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PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation between pain thresholds and polysynaptic components of blink reflex in essential arterial hypertension.

An interaction between pain modulation and arterial pressure control has been proposed on the basis of experimental data in man and animal. Eight hypertensive patients and eight normotensive volunteers were investigated by electrical stimulation of the first trigeminal branch and dental pulp, to evaluate nociceptive sensation and reflex responses. A significant threshold increase of pain sensation and R2, R3 polysynaptic components of the blink reflex, has been found in hypertensive patients.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pain threshold and polysynaptic components of the blink reflex in Parkinson's disease.

This study was conducted on 15 outpatients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, 10 on chronic levodopa therapy and 5 drug free, all complaining of painful syndromes. We investigated the perceptive and pain thresholds and the threshold of polysynaptic components of the blink reflex in patients and 8 controls. Our data indicate that as regards the perceptive, pain and R2, R3 thresholds, patients with and without levodopa therapy do not differ significantly from controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

[Blink reflexes in hemifacial spasm with special reference to the synkinetic responses].

Blink reflexes were studied in 20 patients with hemifacial spasm. The latencies of R1 on the affected side was not different from that on the unaffected side in 10 patients who had no previous facial nerve block, but increased in 10 patients with experience of facial nerve block. Synkinetic responses (SR 1, SR 2 and SR 2 c) were observed by the simultaneous recording from the orbicularis oris muscle on the affected side. SR 1 were obtained in all patients (100%), but SR 2 in 18 patients (90%) and SR 2 c in 19 patients (95%). The mean latency of SR 1 was slightly longer than the mean latency of R 1. When the site of stimulation was moved along the eyebrow from the supraorbital nerve approaching to the stylomastoid foramen, the latencies of R 1 and SR 1 became shorter, but R 2 and SR 2 were suppressed with increased latency. Following local anesthesia (xylocaine) to the temporal branch of the facial nerve, SR 1 was abolished with preserved R 1, R 2 and SR 2. On the other hand, R 2 and SR 2 were abolished with preserved R 1 and SR 1 following xylocaine block to the supraorbital nerve. The result suggested that the afferent pathway of SR 1 is the facial nerve (antidromic conduction) and that of SR 2 is the trigeminal nerve. Ephaptic transmission of those antidromic and orthodromic impulses forming a reverberating circuit should be one of the etiological factors in hemifacial spasm.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Experimental study of brain stem infarction in dogs--effect on BAEP, SSEP, blink reflex and EEG of perforator occlusion].

Assessment of the lesion in the brain stem by evoked potentials has not been well established. We have already developed a model of brain stem ischemia by occluding the perforators of the posterior cerebral arteries of the dog. The ischemic lesions locates mainly in the ventral side of the midbrain. Using this model, we assessed brain stem function by brain stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP), surface- and depth-recorded (in medial lemniscus) short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), blink reflex (BR) and electroencephalography (EEG), and investigated the correlation between the electrophysiological abnormalities and the lesion in the brain stem. The studies were performed for 6 hours after perforator occlusion. Furthermore, depth-recorded SSEP and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured under induced hypotension by withdrawal of arterial blood. BAEP did not change in 13 of 16 animals. Surface-recorded SSEP remained unchanged in all 6 animals. The results are probably due to the fact that the lesion does not involve the auditory and somatosensory pathways and the accompanying events such as edema does not affect the both pathways. Depth-recorded SSEP remained unchanged after occlusion and did not disappear even when rCBF fell below 10 ml/100 g/min. It may be suggested that the threshold for electrical failure in the brain stem is much lower than that in the cortex. In BR, R1 did not change but ipsilateral R2 became nearly invisible immediately after perforator occlusion in all animals. The fact that the ischemic lesion did not involve the pons and disturbed reticular formation in the midbrain may probably account for the remaining of R1 and the disappearance of ipsilateral R2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Blink reflex as a parameter of human operator's functional state.

Eyelid movements (EM)--blinking frequency and duration of closed eyes--may serve as a parameter of fatigue in humans performing as operators. Twenty subjects were told to locate and follow visual signals appearing on a screen at the frequency of 4-5 X h-1 and moving in a background of bright noises. EM was recorded in infra-red rays with tiny sensors attached to glasses' rim. EEG and ECG were recorded simultaneously. It was found that a change in EM is a sensitive parameter of fatigue and better corresponds to decreased quality of performance (time of locating signal and error in following), than changes in R-R interval. In the second experimental series, symptoms of fatigue discovered by EM were accompanied by sound signals, which improved operator's performance by 15-20%. Recording of EM may be used to monitor operator's state in humans and to forecast reliability of performance.

