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PubMed1994

Fos-like immunoreactivity elicited by sound stimulation in the auditory neurons of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus.

C-fos immunocytochemistry was used as a rapid and sensitive technique for identification of sound activated neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and subcortical nuclei of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. When bats were stimulated with sounds under the both-ears opened conditions, Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were bilaterally and symmetrically distributed in all subcortical auditory nuclei, the auditory cortex, the superior colliculus, the pontine nuclei and the cerebellar deep nuclei. Interestingly, when bats were stimulated with sounds under the monaurally plugged conditions, a larger (31-74% more) number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed. They were predominantly distributed in all contralateral auditory nuclei from the level of the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus down and in all ipsilateral auditory nuclei from the level of inferior colliculus up as well as in the contralateral superior colliculus, pontine nuclei and cerebellar deep nuclei. Implications of these observations in relation to known mammalian auditory pathways and electrophysiological studies are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1986

Nitrous oxide induced vitamin B12 deficiency: measurement of methylation reactions in the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus).

Nitrous oxide induced inhibition of methionine synthetase activity has been proposed as a suitable model for the myelopathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. This suggests a defect in methyl group metabolism. The fruit bat has been used previously as a model for dietary induced vitamin B12 deficiency. However in the nitrous oxide treated fruit bat with neurological symptoms: No changes in [14C]ethanolamine incorporation into liver and brain phospholipids could be detected. No changes in synaptosomal and myelin lipid methylation could be shown. No differences in the rate of synaptosomal and myelin protein methylation could be measured. Therefore the fruit bat myelopathy is not related to a methyl group transfer deficiency.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Cobalamin inactivation by nitrous oxide produces severe neurological impairment in fruit bats : protection by methionine and aggravation by folates.

Nitrous oxide, which inactivates cobalamin when administered to fruit bats, results in severe neurological impairment leading to ataxia, paralysis and death. This occurs after about 6 weeks in animals depleted of cobalamin by dietary restriction, and after about 10 weeks in cobalamin replete bats. Supplementation of the diet with pteroylglutamic acid caused acceleration of the neurological impairment - the first unequivocal demonstration of aggravation of the neurological lesion in cobalamin deficiency by pteroylglutamic acid. The administration of formyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid produced similar aggravation of the neurological lesion. Supplementation of the diet with methionine protected the bats from neurological impairment, but failed to prevent death. Methionine supplementation protected against the exacerbating effect of folate, preventing the development of neurological changes. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the neurological lesion in cobalamin deficiency may be related to a deficiency in the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine which follows diminished synthesis of methionine.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

In vitro analysis of delayed immune response in a bat, Pteropus giganteus: process of con-A mediated activation.

In vitro activation of lymphocytes from the bat, Pteropus giganteus with Con A has been analysed in terms of blastogenesis, DNA synthesis and the effector function, the cytotoxic response. We have observed that lymphocytes of P. giganteus are capable of responding to Con A stimulus and the peak of blastogenesis, DNA synthesis and cytotoxic response have been found at 120 hours with the optimal dose of 10 micrograms X ml-1 Con A; it seems the process of activation in the bat's lymphocytes is delayed compared to this in mice. Significance of this delay in the process of activation of immune response in the bat has been discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Analysis of immunocompetent cells in the bat, Pteropus giganteus: isolation and scanning electron microscopic characterization.

Immunocompetent cells of the Indian fruit bat (P. giganteus) were characterized by differential surface adhesiveness and surface topography. We observed three cell types: (1) plastic adherent with pseudopodia; (2) nylon wool adherent with small microvilli and pits; and (3) a nylon wool nonadherent with comparatively smooth surfaces. These cell types resemble, respectively, macrophages, B cells and T cells of other mammals, including mice and humans. The disposition of microvilli on the B-type cell surface changes significantly after immunization, which suggests modulation of the molecular organization of the cell membrane and its fluidity. The proportions of these three cell types are not much different from those found in mice. Follicular dendritic cells, capable of retaining antigen for long periods in mice, have also been detected in bats. Further characterization of immunocompetent cells wil help in understanding the mechanism of immune responses in bats.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Efficacy of rabies vaccines against Duvenhage virus isolated from European house bats (Eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses.

Isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. Estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. In this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mAbs, the rabies related Lyssaviruses (Mokola, Lagos and Duvenhage) react with only a few of the mAbs and isolates of rabies from Eptesicus serotinus bats in Europe are intermediate between the two groups. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with human diploid vaccine (HDCV) or animal vaccines (Rabisin and Rabiffa) were protected against a challenge with DBV, DUV-1 and most classic rabies strains. HDCV gave only partial protection against human virus isolates from Finland and Saudi Arabia. The HDCV did not protect mice against challenges with Lagos bat or Mokola virus (rabies-like viruses). The animal vaccines, however, did protect mice against Lagos bat virus, but not against Mokola. Dogs immunized with Rabisin were protected against an intracerebral challenge with DBV. Dogs developed rabies-neutralizing antibody titres after intramuscular or intravenous inoculation with live DBV or DUV-1 virus; these dogs were protected against an intramuscular canine street rabies virus challenge. We conclude that the rabies vaccines tested protect against DBV/DUV-1 and classic street rabies strains, but not Mokola.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Organochlorine residues in roof timbers and possible implications for bats.

In Britain, many species of bat regularly use buildings as roosts. DDT, DDE, dieldrin (HEOD) and gamma-HCH (lindane) have been detected in carcasses of bats that had died a short while before they were found. Roof timbers may be a source of this contamination. This study reports concentrations of organochlorines in (i) roof timbers known to have been treated in the past (spot samples; n - 17) and (ii) timbers before and after treatment with commercial permethrin formulations (pre-treatment and post-treatment samples, n = 11). Gamma-HCH was detected in 13 spot samples and HEOD in 6. Where present, mean (+/-1 SE) concentrations in wood were 15.6+/-6.5 microg g-1 WW (n = 13) and 25.0+/-11.8 microg g-1 WW (n = 6), respectively. DDT was not detected in any spot samples, but permethrin was detected in four (1264+/-567 microg g(-1) WW) samples, but not in the corresponding pre-treatment samples; in one other pair of samples, concentrations of gamma-HCH increased from 74 to 2468 microg g-1 WW after treatment. Both DDT and HEOD occurred in low (<2 microg g-1 WW) concentrations in five post-treatment samples and in one and zero pre-treatment samples, respectively; the highest dieldrin concentration measured was 30.9 microg g-1 WW. Permethrin was not detectable in any pre-treatment samples but was present in ten post-treatment samples in concentrations ranging from 93 to 2995 microg g-1 WW. The spot results suggest that low concentrations of organochlorines can persist in treated roof timbers for at least 13 years post-treatment. Occasionally, these pesticide residues in timber may be of sufficient magnitude to result in bats absorbing a substantial proportion of a lethal dose. Results also suggest that there is organochlorine contamination of permethrin formulations and that the solvents used in new applications of pesticide may re-mobilise organochlorines already present in wood.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Baseball bat injuries to the maxillofacial region caused by assault.

PURPOSE: Baseball bats, although meant for recreational use, are also frequently used as assault weapons, resulting in multiple types of injuries including those in the maxillofacial region. This report reviews the patients admitted to the Maryland Institute of Emergency Medical Service with maxillofacial injuries caused by blunt trauma from assault with a baseball bat between July 1989 and January 1994. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Records of 29 patients were reviewed for age, sex, race, Glasgow Coma Scale, associated drug or alcohol use, type of injury, and associated injuries. RESULTS: In this inner city hospital study it was found that 18 of the patients (62%) were African-American and that 74% of the victims had associated alcohol abuse and 38% had associated drug abuse. Of the 29 patients, 27 (93%) were men and 23 (79%) were between the ages of 21 and 40 years. The majority of fractures involved the midface region and nearly half the patients had concomitant neurologic injury. Two patients died as a result of their injuries. CONCLUSION: Assaults with a baseball bat can result in significant morbidity and even mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Iron balance in the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus.

