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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A 'rubber-hand' illusion reveals a relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change.

The 'rubber-hand' illusion, in which individuals misattribute tactile sensations felt by their hand to a rubber prosthetic hand that they see being stimulated, was employed to examine the relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change in 128 volunteers. Variance in unhealthy body development in males (22%) and in bulimic symptomatology in both females and males (10%), was explained by susceptibility to the illusion. The illusion, which is relatively free from cognitive and emotional 'contamination', could be used to identify individuals most responsive to therapies designed to correct inaccurate body perceptions-individuals whose perceptual body image is malleable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of mother's smoking on their infants' body composition as determined by total body potassium.

It has been suggested that the lower birth weight of newborn infants of mothers who smoke is due mainly to a deficit of lean body mass (LBM). We tested this hypothesis by measuring total body potassium, thus deriving the LBM and fat mass, of newborn infants of mothers who smoked (I-SM; n = 32) or did not smoke (I-NSM; n = 46). Mothers who smoked were significantly younger than nonsmoking ones (25.4 and 28.9 yr, respectively) and with less years of education, but were similar in other parameters examined. The 78 infants, all singleton, were studied within 1 to 3 days of birth. The I-SM had significantly reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference but there was no difference in skinfold thickness. We measured total body potassium with a whole-body counter specially made for use with infants. Mean absolute total body potassium was significantly greater in the I-NSM, but the concentration in relation to weight was not different. Assuming 1 kg LBM to contain 52.1 mmol potassium, the mean LBM was 3028 g in the I-NSM and 2739 in the I-SM; mean fat mass was similar in both groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed an independent negative effect of mother's smoking on birth weight and LBM. This unequal reduction in LBM indicates a complex effect of smoking, probably mediated by alterations in protein synthesis and adipocyte metabolism. It may relate to the higher morbidity rates in infants of mothers who smoke.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Alterations in growth and body composition during puberty: III. Influence of maturation, gender, body composition, fat distribution, aerobic fitness, and energy expenditure on nocturnal growth hormone release.

We examined the relationships among gender, sexual maturation, four-compartment model estimates of body composition, body fat distribution (magnetic resonance imaging for abdominal visceral fat and anthropometrics), aerobic fitness, basal and total energy expenditure, and overnight GH release in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay in healthy prepubertal and pubertal boys (n = 18 and 11, respectively) and girls (n = 12 and 18, respectively). Blood samples were withdrawn every 10 min from 1800-0600 h to determine the area under the serum GH-time curve (AUC), sum of the GH peak heights (sigma GH peak heights), and the mean nadir GH concentration. GH release was greater in the pubertal than prepubertal subjects due to an increase in sigma GH peak heights (43.8 +/- 3.6 vs. 24.1 +/- 3.5 ng.mL-1, P = 0.0002) and mean nadir (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.2 ng.mL-1, P = 0.0002), but not peak number (4.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.2). The girls had a greater sigma GH peak heights (39.0 +/- 3.5 vs. 28.8 +/- 3.6 ng.mL-1, P = 0.05) and mean nadir concentration (1.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng.mL-1, P = 0.05) than the boys. Significant inverse relationships existed between sigma GH peak heights (r = -0.35, P = 0.06) or mean nadir (r = -0.39, P = 0.04) and four-compartment percent body fat for all boys but not for all girls or when combining all subjects. For all girls, significant inverse relationships existed between sigma GH peak heights (r = -0.39, P = 0.03) or mean nadir (r = -0.37, P = 0.04) and waist/hip ratio. Similar inverse relationships in all boys or all subjects were not significant. Forward stepwise regression analysis determined that bone age (i.e. maturation, primary factor) and gender were the significant predictors of AUC, sigma GH peak heights, and mean nadir. The influence of maturation reflects rising sex steroid concentrations, and the gender differences appear to be because of differences in estradiol concentrations rather than to body composition or body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and body as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals.

This is the second paper in a series examining the link between energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper, the changes in the kinetic energy of the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass of an animal (EKE, tot) are measured as functions of speed and body size. High-speed films (light or X-ray) of four species of quadrupeds and four species of bipeds running on a treadmill were analysed to determine EKE, tot. A mass-specific power term, EKE, tot/Mb was calculated by adding all of the increments in EKE during an integral number of strides and dividing by the time interval for the strides and body mass. The equations relating EKE, tot/Mb and speed were similar for all bipeds and quadrupeds regardless of size. One general equation for the rate at which muscle and tendons must supply energy to accelerate the limbs and body relative to the centre of mass seems to apply for all of the animals: E'KE, tot/Mb = 0.478 vg1.53 where E'KE, tot/Mb has the units W kg-1 and vg is ground speed in m s-1. Therefore, E'KE, tot/Mb does not change in parallel with the mass-specific rate at which animals consume energy (Emetab/Mb), either as a function of speed or as a function of body size.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Body image and mental structure--the ascertainment of body experience in psychodynamic diagnostics].

