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At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Encoding stimulus information by spike numbers and mean response time in primary auditory cortex.

Neurons can transmit information about sensory stimuli via their firing rate, spike latency, or by the occurrence of complex spike patterns. Identifying which aspects of the neural responses actually encode sensory information remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. Here we compared various approaches for estimating the information transmitted by neurons in auditory cortex in two very different experimental paradigms, one measuring spatial tuning and the other responses to complex natural stimuli. We demonstrate that, in both cases, spike counts and mean response times jointly carry essentially all the available information about the stimuli. Thus, in auditory cortex, whereas spike counts carry only partial information about stimulus identity or location, the additional availability of relatively coarse temporal information is sufficient in order to extract essentially all the sensory information available in the spike discharge pattern, at least for the relatively short stimuli (<approximately 100 ms) commonly used in auditory research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The effect of gap-marker spectrum on gap-evoked auditory response from the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex of guinea pigs.

The objective of this study is to verify the effects of gap marker spectrum on gap-evoked auditory responses. The gap-evoked potentials were recorded using electrodes implanted in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC) of guinea pigs. The gap markers were noise bursts in four frequency bands (500-8,000 Hz, 500-16,000 Hz, 500-32,000 Hz, and 16,000-32,000 Hz), and were tested at three sound levels. The onset response to the post-gap marker was measured to obtain the gap response threshold, and to establish input-output functions for latency and amplitude. Similar to previous behavioural studies, it was found that the gap-response threshold decreased with increasing marker bandwidth. This change was more significant at the cortical level in which the averaged gap-threshold decreased by approximately 2 ms with the bandwidth change. However, the gap threshold in the high frequency region (16,000-32,000 Hz) was comparable to that of the low frequency region (500-16,000 Hz). These results suggest that the total bandwidth of all auditory channels that are recruited determine the temporal resolution measured in gap-evoked potentials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Atypical organisation of the auditory cortex in dyslexia as revealed by MEG.

Neuroanatomical and -radiological studies have converged to suggest an atypical organisation in the temporal bank of the left-hemispheric Sylvian fissure for dyslexia. Against the background of this finding, we applied high temporal resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate functional aspects of the left-hemispheric auditory cortex in 11 right-handed dyslexic children (aged 8-13 years) and nine matched normal subjects (aged 8-14 years). Event-related field components during a passive oddball paradigm with pure tones and consonant-vowel syllables were evaluated. The first major peak of the auditory evoked response, the M80, showed identical topographical distributions in both groups. In contrast, the generating brain structures of the later M210 component were located more anterior to the earlier response in children with dyslexia only. Control children exhibited the expected activation of more posterior source locations of the component that appeared later in the processing stream. Since the group difference in the relative location of the M210 source seemed to be independent of stimulus category, it is concluded that dyslexics and normally literate children differ as to the organisation of their left-hemispheric auditory cortex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Timing of pure tone and noise-evoked responses in macaque auditory cortex.

We compared onset latencies for characteristic frequency pure tone and broadband noise responses in AI and posterior belt regions of the auditory cortex in awake macaques. We found that (1) in AI, responses to characteristic frequency tones and broadband noise have similar latencies, (2) in belt regions, characteristic frequency tone and broadband noise latencies differ significantly; broadband noise latencies are shorter, while characteristic frequency tone latencies are longer than corresponding values in AI, (3) for both pure tone and broadband noise responses in AI, latency decreases with increasing characteristic frequency and (4) despite a similar inverse relationship of tone latency and local characteristic frequency in belt areas, broadband noise latencies are uniformly short, and appear unrelated to local characteristic frequency. Dissociation of broadband noise and pure tone latencies may reflect the use of parallel anatomical routes into belt regions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of tone-evoked response properties of 'cluster' recordings and their constituent single cells in the auditory cortex.

