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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Trunk muscle strength in and effect of trunk muscle exercises for patients with chronic low back pain. The differences in patients with and without organic lumbar lesions.

STUDY DESIGN: Trunk muscle strength and the effect of trunk muscle exercises on chronic low back pain were investigated in patients with chronic low back pain. OBJECTIVE: Patients with chronic low back pain include those with organic lumbar lesions and those without such lesions. This study analyzed the differences in trunk muscle strength and effect of trunk muscle exercises between these two groups of patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies have reported lower trunk muscle strength in patients with chronic low back pain and higher efficacy of trunk muscle exercises for treating chronic low back pain. However, no analysis have yet been done of differences in these parameters between patients with chronic low back pain with and without organic lumbar lesions. METHODS: One-hundred-twenty-three patients with chronic low back pain and 126 healthy individuals without low back pain (control group) underwent trunk muscle strength evaluation. The patients were further divided into two groups-- those in group 1 had detectable organic lumbar lesions and those in group 2 had no detectable organic lesions. Seventy-two of these patients performed trunk muscle exercises and the correlation between improvement in low back pain and increase in trunk muscle strength was analyzed. RESULTS: Trunk flexor and extensor strengths were significantly lower in both groups. However, the flexor/extensor ratio of maximum torque was significantly higher in group 1 than in the control group, but was not significantly different between group 2 and the control group. Trunk muscle exercises reduced low back pain in both groups, but were more effective in group 2 than in group 1. The degree of correlation between increase in trunk muscle strength and improvement of low back pain also was higher in group 2 than in group 1. CONCLUSION: This difference in flexor/extensor ratio may have been due to reduced extensor strength resulting from neurogenic muscle weakness induced by the organic lumbar lesions in group 1. The exercise-associated increase in trunk muscle strength did not completely eliminate the low back pain induced by the organic lumbar lesions in group 1. However, increasing trunk muscle strength was extremely effective in patients of Group 2, in which decreased trunk muscle strength was a major factor in chronic low back pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of external bending moments on lumbar muscle force distribution.

A detailed biomechanical model of the low-back musculature that predicts muscle-force distribution in response to external loading is presented. The paper shows that the class of loading tasks that involve an erect posture and an arbitrary load placed on the upper limbs can be described as a loading plane whose axes are the flexion and lateral bending moments. Under these conditions, the individual muscle forces are described as a three-dimensional surface defined by the loading plane and termed the muscle activity surface (MAS). The MAS and the loading plane intersect along the switching curve which separates the load combinations that activate the muscle from those that do not. The paper suggests the existence of a recruitment order of low back muscles in response to external loads and presents a comprehensive framework for examining earlier studies that used EMG measurements to validate physiological and mechanical predictions.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1972

Electrical properties and excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle treated with ethylene glycol.

