal tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Insight into the role of cetaceans in the life cycle of the tetraphyllideans (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda).

Four types of tetraphyllidean larvae infect cetaceans worldwide: two plerocercoids differing in size, 'small' (SP) and 'large' (LP), and two merocercoids referred to as Phyllobothrium delphini and Monorygma grimaldii. The latter merocercoid larvae parasitize marine mammals exclusively and exhibit a specialised cystic structure. Adult stages are unknown for any of the larvae and thus the role of cetaceans in the life cycle of these species has been a long-standing problem. The SP and LP forms are thought to be earlier stages of P. delphini and M. grimaldii that are presumed to infect large pelagic sharks that feed on cetaceans. A molecular analysis of the D2 variable region of the large subunit ribosomal DNA gene based on several individuals of each larval type collected from three Mediterranean species of cetaceans showed consistent and unique molecular signatures for each type regardless of host species or site of infection. The degree of divergence suggested that LP, P. delphini and M. grimaldii larvae may represent separate species, whereas SP may be conspecific with M. grimaldii. In all host species, individuals of SP accumulated in the gut areas in which the lymphoid tissue was especially developed. We suggest therefore that these larvae use the lymphatic system to migrate to the abdominal peritoneum and mesenteries where they develop into forms recognizable as M. grimaldii. The plerocercoid stage of P. delphini remains unknown. In a partial phylogenetic tree of the Tetraphyllidea, all larvae formed a clade that included a representative of the genus Clistobothrium, some species of which parasitize sharks such as the great white which is known to feed on cetaceans. A bibliographic examination of tetraphyllidean infections in marine mammals indicated that these larvae are acquired mostly offshore. In summary, the evidence suggests that cetaceans play a significant role in the life cycle of these larvae. In addition, it seems clear that cetaceans act as natural intermediate hosts for P. delphini and M. grimaldii, as within these hosts they undergo development from the plerocercoid stage to the merocercoid stage. Because tetraphyllidean species use fish, cephalopods and other marine invertebrates as intermediate hosts, the inclusion of cetaceans in the life cycle would have facilitated their transmission to apex predators such as the large, lamnid sharks. The biological significance of infections of LP in cetaceans is unclear, but infections do not seem to be accidental as such larvae show high prevalence and abundance as well as a high degree of site specificity, particularly in the anal crypts and bile ducts.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Oral pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. II. Gyrodactylus sp.

A total of 24 drugs were evaluated as regards their efficacy for oral treatment of gyrodactylosis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In preliminary trials, all drugs were supplied to infected fish at 40 g per kg of feed for 10 d. Twenty-two of the drugs tested (aminosidine, amprolium, benznidazole, bithionol, chloroquine, diethylcarbamazine, flubendazole, levamisole, mebendazole, metronidazole, niclosamide, nitroxynil, oxibendazole, parbendazole, piperazine, praziquantel, ronidazole, secnidazole, tetramisole, thiophanate, toltrazuril and trichlorfon) were ineffective. Triclabendazole and nitroscanate completely eliminated the infection. Triclabendazole was effective only at the screening dosage (40 g per kg of feed for 10 d), while nitroscanate was effective at dosages as low as 0.6 g per kg of feed for 1 d.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Infection by Dipylidium caninum in an infant.

Dipylidium caninum, the dog tapeworm, is a cosmopolitan parasite of dogs and cats and occasionally causes human infection in the United States. Diagnosis is made by observing the characteristic rice grain-like proglottids in stool specimens and the pathognomonic egg packets in the gravid uterus in histologic sections of the parasite. There have been few reported cases of human infection with this parasite, and very little information on the pathology of this zoonotic disease is available in the English language. This report of a case of D caninum infection in a 6-month-old infant highlights the diagnostic features of this disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported in the American pathology literature during the last 36 years (MEDLINE database, 1966-2002).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Maternal transmission of asexually proliferative Mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia (Cestoda) in mice.

Asexually proliferative Mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia were studied to test the hypothesis of in utero transmission in mice and define more clearly the path of transmammary transmission. In utero transmission was not observed in 132 fetuses (22 litters) taken by caesarean section from infected mothers. However, 19 of these mothers had tetrathyridia in their mammary glands at the time of operation, nine had worms in the uterine lumen, and one had a single worm in the maternal blood space of a placenta. No tetrathyridia were found in amniotic cavities. No infection was found in 32 young (7 litters) examined immediately after birth to infected mothers, but before nursing. No infection was found in 30 young (5 litters) removed from infected mothers before nursing and raised by uninfected fosters. Of 29 uninfected young (5 litters) allowed to nurse on infected mothers, 18 became infected. Whole mounts and sections of infected mammary glands showed proliferating tetrathyridia free in larger milk ducts and free and encapsulated in mammary parenchyma. These data suggest that maternal transmission of M. corti tetrathyridia in mice occurs primarily or perhaps exclusively by the transmammary route.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Public health significance of zoonotic tapeworms in Korea.

