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The nature and expression of anger and guilt in sons and daughters of Holocaust survivors were studied by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of relationship narratives. Findings are discussed in relation to the reciprocal overprotectiveness between the surviving parents and their children in the context of intergenerational communication of trauma.
Several recent reviews have identified 3 affective dispositions--depression, anxiety, and anger-hostility--as putative risk factors for coronary heart disease. There are, however, mixed and negative results. Following a critical summary of epidemiological findings, the present article discusses the construct and measurement overlap among the 3 negative affects. Recognition of the overlap necessitates the development of more complex affect-disease models and has implications for the interpretation of prior studies, statistical analyses, prevention, and intervention in health psychology and behavioral medicine. The overlap among the 3 negative dispositions also leaves open the possibility that a general disposition toward negative affectivity may be more important for disease risk than any specific negative affect.
The anger-superiority hypothesis states that angry faces are detected more efficiently than friendly faces. Previously research used schematized stimuli, which minimizes perceptual confounds, but violates ecological validity. The authors argue that a confounding of appearance and meaning is unavoidable and even unproblematic if real faces are presented. Four experiments tested carefully controlled photos in a search-asymmetry design. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed more efficient detection of an angry face among happy faces than vice versa. Experiment 3 indicated that the advantage was due to the mouth, but not to the eyes, and Experiment 4, using upright and inverted thatcherized faces, suggests a perceptual basis. The results are in line with a sensory-bias hypothesis that facial expressions evolved to exploit extant capabilities of the visual system.
Psychological adjustment was assessed in a sample of 525 female and 191 male adoptees. Analyses were conducted by gender; by search status, i.e., those who had never searched, those who were searching, and those who had made contact with their biological parents; and by history of mental health service utilization. Compared to normative data, the sample reported significantly higher levels of psychological maladjustment; only women adoptees scored higher on a scale measuring anger. Overall, adoptees' scores were elevated but did not approach levels typical of outpatient populations.
By finding more feasible alternatives to managing aggression which can be effectively used in health care settings, as well as expanding nursing knowledge on the detrimental effects of restraints, forensic clinicians can use their creativity and resources to enhance the quality of life for their patients using beneficial therapeutic alternatives to restraint. A closer examination of alternatives to managing aggressive behaviour leads the author to the introduction of a case study, promoting non-touch interventions. The importance of this paper lies in reorienting forensic clinicians away from the perceived ideologies of physical restraint as a primary intervention, moving towards the productive use of anger management.
Some of the material presented in the journals of mature student registered nurses in two nursing research methodology courses are analysed. The classes were taught from a critical feminist perspective; that is, gender, race, sexual orientation and class issues were addressed as the science of ideas was explored. The students kept journals of their experiences throughout the process. While this was not a 'research' project in the usual sense of the word, material evolved which was primarily an evaluation of my teaching approach and their responses to it. Excerpts of this material were kept as they provide rich data providing insights into teaching strategies. Students cannot be identified in this analysis. It was found that, initially, most resisted the ideas of feminist theory, research and praxis. As the classes progressed, many feelings were of anger about the oppression they had experienced in the past at work and personally but had not understood. Finally, towards the end of term, many students expressed hope that they would be able to bring about some social change within the profession as a result of the ideas discussed in classes. However, several students remained unconvinced that feminism was the way to evoke change.
Given the contradictory findings on aggression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), this topic was examined again in two studies. In both studies RA patients and patients with arthrosis were compared (in-patients in study I, n = 28 in each sample; out-patients in study II, each sample comprising 22 subjects). Two aggression/anger inventories (Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Aggressivitätsfaktoren = FAF and State-Trait-Anger-Expression Inventory = STAXI) with a total of 10 scales were used for comparison. Samples were matched for gender and age; duration and severity of illness were used as covariates. No replicable differences between groups were found in any variable. Our results do not support aggression theories of rheumatoid arthritis.
This study partially replicated a former one showing a relationship between aggression and performance among hockey players. With certain penalties used as a measure of aggression, two groups of male college ice hockey players were compared for differences in goals and assists. Those rated high in aggression scored significantly more goals than those low in aggression. The direction of differences in assists was the same but did not reach significance. When the same groups were compared for shots on goals, significant differences were found, favoring the high aggressive group. This findings was discussed in light of energy output and efficiency. Attempts to relate performance and personality measures were not successful when comparisons on a self-report measure of anger were analyzed.