This study examined relationships between some acoustic response properties of 'cluster' recordings (CL) and their constituent single cells (SU) in the auditory cortex obtained from 22 clusters comprised of 63 responsive single units mainly in the anterior tonotopic field of the waking guinea pig. Response parameters included characteristic frequency (CF), threshold (Th) at CF, bandwidth 10 (BW10) and 30 (BW30) dB above Th. Clusters and single units were classified by their pattern of discharges as either 'onset' or 'sustained' response types. Comparison of CL and their constituent SU revealed differences in one or more response parameters in all CL. The CFs of onset CL were generally the same as the CFs of their constituent onset SU in contrast to sustained CL for which greater differences were observed in CF. The Th of all CL differed from that of some of their cells. The BW of approximately 50% of CL differed from their SU. The findings indicate that cluster recordings are often not good predictors of the response parameters of all of their constituent neurons.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of axon collateralization of identified supragranular pyramidal neurons in the cat auditory cortex.

Nine pyramidal neurons in layers II and III of cat primary auditory cortex (AI) were fully reconstructed after intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase or biocytin. Each neuron was functionally characterized according to its position relative to an anteroposterior sequence of best frequency responses. All labeled somata were in layers II or III and gave rise to typical apical and basal dendritic arbors as well as to extensive systems of axon collaterals. The primary axon of all except 1 cell entered the white matter and was probably directed toward other cortical areas ipsi- or contralaterally. Two major intracortical collateral systems emerged from the main axon in AI, one ending in the vicinity of the cell and the second at a distance. (1) Many local and recurrent collaterals, given off in layers III and V, contributed terminal branches to the formation of a columnar pattern of terminations extending superficially and deeply into the soma. The column extended through layers I-V, with some constriction in the middle portion corresponding to layer IV. (2) The axon of each cell also gave rise to 2-5 thick, long-range collaterals in layers III and/or V. These ran parallel to the pial surface for several millimeters. At several points along these long horizontal collaterals, vertically directed branches emerged to form columnar terminations, again extending through layers I-V. These columns did not overlap with that formed in the vicinity of the cell, and were situated at distances 500-1200 microns from the cell body. When viewed in the tangential plane, horizontal collaterals were oriented, on the whole, dorsoventrally with respect to the surface of the cortex. This may correspond to the organization of isofrequency bands previously described in cats. The results suggest that the major spread of excitation in AI is mediated by horizontal collaterals of pyramidal cells and that it occurs along the lines of isofrequency domains. Within the latter the collaterals may link columns of cells with like properties and/or serve to coordinate activity patterns in spatially separated portions of AI.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Binaural specialisation in human auditory cortex: an fMRI investigation of interaural correlation sensitivity.

A listener's sensitivity to the interaural correlation (IAC) of sound plays an important role in several phenomena in binaural hearing. Although IAC has been examined humans, little is known about the neural basis of sensitivity to IAC in humans. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity in auditory brainstem and cortical structures in human listeners during presentation of band-pass noise stimuli between which IAC was varied systematically. The stimuli evoked significant bilateral activation in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex. There was a significant positive relationship between BOLD activity and IAC which was confined to a distinct subregion of primary auditory cortex located bilaterally at the lateral extent of Heschl's gyrus. Comparison with published anatomical data indicated that this area may also be cytoarchitecturally distinct. Larger differences in activation were found between levels of IAC near unity than between levels near zero. This response pattern is qualitatively compatible with previous measures of psychophysical and neurophysiological sensitivity to IAC. extensively in neurophysiological studies in animals and in psychophysical studies in

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Responses of auditory-cortex neurons to structural features of natural sounds.

Sound-processing strategies that use the highly non-random structure of natural sounds may confer evolutionary advantage to many species. Auditory processing of natural sounds has been studied almost exclusively in the context of species-specific vocalizations, although these form only a small part of the acoustic biotope. To study the relationships between properties of natural soundscapes and neuronal processing mechanisms in the auditory system, we analysed sound from a range of different environments. Here we show that for many non-animal sounds and background mixtures of animal sounds, energy in different frequency bands is coherently modulated. Co-modulation of different frequency bands in background noise facilitates the detection of tones in noise by humans, a phenomenon known as co-modulation masking release (CMR). We show that co-modulation also improves the ability of auditory-cortex neurons to detect tones in noise, and we propose that this property of auditory neurons may underlie behavioural CMR. This correspondence may represent an adaptation of the auditory system for the use of an attribute of natural sounds to facilitate real-world processing tasks.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Neuromagnetic responses of human auditory cortex to interruptions in a steady rhythm.