Achievement↗

PubMed1985

[An assessment of outcome prediction in patients with severe brain damage with auditory brainstem response and blink reflex].

Results of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and electrically elicited blink reflex (BR) recorded from 43 patients with severe brain damage within three days after the onset of illness were analyzed to assess the prognostic value of ABR and BR with respect to patient outcome evaluated by the criteria proposed by Jennett and Bond. It was possible to recognize, in recordings obtained from patients with severe brain damage, three basic patterns of BR as well as five patterns of ABR within three days after the onset. Three basic patterns of BR were composed of Type I, which closely approximated the BR of normal subjects except for moderately prolonged latency of R2, Type II, which indicated absence of bilateral R2 activities, and Type III, which showed absence of R1 as well as bilateral R2. ABRs were graded, in increasing order of abnormality, from Type I to Type V. Type I was almost normal pattern from wave I to wave V. Type II indicated prolonged latency or markedly reduced amplitude of waves IV and V. Type III showed absence of waves IV and V. Type IV had only wave I. Type V indicated absence of all waves. BR abnormalities significantly proved useful in predicting vital prognosis of the comatose patients with supratentorial lesion. In patients who had Type II of BR, additional studies of ABR enhanced the reliability of prediction of functional prognosis. On the other hand, ABR was recognized as stronger basis for predicting outcome in patients with infratentorial lesion. All patients with Type IV or Type V of ABR were expired within one month after the onset.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[Absence of the first component of the blink reflex with preservation of late components in a case of intrapontine tumor (author's transl)].

In a patient with an infiltrating intrapontine tumor the first component of the blink reflex on the lesion side was abolished, while all other components during ipsi- and contralateral stimulation were intact (fig. 1). Such a response pattern suggests a lesion, which selectively interupts the intrapontine afferent are of the mono- or disynaptic pathway underlying the early response (fig. 2).

Blinking↗

PubMed1981

[Comparison of the blink-reflex obtained using needle electrodes and surface electrodes (author's transl)].

The electrically released Blink-Reflex was registered on four channels simultaneously using needle- and surface-electrodes. 17 healthy volunteers were examined. The latencies of the R1-, R2- and R2'-components are comparable using both recording technics. The amplitudes of the reflex components however show great variation using as well needle- and surface electrodes. The amplitudes didn't turn out to be more stable using surface electrodes. For the clinical use this result implies that both recording technics produce comparable latencies and therefore can be used alternatively according to the special necessities of examination.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Electromyographic studies of the blink reflex in patients with multiple sclerosis].

The latencies of two components of the blink reflex in 90 patients with multiple sclerosis have been compared with these of 30 healthy subjects. Early response R1 was absent in 33,33% of the patients and was with prolonged latency in 41,11%. The late ipsilateral response was absent in 20,00% of the patients and in 32,22% was with prolonged latency. The late contralateral response was absent in 25,55% of the patients and was with prolonged latency in 40,00%. The latencies of all components of the reflex may be prolonged in patients with no clinical brain-stem signs as well.

Blinking↗

PubMed1982

[Diagnostic contribution of 2 electrophysiological methods in a case of central pontine myelinolysis. Early auditory evoked potentials and blink reflex].

A case of central point myelinolysis is described in a heavy beer drinker who was found to have severe water and electrolyte disturbances on admission. The patient subsequently developed quadriparesis with pseudobulbar symptoms. The authors stress the diagnostic value of brain stem auditory-evoked responses and of blink-reflex, which were restored to normal as the patient recovered.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Visually evoked cortical potentials accompanying blinks.

Visual activity is initiated whenever there is a change in the light falling on the retinal receptors. In the present experiment, visually evoked cortical potentials, elicited by the light transients that accompany blinking, were recorded with an electrode array that minimized artifact pickup. Although these evoked potentials were roughly similar to those obtained by more conventional recording procedures, specific waveform features were observed.

Blinking↗

PubMed1981

[Electrophysiological study of blink reflex in man: segmental, intersegmental, auditory and visual interactions (author's transl)].

The effects of conditioning facial (trigeminal and facial nerves, second cervical roots), peripheral (radial and sural nerves), auditory and visual stimuli on the blink reflex components have been studied in normal subjects. In all the RI response was facilitated and the R2 one was inhibited. By electrophysiological techniques it has been shown that this inhibition is due to a synaptic phenomenon and that the conditioning afferents converge on the same neuronal pool. An unspecific mechanism is proposed to account for these data.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The creation of a defensive dominant during the functioning of a blinking dominant in the rabbit].