The present paper introduces a new method for diagnosing the body image and reference to the integrational level of personality structure. First the body image is defined using five criteria: consciousness, flexibility, intersubjectivity, representational links to thought contents, and level of structural integration of the personality. Using axis four of the Operationalised Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD) as a starting point, dimensions are defined and described that allow assessment of the body image according to structural dimensions of the personality. The structural diagnostics of the body image can serve as a basis for a new rating instrument of body image integration.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dual X-ray absorptiometry assessment of body composition in children with altered body posture.

Many children have contractures and/or deformities that preclude positioning in a fully supine position. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of "poor" positioning on the assessment of body composition with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in thirty-seven normal child volunteers ages 3-16 yr. Multiple whole-body DXA scans of each child were performed: duplicate scans in the correct fully supine position, two scans while simulating different positions typical of children with contractures, and a scan while positioned in the full lateral position as a "worst-case" scenario. Also evaluated were the precision of duplicate measures in the altered positions, the effect of knee flexion contractures, and the impact of metallic orthopedic fixation devices. Errors in body composition assessment did occur from "poor" positioning. In those positions simulating children with contractures, the mean errors were 4-6% for measures of bone mineral content, 1-3% for lean body mass, and 5-11% for fat mass. Measures in the correct fully supine position and the contracted positions were highly correlated. The errors obtained by altering position were small. If errors of this magnitude are of significance, then corrective equations could be utilized to improve accuracy. Precise and reasonably accurate measures of body composition can be obtained with DXA in children with disabilities and deformities that preclude fully supine positioning.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Testosterone substitution of hypogonadal men prevents the age-dependent increases in body mass index, body fat and leptin seen in healthy ageing men: results of a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: In healthy men, body weight and total fat content increase with advancing age, while serum testosterone levels decrease. In order to elucidate whether a causal relationship between these phenomena exists, we investigated the influence of testosterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin substitution on body mass index (BMI), total fat mass and serum leptin in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal patients in comparison with ageing eugonadal men. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the inter-relationships of body weight, total fat mass, serum sex hormones and leptin were analysed in untreated hypogonadal men (n=24; age 19-65 years), treated hypogonadal men (n=61; age 20-67 years) and healthy eugonadal men (n=60; age 24-78 years). Total fat mass was assessed by bioimpedance measurement. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used to detect possible differences. RESULTS: In eugonadal men, serum testosterone levels decreased with advancing age (correlation coefficients: r=-0.71; P<0.0001), while BMI (r=0.39; P=0.002), total fat content (r=0.51; P<0.0001) and leptin (r=0.48; P<0.0001) increased significantly. In untreated hypogonadal patients, an increase in BMI (r=0.50; P=0.013) and total fat mass (r=0.41; P=0.044) was also observed with advancing age. However, in substituted hypogonadal patients, no age-dependent change in BMI (r=0.067; P=0.606), body fat content (r=-0.083; P=0.522), serum testosterone (r=-0,071; P=0.59) or serum leptin (r=-0.23; P=0.176) was found. CONCLUSION: Since testosterone-substituted older hypogonadal men show BMI and fat mass similar to those of younger eugonadal men and since non-treated hypogonadal men are similar to normal ageing men, testosterone appears to be an important factor contributing to these changes. Thus ageing men should benefit from testosterone substitution as far as body composition is concerned.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

[Breastfeeding experiences in a group of women: the limits of "the body for the child" and "the body for oneself"].

This study aims to understand the meanings ascribed by a group of women from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, to their experiences with breastfeeding in relation to the sensations and manifestations in their own bodies as well as those they perceive in their children. The phenomenon was viewed as integrated with value systems related to motherhood and the body. The research methodology was qualitative. Participants included twenty primiparous women who had given birth less than 30 days previously who came to primary health care clinics due to various complaints. The analysis of interviews and observations was based on the thematic modality of content analysis. For these women, breastfeeding means to be a good mother and to give the best of oneself to the child. In breastfeeding practice, among limits and possibilities, they measure what they consider a "problem" based on the perceived manifestations in their own bodies and especially in those of their children. Their concerns are based on harm and danger to which they expose the child. Such experiences play out at the limits of being: the body for the child and the body for oneself, thereby establishing a sharp conflict between motherhood and individuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Metacarpal bone mineral density, body mass index and lifestyle among postmenopausal Japanese women: relationship of body mass index, physical activity, calcium intake, alcohol and smoking to bone mineral density: the Hizen-Oshima study.