We have recorded, with a 7-channel SQUID gradiometer, evoked magnetic responses of 6 healthy humans to interruptions of a steady rhythm of 50 ms 'standard' tone bursts repeated once every 610 ms. Ten percent of the tones occurred 'too early', 410 ms after the preceding stimulus. The response to standards peaked, on average, at 90 ms and that to the early tones at 148 ms. Field patterns were dipolar during both responses and the equivalent sources agreed with activation of the supratemporal auditory cortex, at slightly different locations. The dipole moments were more than twice as strong for the early tones as for the standards. The results emphasize the importance of temporal stimulation patterns in activating the human auditory cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of nembutal on inhibitory responses of neurons of an isolated strip of cat auditory cortex induced by intracortical stimulation].

Neuronal responses in acute isolated slab of the auditory cortex (AI zone) to intracortical stimulation were studied intracellularly in experiments on nembutal anaesthetized cats. It was found that 77% of the neuronal responses were primary IPSPs, and taking into consideration secondary inhibitory responses 92% of neurons exhibited inhibition. All types of neuronal responses in the slab had short latencies. The longest latent period did not exceed 5 ms. Neurons responding by IPSPs to intracortical stimulation were found throughout the depth of the slab. Their distribution was analysed in connection with amplitude and latencies of inhibitory responses. Mechanisms of barbiturate influence on some characteristics of inhibitory responses, particularly on amplitude and duration of IPSPs and their latent periods are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Anisotropic neural interaction in the primary auditory cortex of guinea pigs with sound stimulation.

Neural interaction in the primary auditory cortex of guinea pigs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital was studied using a single line multi-electrode (4 x 1) aligned across and along the isofrequency band. Under the spontaneous condition, the neural interaction was isotropic; the amplitude of cross-correlogram peaks decreased as the electrode separation increased both across and along the isofrequency band. Under tone stimulation, the neural interaction was anisotropic; the amplitude of peaks was decreased rapidly beyond 400 microm across the isofrequency band, while it decreased little up to 700 microm along the isofrequency band. This anisotropic interaction was dependent on the stimulus intensity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Reliability and representational bandwidth in the auditory cortex.

It is unclear why there are so many more neurons in sensory cortex than in the sensory periphery. One possibility is that these "extra" neurons are used to overcome cortical noise and faithfully represent the acoustic stimulus. Another possibility is that even after overcoming cortical noise, there is "excess representational bandwidth" available and that this bandwidth is used to represent conjunctions of auditory and nonauditory information for computation. Here, we discuss recent data about neuronal reliability in auditory cortex showing that cortical noise may not be as high as was previously believed. Although at present, the data suggest that auditory cortex neurons can be more reliable than those in the visual cortex, we speculate that the principles governing cortical computation are universal and that visual and other cortical areas can also exploit strategies based on similarly high-fidelity activity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex revealed by positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to map alterations in local neuronal activity induced in human primary auditory cortex by pure-tone stimulation. Patterns of blood flow were observed in specific regions on the superior temporal plane showing systematic changes in activity depending on the frequency of a stimulating pure tone. The orientation of these regions agrees well with data for non-human primates.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Function and connectivity in human primary auditory cortex: a combined fMRI and DTI study at 3 Tesla.