Through an epidemiological review on the zoonotic tapeworms in Korea, the frequency and severity of the zoonoses have been recognized. Taeniasis and human cysticercosis are of importance to the public health in Korea. The frequency of taeniasis is 0.3% to 12.7% discovered by stool examination and 4.5% to 38.0% discovered by questionaire survey. Taeniasis occurs more frequently in males than in females and, especially, in both sexes in the age-group of 20 to 49. T. saginata is more common that T. solium. No case of human cysticercosis caused by T.saginata has been reported in Korea. To the contrary, human cysticercosis caused by T. solium has been reported frequently during the 1960's. The severity of human cysticercosis is a significant problem of public health in Korea. Old data on bovine cysticercosis in the 1920's and 1930's are not useful for present control measures. Systematic surveys on bovine and swine cysticercosis as well as taeniasis and human cysticercosis are needed in Korea. Cases of sparganosis have been reported frequently during the past 15 years. Most of the 34 cases of sparganosis reported involved the eating of raw snakes and frogs. Most of the cases occurred in older males. Sparganosis in snakes, frogs, chickens, and swine has been reported in Korea. Human infection of Hymenolepis nana ranged from 0.2% to 1.4% discovered by stool examination. A few cases of adult worm collections of Diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis diminuta have been reported in Korea. Two cases of human hydatid disease have been reported in Korea. No study on the disease in domestic animals is available. No case of human infection with dog tapeworm has been reported, even though it is highly prevalent in the indigenous dogs in Korea. I recommend that further study on the zoonotic tapeworms be conducted epidemiologically in Korea to get basic data for the public health programming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Rheumatic manifestations of parasitic diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To consolidate the spectrum and frequency of parasite-related rheumatic syndromes, which have largely been regarded as exceedingly rare by the general medicine, infectious disease, and rheumatology literature. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was performed for articles on rheumatic syndromes related to parasitic infections published from 1966 through December 2000. Identified articles included clinical and epidemiologic studies describing cases of rheumatic syndromes associated with verified parasitic infection. RESULTS: Rheumatologic syndromes, including inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory myositis, and vasculitis, have been described among multiple different parasite infections of all parasitic divisions, including Protozoa, Nematoda, and Platyhelminthes. Individual parasitic divisions are often associated with particular rheumatic syndromes, such as reactive arthritis and spondyloarthropathy, inflammatory or infectious myositis, and reactive or parainfectious vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Parasitic infection may underlie the clinical presentation of some rheumatic conditions. Given the continued and growing number of patients at risk for parasitosis by virtue of their country of origin, travel habits, and an immunocompromised state, potential parasitosis must be considered in patients undergoing evaluation for rheumatic complaints.

Cestode Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thoracic manifestations of tropical parasitic infections: a pictorial review.

Parasitic infections are distributed worldwide and affect hundreds of millions of individuals-primarily those living in endemic areas or in regions with a high rate of immigration from endemic areas-causing significant morbidity and mortality. A broad spectrum of parasitic infections (eg, amebiasis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, dirofilariasis, cystic echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis) frequently affect the lungs, mediastinum, and thoracic wall, manifesting with abnormal imaging findings that often make diagnosis challenging. Although most of these infections result in nonspecific abnormalities, familiarity with their imaging features as well as their epidemiologic, clinical, and physiopathologic characteristics may be helpful to the radiologist in formulating an adequate differential diagnosis.

Cestode Infections↗
PubMed1997

Diplogonoporiasis presumably introduced into Spain: first confirmed case of human infection acquired outside the Far East.

A 58-year-old man who was very fond of eating raw fish and had not left Zaragoza Province in Spain in the last 20 years excreted a short chain of gravid proglottids. Treatment with 50 mg/kg of paromomycin sulfate was divided into three doses, all given within the same day, followed by administration of a laxative at night. On days 1 and 2 post-treatment, several chains of degenerated proglottids were evacuated. Only eggs were expelled on days 3 and 4. A long complete strobila including the scolex, and immature, mature, and gravid segments was spontaneously discharged on day 25 after treatment. It was identified as Diplogonoporus balaenopterae, and was the first confirmed case of diplogonoporiasis outside the Far East (all previous cases were reported from Japan, except for one recent case reported from Korea). The origin of this case, outside of its normal geographic location, may be associated with the importation of fish into Spain. The viability of the infective larval stage is evidence of its resistance to export/import conditions. Treatment with paromomycin sulfate did not result in the whole worm being discharged but several short strobilar chains showed drug-induced degeneration.

Animals↗