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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Driving and dementia: a review of the literature.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the ability of individuals with dementia to drive an automobile. Based on a review of the literature, several factors were identified that may be useful in differentiating between people with dementia who presently remain safe drivers from those who have progressed to impaired driving. These factors include disease duration and severity, sex, patient self-assessment, family assessment, neuropsychological measures, findings on road evaluations, and driving simulator testing. The approach of the physician to driving and dementia is addressed, including in-office screening, referral for on-road driving assessments, and the potential for physician reporting to state agencies.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Validation of an electronic device for measuring driving exposure.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate an on-board diagnostic system (CarChip) for collecting driving exposure data in older drivers. METHODS: Drivers (N = 20) aged 60 to 86 years from Winnipeg and surrounding communities participated. Information on driving exposure was obtained via the CarChip and global positioning system (GPS) technology on a driving course, and obtained via the CarChip and surveys over a week of driving. Velocities and distances were measured over the road course to validate the accuracy of the CarChip compared to GPS for those parameters. RESULTS: The results show that the CarChip does provide valid distance measurements and slightly lower maximum velocities than GPS measures. From the results obtained in this study, it was determined that retrospective self-reports of weekly driving distances are inaccurate. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, an on-board diagnostic system (OBDII) electronic device like the CarChip can provide valid and detailed information about driving exposure that would be useful for studies of crash rates or driving behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experiences of patients and significant others with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators after discharge from the hospital.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of mortality in this country. The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) is a technology which has proven successful in reducing the risk of SCD in patients who qualify for it. However, little is known about how individuals adjust to living with the device. This field study used a focus group technique to investigate the question "What are the experiences of patients and their significant others (S.O.) in the time since being discharged from the hospital with an AICD?" Fifteen AICD recipients and 14 S.O.s each attended one of three focus groups which were tape recorded. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed by a combination of content analysis and ethnographic summary. The major concerns of the patients were [Physiologic], the sensations of being shocked, medications, trouble sleeping, dizziness (accompanied by heat intolerance at times), physical awareness of the device; [Psychosocial], fear, including fear of death and preparation for death, changes in mental functioning, changes in lifestyle including clothing not fitting, loss of control, driving an automobile, and spousal overprotectiveness. The primary psychosocial concerns of the S.O.s were fears, including fear of death and preparation for death, family and role changes, being overprotective and driving an automobile. Mental changes and heat intolerance have not been addressed in the literature previously.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Comparing headphone and speaker effects on simulated driving.

Twelve persons drove for three hours in an automobile simulator while listening to music at sound level 63dB over stereo headphones during one session and from a dashboard speaker during another session. They were required to steer a mountain highway, maintain a certain indicated speed, shift gears, and respond to occasional hazards. Steering and speed control were dependent on visual cues. The need to shift and the hazards were indicated by sound and vibration effects. With the headphones, the driver's average reaction time for the most complex task presented--shifting gears--was about one-third second longer than with the speaker. The use of headphones did not delay the development of subjective fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Driver contrast sensitivity and reaction times as measured through a salt-covered windshield.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to use contrast sensitivity measurements to determine the effect of windshield salt film on driver vision. This effect simulates road salt spray that dries in place on a vehicle windshield during winter driving conditions. METHODS: Ten emmetropic subjects were tested to assess contrast sensitivity functions through windshields that were clear compared with the same stimuli as viewed through windshields coated with salt film. Achromatic stimuli were generated by a VisionWorks system and were presented at 4 spatial frequencies (0.5, 3, 10, and 20 cycles per degree). RESULTS: A significant reduction in contrast sensitivity through the salt film was found at all spatial frequencies. In addition, reaction time to detect the stimuli was also found to be increased significantly at 2 of the 4 spatial frequencies through the saline-covered windshield. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that windshield salt film reduces the ability to detect high and low contrast objects in a simulated driving environment as well as increases the subjects' reaction times.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Perception of risk in automotive systems.

Thirty subsystems constituting a functioning motor vehicle, including brake, steering, suspension, engine, electrical, and fuel systems, were evaluated by individuals on a set of risk characteristic scales. These included overall vehicle riskiness, manufacturer's anticipatory knowledge of system defects during vehicle design, likelihood of severe consequences in the event of system failure, controllability of the vehicle, and observability of impending failure. An analysis of the resulting judgments revealed two composite factors, one representing the controllability of consequences and the other representing observability. Both factors were highly related to judgments of risk, desire for risk regulation, and anticipated recall compliance. A comparison of risk judgments with accident data suggested that for some vehicle systems, particularly those serving a communication function in the driving task, drivers may underestimate the actual risk they face when system performance has degraded.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Baseline factors predicting early resumption of driving after life-threatening arrhythmias in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial.

BACKGROUND: In the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial, patients with ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia were randomly assigned to receive either an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or antiarrhythmic drug therapy. As part of the trial, patients were asked to participate in a prospective driving survey. The purpose of the survey was to determine what baseline factors and patient characteristics specifically predicted resumption of driving earlier than advised by current guidelines. METHODS: Patients were surveyed anonymously as to their driving habits in the initial period after random assignment and every 6 months thereafter. AVID study coordinators were independently asked to assess their patients' driving status as well. The relation between baseline factors and time to resumption of driving was explored by means of Kaplan-Meier estimates for univariate analyses and the stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model for multivariate analyses. RESULTS: There were 802 patients who were eligible for assessment of driving status. The majority of patients (58%) resumed driving an automobile within 6 months of their index arrhythmia regardless of whether they received drug therapy or an ICD. By multivariate analysis, patients who were younger than 65 years of age, male, and college educated were more likely to drive early, as were patients whose index arrhythmia was ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Younger, college-educated men and those whose index arrhythmia is ventricular tachycardia are most likely to resume driving <6 months after the initiation of therapy for a potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. Patients with an ICD did not appear to resume driving later than those who were discharged on antiarrhythmic drugs alone.

Aged↗