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of modifiable risk factors (body weight and lifestyle) for bone loss on bone mineral density (BMD). We examined age-specific changes in metacarpal BMD, and its associations with body mass index and lifestyle among 532 community-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women. Measurements of the second metacarpal BMD were obtained from the hand radiographs using computer-assisted radiographic absorptiometry. Body height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Physical activity index was calculated using validated questionnaire. Daily calcium intake and amount of ingested alcohol were estimated by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Current smoking status was obtained by questionnaire. Metacarpal BMD decreased significantly with increasing age. Simple correlation analysis indicated that metacarpal BMD correlated significantly with BMI and physical activity index. On the other hand, metacarpal BMD did not correlate with calcium intake and alcohol drinking. Metacarpal BMD in current smokers was not different from that in nonsmokers. Multiple regression analysis showed that increasing age was associated with decreased metacarpal BMD and greater BMI increased metacarpal BMD. However, physical activity, calcium intake, alcohol drinking and current smoking were not significant determinants of metacarpal BMD. Our findings suggest that maintenance of adequate body mass (prevention for leanness) is important for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The equation relating body density to percent body fat in boys and girls].

This paper was designed to examine appropriateness of equations for calculating percent body fat from body density. Subjects were 141 boys and 163 girls aged 9-14 years. Body density (Db) was determined by underwater weighing (UW). Residual volume was measured by helium dilution technique (COMP-100, Fukuda Co.). Percent body fat (%fat) was calculated from the formula of Lohman et al. or Brozek et al. The %fat ranged between -0.52% and 44.20% in boys and between 4.94% and 47.44% in girls when the formula of Lohman et al. was used, while the range was 7.00%-45.56% in boys and 11.71%-48.35% in girls when the formula of Brozek et al. was used. In order to examine which formula is more appropriate for the assessment of body composition in boys and girls, %fat values calculated from both formulae were compared. Comparison criterion was essential lipid (boy: 3-5%, girl: 9%). The number of boys whose %fat was 5% or below was 18/141 (12.8%) and the number of girls whose %fat was 10% or below was 19/163 (11.7%) when the formula of Lohman et al. was applied, while the minimum value was 7.00% in boys and 11.71% in girls when the formula of Brozek et al. was utilized. From these results, it is suggested that the formula of Brozek et al. may be more appropriate than the formula of Lohman et al. for the estimation of %fat in boys and girls.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Dissociative alterations in body image among individuals reporting out-of-body experiences: a conceptual replication.

A conceptual replication of the link between self-reported dissociative alterations in body-image under experimental conditions and the reporting of prior out-of-body experiences in a recent data set was undertaken. Also examined was whether this relationship would hold for experiences reported during the experimental context and whether it is independent of self-reported New Age belief. Data from mostly undergraduates (N= 40; M age = 33.5, SD = 12.5; 27 women) in a mirror-gazing study were retrospectively analyzed. The 9 individuals who reported prior out-of-body experiences, relative to those 31 who did not, exhibited significantly greater self-reported dissociative alterations in body-image during the mirror-gazing task, even when the influence of scores on New Age belief was controlled for statistically. The same differential relationship was not found between 6 individuals who did and 34 who did not report out-of-body experiences during the task.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Influence of prepartum body condition score change on reproduction in multiparous beef cows calving in moderate body condition.