Human primary auditory cortex (PAC) is functionally organized in a tonotopic manner. Past studies have used neuroimaging to characterize tonotopic organization in PAC and found similar organization as that described in mammals. In contrast to what is known about PAC in primates and nonprimates, in humans, the structural connectivity within PAC has not been defined. In this study, stroboscopic event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was utilized to reveal mirror symmetric tonotopic organization consisting of a high-low-high frequency gradient in PAC. Furthermore, diffusion tensor tractography and probabilistic mapping was used to study projection patterns within tonotopic areas. Based on earlier physiological and histological work in nonhuman PAC, we hypothesized the existence of cross-field isofrequency (homotopic) and within-field non-isofrequency (heterotopic)-specific axonal projections in human PAC. The presence of both projections types was found in all subjects. Specifically, the number of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) reconstructed fibers projecting between high- and low-frequency regions was greater than those fibers projecting between 2 high-frequency areas, the latter of which are located in distinct auditory fields. The fMRI and DTI results indicate that functional and structural properties within early stages of the auditory processing stream are preserved across multiple mammalian species at distinct evolutionary levels.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Concurrent encoding of frequency and amplitude modulation in human auditory cortex: MEG evidence.

A natural sound can be described by dynamic changes in envelope (amplitude) and carrier (frequency), corresponding to amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM), respectively. Although the neural responses to both AM and FM sounds are extensively studied in both animals and humans, it is uncertain how they are corepresented when changed simultaneously but independently, as is typical for ecologically natural signals. This study elucidates the neural coding of such sounds in human auditory cortex using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Using stimuli with both sinusoidal modulated envelope (f(AM), 37 Hz) and carrier frequency (f(FM), 0.3-8 Hz), it is demonstrated that AM and FM stimulus dynamics are corepresented in the neural code of human auditory cortex. The stimulus AM dynamics are represented neurally with AM encoding, by the auditory steady-state response (aSSR) at f(AM). For sounds with slowly changing carrier frequency (f(FM) <5 Hz), it is shown that the stimulus FM dynamics are tracked by the phase of the aSSR, demonstrating neural phase modulation (PM) encoding of the stimulus carrier frequency. For sounds with faster carrier frequency change (f(FM) > or = 5 Hz), it is shown that modulation encoding of stimulus FM dynamics persists, but the neural encoding is no longer purely PM. This result is consistent with the recruitment of additional neural AM encoding over and above the original neural PM encoding, indicating that both the amplitude and phase of the aSSR at f(AM) track the stimulus FM dynamics. A neural model is suggested to account for these observations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parallel processing in the auditory cortex of primates.

Evidence from anatomical tracer studies as well as lesions of the primary auditory cortex (AI) indicate that the principal relay nucleus of the auditory thalamus, the ventral part of the medial geniculate (MGv), projects in parallel to AI and the rostral area on the supratemporal plane of the macaque monkey. The caudomedial area, by contrast, receives input from MGv only indirectly via AI, and neurons in this area are often tuned to the spatial location of a complex sound. The belt areas on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus receive input from the primary areas. Neurons in these areas respond better to more complex stimuli, such as band-pass noise pulses of frequency-modulated sweeps, than to pure tones. Often neurons in the lateral belt respond well to species-specific communication calls. The hypothesis is put forward that the central auditory pathways in the macaque monkey are organized into parallel streams, similar to the visual system, one for the processing of spatial information, the other for the processing of auditory "patterns". Evidence from neuroimaging studies in humans with MRI and PET are consistent with this hypothesis. Virtual auditory space stimuli lead to selective activation of an inferior parietal region, whereas speech-like stimuli activate superior temporal regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Functional brain block preparation of the rat auditory cortex.

To maintain neural functions in brain block preparations of the rat auditory cortex in vitro, a pressurized oxygenated medium was injected into the blocks. Distribution of indigo carmine contained in the injection medium indicated that a columnar region of 1-2 mm in diameter was homogeneously perfused from the white matter to the pial surface. Stimulation of cortical layers just above the white matter produced supragranular field potentials of two negative peaks. They represented antidromic and postsynaptic activities, of which only the latter was blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10 microM). The depth profile and temperature-dependency of field potentials in the blocks were very similar to those recorded in usual slice preparations. The responses in blocks were recorded stably for several hours. The functional brain block preparation may be a useful tool for analyses of neocortical neural networks in vitro.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