Possibility of formation of motor defensive dominant (by serial electrical stimulation) at the background of active blinking dominant was studied in chronic behavioral experiments in rabbits. Formation of motor defensive dominant under such conditions was a problem. When the active dominant focus was inhibited and symmetrical representation of the other eye was activated formation of motor defensive dominant was also problematic. Stable coexistence of the two dominants was not observed under conditions when one of them was formed at the background of the other.

Air↗

PubMed1995

Crossed R1 response of the blink reflex in peripheral facial palsy.

A patient with regenerated Bell's palsy showed a crossed R1 component of the blink reflex recorded from the healthy side while stimulating the affected side. Our observation supports the hypothesis that a short-circuit trigemino-facial pathway crossing the midline exists in normal subjects which is not activated under normal conditions, but may be engaged following peripheral facial nerve disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Prognostic value of blink reflex in patients with Bell's palsy].

Blink reflex(BR) and electroneurography (ENoG) were carried out in 31 healthy people to obtain normal value. The manifestations of nerve excitability test(NET), ENoG and BR of 60 patients with Bell's palsy within 3 weeks of onset were studied. The results indicated that when the appearance of BR was regarded as good prognosis, facial paralysis recovered completely, the rate of accuracy of predicting facial paralysis was 100%, when the disappearance of BR was regarded as bad prognosis, it isn't a useful test for evaluating prognosis of facial paralysis within the first week of onset (for very few cases tested with NET and ENoG), and less useful than ENoG and NET within the second week and similar to ENoG and NET within the third week of onset.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Electrophysiological study of the blink reflex in Wistar rats].

The electrophysiological characteristics of the blink reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of supraorbital nerve (V1) have been studied in the awake and anaesthetized rat. This reflex has two components (R1 and R2). The first one, R1, is of short latency, strictly ipsilateral to the stimulus and exhibits all features of an oligosynaptic reflex response. The second component, R2, of longer latency, is observed bilaterally in awaked but ipsilaterally in lightly anaesthetized and totally depressed in deeply anaesthetized animals. This component possesses all characteristics of a largely multi-synaptic reflex response.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1994

[Abnormal evoked EMG and blink reflex responses in patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS)].

Abnormal evoked EMG and blink reflex responses have been observed on the affected side in patients with HFS. These characteristic responses were used as methods of preoperative differential diagnosis, and the disappearance of these abnormal responses during intraoperative monitoring was assessed as confirmation of nerve decompression. The subjects were 30 patients with a diagnosis of HFS. Three responses were evaluated: 1) the orbicularis oris muscle (OR) response to stimulation of the orbicularis oculi muscle branch (OB), OB-->OR; 2) the orbicularis oculi muscle (OC) response to stimulation of the marginal mandibular branch (MB), MB-->OC; and 3) the (OR) response to stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (SO), SO-->OR. The facial nerve in the root exit zone was compressed by a vessel in all 21 patients diagnosed as typical HFS who had abnormal responses, and OB-->OR was always detected. The MB-->OC and SO-->OR detection rates were low (50% and 25%, respectively) when the interval since the onset of HFS was less than 3 years, but increased to 78% and 67%, respectively, when it was 3 to 5 years, and all three abnormal responses were always detected when the interval was more than 5 years. In 17 of the patients these responses began to change and eventually disappeared before decompression of the facial nerve, and in 2 patients they persisted even after decompression. Abnormal responses disappeared at the time of decompression in only 2 patients, and their HFS was completely cured postoperatively. These findings confirmed that disappearance of abnormal responses is not a very useful guide for facial nerve decompression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Demonstration and electrophysiological analysis of the blinking reflex in the rat. Value of the animal model].

The authors have developed an animal model for the electrophysiological investigation of the blink reflex. The justification for such investigations and the experimental protocol were presented. The authors studied the blick reflex with electromyographic recordings obtained after the stimulation of the supra orbital nerve (V1) in the awake rat and in the anaesthesized rat. Two components of the reflex, R1 and R2 were observed. The early component, R1 was ipsilateral to the stimulus. It was observed whatever the degree of anaesthesia. The R2 component came later and was only observed in awake or weakly anaesthesized rats. It appeared to be isolated and unprecedented by an R1 component when the contralateral supra orbital nerve was stimulated. The R1 responses were facilitated by prior ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation of V1.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