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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Slow digestion property of native cereal starches.

The slow digestion property of native cereal starches, represented by normal maize starch, was investigated. The in vitro Englyst test showed that 53.0% of the maize starch is slowly digestible starch (SDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that SDS starts from an increase of pore size until almost complete fragmentation of starch granules. However, similar amounts of SDS ( approximately 50%) were shown for partially digested fragmented starch residuals, which would normally be considered resistant to digestion based on the Englyst assay. Molecularly, both amylopectin (AP) and amylose (AM) contributed to the amount of SDS as evidenced by a similar ratio of AP to AM at different digestion times. Consistently, similar degrees of crystallinity, comparable gelatinization behavior, and similar debranched profiles of starch residuals following different digestion times indicated that the crystalline and amorphous regions of starch granules were evenly digested through a mechanism of side-by-side digestion of concentric layers of semicrystalline shells of native starch granules.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2000

Identification of 4-O-5'-coupled diferulic acid from insoluble cereal fiber.

The extracts of saponified cereal fibers of whole grains of corn (Zea mays cv. microsperma KOERN.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spelt (Triticum spelta L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated for dehydrodimers of ferulic acid using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with mass spectrometric detection (GLC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GLC-FID). In addition to the 8,5'-, 8, 8'-, 5,5'-, and 8-O-4'-coupled diferulic acids previously identified from other plant materials the 4-O-5'-coupled diferulic acid (E)-3-[4-[(E)-2-carboxyvinyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy]-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyci nnamic acid (4-O-5'-DFA) was identified in all fibers investigated. This new diferulate was authenticated by comparison of its mass spectrum and its relative GLC retention time with those of the synthesized compound. Semiquantitative determination of 4-O-5'-DFA showed that it is present at 8-30 microg/g, approximately 70-100 times lower concentrations than the sum of 8,5'-coupled diferulic acids, the major diferulic acids in the investigated fibers.

Coumaric Acids↗
PubMed2000

Selenium-enriched sprouts. A raw material for fortified cereal-based diets.

The selenium supply in almost all European countries, including Austria and Germany, is below the recommended daily intake. In these countries, selenium fortification of foods and the use of selenium supplements are quite popular to compensate for low Se intake from diets. In general, wheat (Triticum aestivum) is known to be a good source for bioavailable selenium, and many studies have been performed to enrich selenium in wheat by selenium fertilization of the soil. In the present work, the process of sprouting was investigated as an alternative to enrich selenium in wheat. Sprouting was chosen because it additionally improves the nutritional value of seeds, for example, by a higher vitamin content, a better quality of protein, and some other parameters. Wheat, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds were germinated for 5 and 7 days in solutions containing selenate. The selenium sensitivity of the sprouts was tested by measuring visible germination levels and seedling development. Uptake rates were studied by determination of total selenium using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metabolism of the absorbed selenium was analyzed by determination of selenium species in extracts of the sprouts using anion exchange HPLC coupled to ICP-MS. It was shown that sunflower sprouts were the most resistant and had the highest uptake rates (up to 900 mg/kg), but almost 100% of the selenium was extracted with water and found to be nonmetabolized selenate. Wheat and alfalfa were less resistant and enriched selenium up to concentrations of 100 and 150 mg of Se/kg of dry mass, respectively. The metabolism of the selenate was inversely related to the total uptake rates. At low Se enrichment (approximately 1-2 mg of Se/kg), <20% of the total selenium content within the sprouts remained as inorganic selenium, indicating a high metabolism rate. With increasing uptake the amount of selenate increased to approximately 40-50%. However, with the method used it is possible to produce sprouts containing certain amounts of selenium, which might provide substantial proportions of bioavailable selenium. In combination with the generally high nutritional value of sprouts, they might serve for production of improved cereal-based diets.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of solvent extraction and microwave extraction for release of dimethyl sulfide from cereals and canola.