The contractility of the frog sartorius muscle was suppressed after treatment with a Ringer solution added with ethylene glycol (EGR). No contraction was elicited by nerve stimulation when the muscle was brought back to normal Ringer solution after having been soaked in 876 mM EGR for 4 hr or in 1095 mM EGR for 2 hr. However, the action potential of normal amplitude was generated and followed by a depolarizing afterpotential. The resting membrane potential was slightly decreased from the mean normal value of -91.1 mv to -78.8 mv when 1095 mM EGR was used, and to -82.3 mv when 876 mM EGR was used, but remained almost constant for as long as 2 hr. The afterpotential that follows a train of impulses and a slow change in membrane potential produced by a step hyperpolarizing current (so-called "creep") were suppressed after treatment with ethylene glycol. The specific membrane capacity decreased to about 50% of the control values while the specific membrane resistance increased to about twice the control values Therefore, the membrane time constant remained essentially unchanged. The water content of the muscle decreased by about 30% during a 2 hr immersion in 1095 mM EGR, and increased by about 30% beyond the original control level after bringing the muscle back to normal Ringer. The intracellular potassium content did not change significantly during these procedures. Some differences between the present results and those obtained with glycerol are discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Use of the reverse latissimus muscle flap for closure of complex back wounds in patients with spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Our study was designed as a retrospective review of spinal cord patients with complex back wounds in whom the reverse latissimus muscle flap was used for closure. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes in these patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Earlier publications give only anecdotal reports on the treatment of complex back wounds in patients with spinal cord syndrome. The data so far available do not allow any comparison of the various methods used. METHODS: Fourteen patients with congenital or acquired spinal cord syndrome and with an average age of 31.2 years (range 12-76 years) had complex back wounds in the thoracic and lumbar regions, which were closed in each case with a reverse latissimus dorsi muscle flap. The patients had deep wound infection and wound dehiscence following spondylodesis (n = 6), dead space and wound dehiscence following laminectomy (n = 6), or decubitus ulcers over the spine (n = 2). The spinal cord syndrome was chronic in nine patients and acute in five. The pre- and postoperative treatment and the actual operation were all done in a spinal cord injury center. In nine patients, the back wound was closed in a primary procedure, and in five, a split-thickness skin graft was used to close it. In 11 patients, primary wound healing was achieved with no complications after closure, whereas in 3 patients, complications with the back wound or the donor site led to disturbances of wound healing lasting up to 25 weeks. Five operations had to be performed specifically because of these complications. RESULTS: At follow-up 27.4 months (mean; range 8-114 months) after the operation, all back wounds were closed, free of irritation, and completely healed. The patients did not report any handicaps in everyday life, loss of strength in the upper extremities, or functional restrictions. One patient had a deep vein thrombosis in one leg. No further complications linked with the spinal cord syndrome were ascertained. The instrumentation used during the spondylodesis operation was left in place in four cases. The spondylodesis became solidly fused in each of these cases. CONCLUSION: Use of the reverse latissimus muscle flap is a reliable method of closing complex back wounds in patients with spinal cord syndrome. Should there be complications in the area of the flap, secondary wound healing can be achieved by wound debridement and closure of the wound by means of split-thickness skin grafting. There is no loss of function in the upper extremities. The complications typically seen in spinal cord patients can be avoided when the treatment is carried out in the conditions that obtain in a specialized spinal cord injury center.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Paraspinal mapping. Quantified needle electromyography of the paraspinal muscles in persons without low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: This was a case series with intervention performed by masked investigators. OBJECTIVES: To determine values for normal subjects on quantified needle electromyography of the paraspinal muscles compared with a previous sample of patients with clear evidence of radiculopathy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Diagnosis of radicular back pain is difficult, even with modern imaging studies, partly due to the large percentage of imaging abnormalities in asymptomatic persons. Electromyography has been shown to be as sensitive as imaging studies in diagnosing radicular pain. An electromyographic study of the low back has never been done in normal subjects. We have previously anatomically validated and clinically demonstrated a method of quantitative needle electromyography in the paraspinal muscles called paraspinal mapping. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects free of back pain or polyneuropathy were intermixed with volunteers referred for electromyography of radicular back pain. One electrodiagnostician punctured the skin at five predetermined locations and obtained paraspinal mapping scores in one of these. An electromyographer who was masked to the study's nature then performed a complete paraspinal mapping study. A total "sensitivity" score was compared to scores of previously tested patients who had pain complaints and clear evidence for radiculopathy on either radiologic or traditional electromyographic studies. RESULTS: Mean score in normal subjects was 1.11 (SD 1.49). Mean score for abnormal subjects averaged 12.18 (SD 12.03). Differences between examiners were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Normal persons have few, if any electromyographic abnormalities in the paraspinal muscles. This is in contrast to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or myelographic results in normal subjects. Persons with radiculopathy have significantly different scores. Needle electromyographic examination of the paraspinal muscles is useful in distinguishing false-positive radiologic studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional evaluation of the spine in patients with breast hypertrophy.

The purpose of the study in this article was to evaluate the physical impairment of patients with breast hypertrophy and to justify the medical necessity of reduction mammaplasty. In 50 women, 20 to 40 years old, with a body mass index below 25, breast size was measured by volumetry and correlated to a functional spine score. This score was determined by the presence of scoliosis, deviated head position, shoulder protraction, shortening of the pectoralis muscle, mobility of the cervical spine, and strength of the abdominal and back extensor muscles. Impairment of the spine in correlation to the breast size was statistically significant (r = 0.71, p < .0001).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of physioball and conventional floor exercises on early phase adaptations in back and abdominal core stability and balance in women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 5 weeks of physioball core stability and balance exercises with conventional floor exercises in women. The experimental group (n = 15) performed curl-ups and back extensions on the physioball while the control group (n = 15) performed the same exercises on the floor. Baseline and post-training tests included electromyography (EMG) recordings of the rectus abdominus and erector spinae muscles; abdominal, back, and knee strength measurements with the Cybex Norm System; and 2 unilateral stance balance tests. The physioball group was found to have significantly greater mean change in EMG flexion and extension activity (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively) and greater balance scores (p < 0.01) than the floor exercise group. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed for heart rate or Cybex strength measurements. Early adaptations in a short-term core exercise program using the physioball resulted in greater gains in torso balance and EMG neuronal activity in previously untrained women when compared to performing exercises on the floor.

Abdominal Muscles↗