1. Total body iron in the common vampire bat was 80 +/- 67 mg Fe/kg body wt (mean +/- SD). 2. Mean (+/- SD) iron absorption as measured by the double isotope method was 0.068 +/- 0.0032% Fe. A typical adult bat ingests 6.1 mg Fe/day (Morton & Wimsatt, 1980) of which approximately 4.2 microgram Fe is absorbed. 3. Body iron turnover (BIT) was estimated from the decrease in specific radioactivity of the blood over more than a year. The mean (+/- SD) of the half-life of iron turnover was 379 +/- 101 days and that of the estimate of BIT. 0.14 +/- 0.04% TBI/day. This is equivalent to a loss of approximately 4.6 microgram Fe/day. 4. The common vampire bat maintains iron balance by severely limiting the percentage of iron absorbed from its very high iron diet.

Absorption↗

PubMed1985

Unusual lipid composition of erythrocytes from the insectivorous bat Molossus molossus.

The lipid composition of washed erythrocytes from Molossus molossus and Molossus ater were studied. In comparison with other mammalian species, bat erythrocytes were characterized by very high cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios, as well as by low sphingomyelin content. The lipid composition of bat erythrocytes was similar to that of patients suffering from lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, but the physiological significance of this in bats is unknown.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Hematology of the hibernating bat: Myotis daubentoni.

1. Hematological parameters in the male and female bats differ only with respect to number and volume of erythrocytes: larger number of smaller cells found in males corresponds to smaller number of larger red blood cells in females, with hemoglobin level and hematocrit values remaining similar in both sexes. 2. Six-month-old bats have significantly higher numbers of lymphocytes when compared with adults. 3. There are no significant differences in hemograms (complete blood counts) for bats identified as "nathalinae" and "typical" Myotis daubentoni.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Metabolic rates and thermal conductance in four species of neotropical bats roosting in hot caves.

Data are presented on metabolic rates and thermal conductance for four species of neotropical bats, Pteronotus quadridens, Mormoops blainvillii (Mormoopidae), Monophyllus redmani and Erophylla bombifrons (Phyllostomidae). Each of these bats predominantly or exclusively roosts in hot caves (28-40 degrees C) in Puerto Rico. Basal metabolic rates (BMR) for these four species were 55%, 48%, 66%, and 66% of values expected from the Kleiber curve, respectively. Thermal conductance was 93%, 55%, 175%, and 158% of values expected from the Aschoff curve, respectively. These data indicate that, in addition to food habits, variation in BMR is highly correlated to roost microclimate. Pteronotus and Mormoops, like other insectivorous species, have low BMRs. The low BMR of the nectar/fruit eating Monophyllus and Erophylla, as well as the low termal conductance in Mormoops, is consistent with their habit of roosting in hot caves, suggesting that roost microclimate is an important selective force in the physiological adaptation of these bats.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1994

Thermal preference of Schreiber's long-fingered (Miniopterus schreiberisii) and Cape horseshoe (Rhinolophus capensis) bats.

Thermal preference in a temperature gradient was investigated in Schreibers' long-fingered (Miniopterus schreibersii) and Cape horseshoe (Rhinolophus capensis) bats in relation to their roost temperatures. Both species selected a wide range of temperatures but R. capensis selected a narrower range and most frequently selected temperatures were 2-3 degrees C lower than M. schreibersii. There was some evidence of seasonal changes in temperature preference in M. schreibersii but not in R. capensis. However, euthermic bats of both species consistently selected higher temperatures than those that entered torpor. Roost temperatures were within the range selected for torpor in the laboratory but euthermic bats selected higher temperatures in the laboratory than those available to them in their roost. M. schreibersii has a wide geographical distribution and appears able to adapt its temperature preferences to those prevailing in available roosts. R. capensis is endemic to the Cape Province, South Africa, but its thermal preferences do not appear to be a factor limiting its distribution.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Metabolic and ventilatory adjustments and tolerance of the bat Pteropus poliocephalus to acute hypoxic stress.