Natural levels of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in newly harvested wheat, barley, paddy, and canola were determined by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector in sulfur mode. The two methods involved determination of DMS in the headspace of cereal or oilseed samples (1) after extraction with microwaves and (2) after a traditional approach using 25% KBr solution. Quantitative results from each method were similar, and therefore both methods are suitable for the determination of DMS in grains and oilseeds. However, the microwave procedure has several advantages; for example, results are obtained very quickly, and only a small amount of sample is required.

Bromides↗
PubMed2004

Classification of cereal flours by chemometric analysis of MIR spectra.

Different kinds of cereal flours submitted to various technological treatments were classified on the basis of their mid-infrared spectra by pattern recognition techniques. Classification in the wavelet domain was achieved by using the wavelet packet transform for efficient pattern recognition (WPTER) algorithm, which allowed singling out the most discriminant spectral regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the selected features showed an effective clustering of the analyzed flours. Satisfactory classification models were obtained both on training and test samples. Furthermore, mixtures of varying composition of the studied flours were distributed in the PCA space according to their composition.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Bioavailability of calcium from milk-based formulas and fruit juices containing milk and cereals estimated by in vitro methods (solubility, dialyzability, and uptake and transport by caco-2 cells).

An adequate calcium intake during the first years of life is needed for normal growth and development and to prevent rickets. The bioavailability of calcium from infant foods (milk-based formulas and fruit juices containing milk and cereals, FMC), the dietary sources of calcium in these stages of life, has been estimated on the basis of simulated gastrointestinal digestion and calcium solubility and dialyzability values and on the efficiency of transport and uptake by Caco-2 cells. The ranking of samples according to calcium bioavailability depends on the use of solubility or dialyzability as criterion. On the basis of the former, the highest value corresponded to adapted formulas and the lowest to fruit juices. However, when using percentage dialysis, the highest value corresponded to fruit juices and the lowest to follow-up formulas. The highest percentages of transport efficiency and uptake by Caco-2 cells corresponded to calcium from the analyzed fruit juices, followed by toddler, follow-up, and adapted formulas.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of zearalenone in cereal and Swine feed samples using an automated flow-through immunosensor.

The development of a sensitive flow-though immunosensor for the analysis of the mycotoxin zearalenone in cereal samples is described. The sensor was completely automated and was based on a direct competitive immunosorbent assay and fluorescence detection. The mycotoxin competes with a horseradish-peroxidase-labeled derivative for the binding sites of a rabbit polyclonal antibody. Control pore glass covalently bound to Prot A was used for the oriented immobilization of the antibody-antigen immunocomplexes. The immunosensor shows an IC(50) value of 0.087 ng mL(-1) (RSD = 2.8%, n = 6) and a dynamic range from 0.019 to 0.422 ng mL(-1). The limit of detection (90% of blank signal) of 0.007 ng mL(-1) (RSD = 3.9%, n = 3) is lower than previously published methods. Corn, wheat, and swine feed samples have been analyzed with the device after extraction of the analyte using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The immunosensor has been validated using a corn certificate reference material and HPLC with fluorescence detection.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

FT-IR investigation of cell wall polysaccharides from cereal grains. Arabinoxylan infrared assignment.

The FT-IR fingerprint of wheat endosperm arabinoxylan (AX) was investigated using a set of polysaccharides exhibiting variation of their degree of substitution and xylo-oligosaccharides comprising xylose units mono- or disubstituted by arabinose residues. Substitution of the xylose backbone by arabinose side units was more particularly studied in the 1000-800 cm(-1) spectral region, by taking advantage of second-derivative enhancement. The 920-1020 cm(-1) spectral region revealed two absorption bands at 984 and 958 cm(-1), the intensities of which varied according to the degree of substitution. Whereas the intensity of the band at 958 cm(-1) increased with the degree of substitution, that at 984 cm(-1) decreased. The second-derivative spectral data of xylo-oligosaccharides indicated that these changes could be attributed to substitution of the xylan backbone by arabinose residues, and the band at 958 cm(-1) was ascribed to the presence of disubstituted xylose residues. Principal component analysis of FT-IR spectra of model mixtures of AX, beta-glucans, and arabinogalactans suggested that it is possible to evaluate the relative proportions of the polymers and degree of substitution of AX in complex mixtures such as the cell wall of cereal grains.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2005

Differentiation of important and closely related cereal plant species (Poaceae) in food by hybridization to an oligonucleotide array.