Multiparous, spring-calving beef cows (n = 250) were used to determine whether large changes in body energy reserves during mid- to late gestation influenced subsequent reproductive performance of cows calving in moderate body condition. In three states, cows were blocked by BW and body condition score (BCS; 1 = emaciated to 9 = obese) then allotted to receive either a high or low plane of nutrition from late summer to early winter over a 3-yr period. This generated an array of BCS by the beginning of the last trimester of pregnancy when cows were grouped by BCS as follows: Group 1, BCS < or = 4; Group 2, BCS of 5 or 6; and Group 3, BCS > or = 7. Each group was managed so that individual cows would calve with a BCS of 5 to 6. At the time of group assignment, mean BW and BCS differed (P < .01) among groups and were 480 kg and 3.6, 541 kg and 5.5, and 594 kg and 7.1 for Groups 1 to 3, respectively. Within 28 d before calving, BW and BCS were similar (P > .20) among groups averaging 555 kg and 5.1. Prepartum BCS changes averaged 1.4, -.4, and -2.0 units for Groups 1 to 3, respectively (P < .01). Cows were managed as a single group after calving in each state. Location effect was significant for the prepartum and postpartum BW and BCS changes but not for postpartum reproductive performance. Significant location x BCS group interactions were found for the 90-d prepartum BW, BCS at calving, and prepartum changes in BW, but were caused by differences in magnitude among locations. The percentage of cows with luteal activity at the start of a subsequent breeding season was not affected (P > .20) by either location or BCS group, and averaged 66%. Mean pregnancy rates at 20, 40, and 60 d of a subsequent breeding season were 55, 76, and 89% for Group 1; 51, 67, and 82% for Group 2; and 64, 79, and 89% for Group 3 (P > .30). Mean days to conception were 89, 87, and 85 for Groups 1 to 3, respectively (P = .70). Neither calf birth weight (x = 38.6 kg) nor adjusted 205-d weight (x = 223.6 kg) were affected by prepartum BW and BCS changes. We conclude that reproductive performance of cows calving in moderate body condition is not influenced by large changes in body energy reserves during the last trimester of pregnancy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

The influence of empty body weight and mature weight of the genotype on energy density of empty body gain in growing lambs.

From data reported by authors who had serially determined the chemical composition of the empty body of growing lambs of a wide range of genotypes, the energy density of empty body gains (E/G) at intervals from 20 to 50 kg empty body weight (EBW) were estimated. Energy density of empty body gain was related to the EBW of these lambs and to an approximation of the mature weight for the genotype (MW) obtained from a separate data set. The addition of MW to the function relating E/G to EBW increased the r2 from .793 to .940 and reduced the residual standard deviation from .550 to .300 Mcal/kg. Combining EBW and MW as predictors of E/G provided the following function: E/G = 5.718 + .093 (EBW) - .036 (MW). Energy density of empty body gain was approximately constant across all genotypes when comparisons were made at a constant EBW/MW. Thus, both EBW and mature weight of the genotype are closely related to E/G and should be considered important for accurately predicting net energy of gain requirements for growing lambs.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of optimized injection dose and acquisition time using body mass index for three-dimensional whole-body FDG-PET].

OBJECTIVE: The standardized uptake value (SUV) is a relative measure of tracer uptake in tissue used in (18)F-FDG PET. However, the quality of ordered subset expectation maximization (OS-EM) images is sensitive to the number of iterations, because a large number of iterations leads to images with checkerboard noise. The main advantage of data acquisition in the three-dimensional (3D) mode is the high sensitivity to better exploit the intrinsic spatial resolution and the lower injection dose given to patients. In the 3D mode, the scatter fraction is higher, and, for a given administered dose, the random fraction is higher than that in the two-dimensional mode, which implies that correction methods need to be more accurate. Moreover, in clinical oncology (18)F-FDG PET studies, patients have a wide variety of body shapes and sizes, which may impact image statistics. Consequently, it is necessary to make constant the acquisition (true) counts. The purpose of this study was to optimize injection dose and acquisition time in consideration of body mass index (BMI) for 3D whole-body (18)F-FDG PET. METHODS: A dedicated PET scanner, SIEMENS ECAT EXACT HR(+), was used to scan images of clinical data. The injection dose for BMI of <14-19, 19-22, 22-25, and 25< (kg/m(2)) were, 92.5 MBq, 111.0 MBq, 129.5 MBq, and 148.0 MBq, respectively. The emission scan time per bed position for BMI of <14-19, 19-22, 22-25, and >25 (kg/m(2)) were, 120, 120, 180, and 240 sec, respectively. A total of 20 patient subjects were evaluated as to true counts per bin (T/bin) of sinogram data and measured activity concentrations for the region of interest in the liver section. RESULTS: T/bin was stable using an optimized protocol that took into consideration the BMI for any type of body morphology. The overall coefficient of variation was 7.27% for radioactivity concentration. Additionally, Gaussian filtering (8 mm FWHM) after reconstruction by the OS-EM method provided stable SUV values even when the iteration number was increased 30 times over. CONCLUSION: Optimization of injection dose and acquisition time indicated that BMI was a clinically useful acquisition protocol for 3D whole-body (18)F-FDG PET.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2002

Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls.