We have investigated the maximum tolerance and the ventilatory responses of a bat, P. poliocephalus (PP), to normobaric hypoxic stress. PP can tolerate inspired PO2s (PiO2) down to 30 torr. This bat is one of the most hypoxia-tolerant non-hibernating species of mammals known, and has a tolerance which lies within the range of PiO2s reported for different birds. Unlike most mammals in its size range, PP maintains its normoxic oxygen consumption rate even in deep hypoxia. The maximum hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), the air convection requirement (Vi/MO2), and the lung oxygen extraction (EL) ability of PP in deep hypoxia are all greater than those of other mammals. These and other data indicate that PP has a superior mammalian tolerance for hypocapnia. The magnitudes of both the V1/MO2 and the EL value of PP fall between those reported for Pekin ducks at corresponding PiO2s, and are inferior to the maximum capabilities of bar-headed geese. Thus, the tolerance and ventilatory adjustments of PP to deep hypoxia are intermediate between those of typical non-flying mammals and the most tolerant avian species, and suggest that at least some of this bat's respiratory adaptations for flight may serve as preadaptations for withstanding acute hypoxic stress.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1982

Fatty acid composition of synaptosomes from normal and cobalamin deficient bat brain.

1. Synaptosomes were prepared from the brain of cobalamin deficient and cobalamin supplemented fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) by a floatation method on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. 2. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the deficient and supplemented bats. 3. The odd chain fatty acid 15:0 amounted to 0.2% of the total fatty acids in both groups. 4. We conclude that the fatty acids of synaptosomal lipids are not a factor in the development of neural dysfunction in the cobalamin deficient fruit bat.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Protein profile of the myelin membrane of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus.

Integral membrane protein composition of the myelin membrane from normal and vitamin B12-deficient fruit bats has been compared with that of the rat. Purified myelin from the fruit bat shows only one basic protein which co-migrates with the large basic protein of the rat, and thus presents a pattern similar to that of the guinea pig. No gross differences were seen in the protein patterns from normal and vitamin B12-deficient animals. Bats between 4-10 days and 10-20 days post partum were also investigated.

Aging↗

PubMed1991

Immunological identification of uncoupling protein in interscapular "brown" adipose tissue of suckling and adult pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus).

1. Interscapular adipose tissue of suckling and adult pipistrelle bats was examined for the presence of the 32,000 Mr "uncoupling protein" diagnostic of brown adipose tissue. 2. Following separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial proteins were blotted onto nitrocellulose and probed for uncoupling protein with an anti-(ground squirrel uncoupling protein) serum. 3. Immunoreactivity consistent with the presence of uncoupling protein was found in all samples of adipose tissue mitochondria from both suckling and adult bats. 4. It is concluded that interscapular adipose tissue in pipistrelle bats exhibits the critical biochemical criterion for being designated functionally "brown".

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗

PubMed1993

Detection of the 9-kDa vitamin D-dependent calbindin gene in a fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) fibroblast cell line.

1. A fibroblast cell line was established from skin and lung tissue of the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). 2. Genomic DNA, isolated from the fibroblast cells, was restriction digested and probed for the 9-kDa calbindin gene with a 180 base-pair fragment of mouse calbindin-D9K cDNA. Genomic DNA from rats and humans was similarly probed. 3. Hybridization and thus homology was observed between the mouse probe and DNA from the rat and the fruit bat, but not the human. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the detection of calbindin-D9K in the fruit bat despite very low circulating levels of its inducer 1,25(OH)2D3.

Animals↗