We report the development of an oligonucleotide microarray for the simultaneous detection of six important cereal food plant species from the Poaceae based on the chloroplast trnL intron sequence. We used universal primers to amplify the trnL intron from wheat, rye, barley, oat, rice, and maize, followed by a cyclic labeling of oligonucleotides probes and subsequent hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray. In single taxon analyses, positive signals were produced with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The assay also enabled the analysis of mixed samples. The results obtained for real food samples were in agreement with the ingredient labels, but positive results for grains not declared on the ingredients list were observed in three out of 10 samples, which indicates that the final products and/or the declared ingredients were probably botanically impure or contaminated. The combination of the sensitivity of a universal polymerase chain reaction with the specificity of the labeling reaction allows this protocol to be applied in routine analyses of food samples, as demonstrated by successful analysis of processed composite food products.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1999

Surveillance of fumonisins in maize-based feeds and cereals from spain.

A survey has been carried out to determine the levels of fumonisins in 171 samples of maize-based feeds and cereals available in Spain. Also, the samples were examined for mold count and fungal species. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the most frequent genera, and Fusarium and Aphanocladium had the highest individual percentage counts. Regarding Fusarium species, F. moniliforme (47. 4%) was the predominant species; F. proliferatum (5.3%) and F. subglutinans (7.0%) were isolated at low frequency. The high-performance liquid chromatography-o-phthaldialdehyde fluorescence method was used for the analysis of fumonisins. The highest levels of fumonisins were detected in maize. Overall, fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) were detected in 79.5 and 14.6%, of samples respectively, with average FB(1) levels of 3.3 microg/g and average FB(2) levels of 1.7 microg/g. Low levels of fumonisins in wheat, barley, and soybean were detected. This would appear to be the first report of concentrations of fumonisins in these commodities.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Proteolytic activities in dormant rye (Secale cereale L.) grain.

Endoproteolytic, exoproteolytic, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and N-alpha-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide hydrolyzing activities were detected in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) extracts of whole meal of the rye (Secale cereale L.) varieties Amando, Halo, and Humbolt. The proteolytic enzymes of Humbolt, the variety with the highest proteolytic activity, optimally hydrolyzed hemoglobin around pH 3.5 and 40-45 degrees C. In the different milling fractions of Humbolt, azocasein and hemoglobin hydrolytic activities were especially found in the bran and shorts. Proteolytic enzymes in the bran extract were concentrated in the 35-60% ammonium sulfate precipitate. Pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic proteases, reduced approximately 88 and approximately 75% of the hemoglobin and azocasein hydrolyzing activities of this precipitate, respectively. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, an inhibitor of serine proteases, inhibited approximately 33% of both cited activities. Both rye and wheat storage proteins were degraded by Humbolt rye whole meal enzyme extract and the above-mentioned ammonium sulfate rye bran fraction in vitro. With the latter fraction digestion was more pronounced.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed2000

Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals from Bulgarian villages with a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy.