Postmodern perspectives of body piercing and tattooing interpret these as signifiers of the self and attempts to attain mastery and control over the body in an age of increasing alienation. In this exploratory study, 79 adolescent females, ages 15 to 18 (M = 16.08, SD = 1.36), completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI; Coopersmith, 1981), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1978), the Body Investment Scale (BIS; Orbach & Mikulincer, 1998), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2; Spielberger, 1996). Analyses revealed that body piercings and tattoos were significantly correlated with trait anger (Angry Reaction subscale scores). A multiple regression analysis indicated that three of the dependent variables (Trait Anger-Reaction, BDI, and Feeling subscale of the BIS) were predictors of the total number of body piercings and tattoos.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Current status of whole-body counting as a means to detect and quantify previous exposures to radioactive materials. Whole-body Counting Working Group.

This report discusses the principles, techniques, and application of whole-body counting with respect to previous radiation exposure. Whole-body counting facilities are located nationwide and have a wide range of capabilities. A listing of these facilities is provided in Appendix A. However, only a few facilities are truly state-of-the-art and have the sophisticated capabilities required to attempt detection of low-level activity in vivo. Measurements made many years after exposure can be extremely difficult to interpret. The precision and accuracy of resulting dose estimates are functions of such factors as the assumptions made concerning intake, time since intake, radionuclide metabolism, and level of intake. The indiscriminate application of metabolic models to current body contents or minimum detectable amounts of radionuclides with relatively short effective half-lives (such as 137Cs) can lead to absurd results when used as a basis for calculating intakes 25 and 40 y ago. Skull counting for 90Sr-90Y and 239,240Pu can set upper limits on possible uptakes and radiation doses, but in the case of 239,240Pu, the limits are rather high. In both cases, the accuracy of the limits depends on the metabolic models used in the calculations. These models (ICRP 1979) were developed to set safety standards for the intakes of radionuclides by workers and are not intended to be used to back-calculate uptakes and radiation doses from measurements made long after the uptake. There are, therefore, large uncertainties in any conclusions derived from these calculations. The experience gained over the years with whole- and partial-body counting has consistently shown that they are of little use in determining body contents of radionuclides resulting from exposure to weapons debris decades earlier. The development of new detectors such as an array of lithium-drifted silicon devices offers some hope of lowering the minimum detectable amount (MDA) for Pu and Am, but such detectors are still several years from routine application and do not represent current state-of-the-art. Furthermore, it is doubtful that such improvements will be sufficient to meet the need of assessing radiation exposures that occurred decades earlier.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

[Prediction of body height and shortening of the lower part of the body in adults with achondroplasia].

The authors present the method of predicting the body height of patients with achondroplasia in adulthood and the method of predicting shortening of the lower segment of the body as compared to the trunk. They evaluate a group of 12 patients with achondroplasia at the age from 3 to 17 years. They compare the growth curves of patients with normal Czechoslovak population and with a group of American patients suffering with achondroplasia. The application of growth curves of American patients with achondroplasia appears to be the most suitable and simple graphical method for the prediction of the body height of the Czechoslovak patients suffering from achondroplasia. The method of the prediction of dwarfism of the lower segment of the body has been developed for the purpose of the rational indication of the stepwise prolongation therapy by the compression-distraction method. Analogically it will be possible to verify the growth curves for some other bone dysplasiae presented in literature and predict dwarfism of the lower segment of the body in adulthood, e.g. in hypochondroplasia, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia of the type of Schmid, Turner syndromes, etc.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1985

Effect of increased growth rate during the suckling period on subsequent body weight and muscle weight to body weight ratio.

The effect of increased growth rate during the suckling period on subsequent body growth rate and muscle weight to body weight (MW/BW) ratio was examined in inbred and outbred male and female mice. Growth rate during the suckling period was increased by reducing litter size to 4 pups within six hours of birth. Body weight, MW/BW ratio, and dry weight to wet weight (DW/WW) ratio for the soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, biceps brachii, and heart muscles were measured at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. The results indicate that increasing growth rate during the suckling period results in an increased body weight at 24 weeks of age in outbred male and female mice; whereas, in inbred male and female mice body weight is greater at 4 weeks of age but by 8 weeks of age the mice raised in normal litters have "caught up" with those raised in small litters. MW/BW ratio is increased in several muscles during the suckling period but returns to normal during the post weaning period.

Aging↗