Cereal samples were collected in 1998 from Bulgarian villages without [control village (C), n = 20] or with [endemic villages (E); E1, n = 21; E2, n = 30; E3, n = 23] a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Sampling included foods (wheat, corn) and feeds (barley, oats, wheat bran). Analysis of ochratoxin A and citrinin was done by enzyme immunoassays (EIA), with detection limits of 0.5 and 5 ng/g, respectively. Ochratoxin A-positive results were confirmed by HPLC after immunoaffinity chromatography. Highest toxin levels were found in wheat, wheat bran, and oats. For ochratoxin A, the percentages of positives were 35% (C), 29% (E1), 30% (E2), and 47% (E3), the mean/median values of positives were 1.5/1.3 ng/g (C), 11/1.6 ng/g (E1), 18/1.6 ng/g (E2), and 3.5/1.5 ng/g (E3). For citrinin, 5.0% (C), 14% (E1), 3.3% (E2), and 13% (E3) were positive, and the mean/median values were 6.1/6.1 ng/g (C), 180/83 ng/g (E1), 10/10 ng/g (E2), and 84/20 ng/g (E3). Highest concentrations of ochratoxin (maximum = 140 ng/g) and citrinin (maximum = 420 ng/g) were found in samples from endemic villages. Co-contamination with ochratoxin A and citrinin was found for one sample (14% of positives) from village C and for six samples (22% of positives) from villages E1-E3. Citrinin levels in these samples were 2-200 times higher than those of ochratoxin A.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycotoxin production and cytotoxicity of Fusarium strains isolated from Norwegian cereals.

Thirty-four isolates of the eight most common Fusarium species isolated from Norwegian cereals; F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. torulosum and F. tricinctum were studied for their cytotoxicity and ability to produce mycotoxins. The strains were cultivated on rice, and analysed for trichothecenes (all species), zearalenone (all species), fusarochromanone (F. equiseti), wortmannin (F. torulosum), moniliformin and enniatins (F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. torulosum). The cytotoxicity of the extracts were examined with an (in vitro) MTT-cell culture assay. All F. graminearum and five of seven F. culmorum isolates belonged to chemotype IA, producing deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, while the two other F. culmorum strains were nivalenol producers (chemotype II). The F. equiseti isolates and one of the F. poae isolates produced both type A and B trichothecenes, and relatively large quantities of fusarochromanone were detected in the F. equiseti cultures. All Fusarium species studied showed significant cytotoxicity, but with a large variation between species, and also within each species. F. sporotrichioides and F. equiseti showed the highest average cytotoxicity.

Androstadienes↗
PubMed1997

Effect of extrusion processing on the soluble and insoluble fiber, and phytic acid contents of cereal brans.

The health benefits associated with dietary fiber have resulted in it now being used in virtually all food product categories, including many products which are manufactured using extrusion processing. The objective of the present study was to determine if extrusion processing affected phytic acid, and soluble and insoluble fiber contents. The effect of screw speeds of 50, 70, and 100% of maximum rotations per minute (% MRPM) on these components was investigated. A BI-EX Model DNDG-62/20D co-rotating intermeshing self-cleaning twin-screw extruder, manufactured by Bühlerag, CH-9240, Uzwil, Switzerland, was used to process wheat, oat and rice brans. It was found that extrusion did not affect the insoluble fiber content of wheat bran; however, a decrease in this component was observed in rice and oat brans. The effect on rice bran insoluble fiber was greatest at screw speeds of 50 and 70% MRPM. This occurred in oat bran at 50% MRPM. Soluble fiber content increased in all brans after extrusion, except ER100. For oat and rice bran soluble fibers, the greatest increase occurred at 50 and 70% MRPM, while for wheat bran this occurred at 70 and 100% MRPM. Extrusion did not affect the phytate content of the cereal brans.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

The occurrence of mites in cereal-based foods destined for human consumption and possible consequences of infestation.

Seven categories of cereal-based food products purchased at food retail outlets in UK were examined for the presence of mites by analysing 20 g samples using a flotation method. Mites were found in 21% of 571 samples, which were examined soon after purchase, and in 38% of 421 samples, derived from the 571 samples which were examined after 6 weeks of storage in volunteers' homes. Most of the samples where mites were detected had fewer than five mites. However, a few samples contained more than 20 mites with a maximum of 428 mites detected in a single sample. Sixteen families, genera or species of mites were recovered. The most common species were Acarus siro. Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Glycyphagus domesticus. The level of contamination was broadly similar for each of the seven categories of products examined. It is likely that infestation occurs at every stage of food processing and storage. This is the first study of its kind and there is no reason to believe that results from similar studies carried out in other temperate countries would be markedly different. Increase in the percentage of contaminated samples following storage in a domestic situation suggests that the domestic environment is an important factor in developing infestation. The implications of mite contamination on food quality and on human health are briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A high-density cytogenetic map of the Aegilops tauschii genome incorporating retrotransposons and defense-related genes: insights into cereal chromosome structure and function.

Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (2n = 2x = 14, DD) (syn. A. squarrosa L.; Triticum tauschii) is well known as the D-genome donor of bread wheat (T. aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Because of conserved synteny, a high-density map of the A. tauschii genome will be useful for breeding and genetics within the tribe Triticeae which besides bread wheat also includes barley and rye. We have placed 249 new loci onto a high-density integrated cytological and genetic map of A. tauschii for a total of 732 loci making it one of the most extensive maps produced to date for the Triticeae species. Of the mapped loci, 160 are defense-related genes. The retrotransposon marker system recently developed for cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was successfully applied to A. tauschii with the placement of 80 retrotransposon loci onto the map. A total of 50 microsatellite and ISSR loci were also added. Most of the retrotransposon loci, resistance (R), and defense-response (DR) genes are organized into clusters: retrotransposon clusters in the pericentromeric regions, R and DR gene clusters in distal/telomeric regions. Markers are non-randomly distributed with low density in the pericentromeric regions and marker clusters in the distal regions. A significant correlation between the physical density of markers (number of markers mapped to the chromosome segment/physical length of the same segment in microm) and recombination rate (genetic length of a chromosome segment/physical length of the same segment in microm) was demonstrated. Discrete regions of negative or positive interference (an excess or deficiency of crossovers in adjacent intervals relative to the expected rates on the assumption of no interference) was observed in most of the chromosomes. Surprisingly, pericentromeric regions showed negative interference. Islands with negative, positive and/or no interference were present in interstitial and distal regions. Most of the positive interference was restricted to the long arms. The model of chromosome structure and function in cereals with large genomes that emerges from these studies is discussed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of some cereals, plants and tubers through protein composition.

Wild and cultivated maize, sorghum, rice, amaranth, soybean, and cassava were screened for variability in seed storage proteins. Total seed proteins, albumin (Alb-1 and Alb-2), globulin, alcohol-soluble (A1 and A2), and glutelin (G1 and G2) fractions were investigated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The comparison was done by the obtained protein patterns and their relative amounts. Using quantitative analysis of the protein composition and the electrophoretic patterns, the relationships between total proteins and amount of individual proteins were determined. Electrophoretic patterns of extracted proteins from investigated samples showed that the main protein subunits were concentrated between 10 and 45 kDa. Variation was found in major fractions and minor bands. Electrophoretic patterns of the protein fractions are directly related to the genetic background of the protein and can be identified and used to certify the genetic makeup of wild, cultivated, or newly derived cereals and plants.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2003

Effects of molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora volatiles on the foraging behavior of the cereal stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae.

Olfactory responses of the cereal stemborer parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae to volatiles emitted by gramineous host and nonhost plants of the stemborers were studied in a Y-tube olfactometer. The host plants were maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), while the nonhost plant was molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora). In single-choice tests, females of C. sesamiae chose volatiles from infested and uninfested host plants and molasses grass over volatiles from the control (soil). In dual-choice tests, the wasp preferred volatiles from infested host plants to those from uninfested host plants. There was no discrimination between molasses grass volatiles and those of uninfested maize, uninfested sorghum, or infested maize. The wasp preferred sorghum volatiles over maize. Combining uninfested maize or sorghum with molasses grass did not make volatiles from the combination more attractive as compared to only uninfested host plants. Infested maize alone was as attractive as when combined with molasses grass. Infested sorghum was preferred over its combination with molasses grass. Local growth conditions of the molasses grasses influenced attractiveness to the parasitoids. Volatiles from Thika molasses grass were attractive, while those from Mbita molasses grass were not. Growing the Thika molasses grass in Mbita rendered it unattractive and vice versa with the Mbita molasses grass. This is a case of the same genotype expressing different phenotypes due to environmental factors.

Animals↗