Human sexuality researchers and institutional review boards often are concerned about the sensitive nature of the information that they obtain and whether this type of research increases the psychological risks to participants. To date, there are almost no empirical data that address this issue. We administered state and trait measures of anger, anxiety, and depression to 207 females who were administered four questionnaires that asked them to reveal highly sensitive, sexually explicit information, including questions regarding childhood sexual abuse. Then they were readministered the state and trait measures of distress. We found no significant differences, even among those who reported being sexually abused as children, suggesting that such studies do not significantly increase the risk of psychological harm to participants.
This paper examines the long-term issues of sexual dysfunction in terms of normal psychosexual development. Human sexual development and ego growth take simultaneous origin within the symbiotic relationship of the child and its first nurturant caretaker, usually the mother. Infantile sexuality, the pleasure of the total body, is equivalent to love and dependent upon sameness and continuity, tending toward fusion. Adult sexuality depends for its emotional impetus upon separateness and difference between lovers. Once established, adult sexual relationships drift inexorably toward the symbiotic unity implicit in loving. Genital sexuality may be sacrificed in the preference for more global satisfactions reminiscent of the infantile sexual experience. Essential to the adult sexual relationship then is the capacity to bear and express conflict and anger as a means of breaking the symbiotic tie; a continuous restructuring of ego boundaries is necessary for the maintenance of a functioning sexual relationship of long duration.
Optimism is a stable personality trait that has important implications for behavior, yet little attention has been given to examining optimism in adolescents. This article describes levels of optimism in rural adolescents and the relationship of optimism with depression, coping, anger, and life events. The identification of optimism may be a vulnerability factor when screening adolescent mental health and, as such, has implications for the psychiatric nurse clinician.
Previous neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have investigated the neural substrates which mediate responses to fearful, disgusted and happy expressions. No previous studies have investigated the neural substrates which mediate responses to sad and angry expressions. Using functional neuroimaging, we tested two hypotheses. First, we tested whether the amygdala has a neural response to sad and/or angry facial expressions. Secondly, we tested whether the orbitofrontal cortex has a specific neural response to angry facial expressions. Volunteer subjects were scanned, using PET, while they performed a sex discrimination task involving static grey-scale images of faces expressing varying degrees of sadness and anger. We found that increasing intensity of sad facial expression was associated with enhanced activity in the left amygdala and right temporal pole. In addition, we found that increasing intensity of angry facial expression was associated with enhanced activity in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. We found no support for the suggestion that angry expressions generate a signal in the amygdala. The results provide evidence for dissociable, but interlocking, systems for the processing of distinct categories of negative facial expression.
Based upon the paralogical reasoning of the anger-impulsive biter, this paper addresses the overload of emotional catharsis which can block a full memory of the biting event and suspend the logical infrastructure of rational behavior. In an effort to overcome these types of investigative difficulties, the paper suggests an approach to resolve dilemma through decompressing the emotional content into path ways of logical understanding. By offering a network of rationale hooks, the perpetrator becomes better equipped to acknowledge the deed.
Appetitive aggression occurs in the context of resource/dominance disputes in a wide variety of species. Hence, the possibility arises that a specific neural system may have evolved to detect and coordinate responses to this specific form of challenge or threat. The dopamine system has been implicated in the processing of signals of aggression in social-agonistic encounters in several species. Here we report that dopaminergic antagonism in healthy male volunteers, following acute administration of the dopamine D2-class receptor antagonist sulpiride, leads to a selective disruption in the recognition of facial expressions of anger (signals of appetitive aggression in humans), but leaves intact recognition of other emotions and the matching of unfamiliar faces.
Cultural sensitivity in mental health research is enhanced by examining the collective perceptions of members of ethnic groups about their own idiomatic expressions of distress. Such an examination was conducted with Puerto Ricans living in New York City, beginning with focus group discussions. Their prevailing idioms of distress, based upon themes of anger and injustice, were correlated widely with professionally developed measures of anxiety, depression, and somatization and with utilization of professional mental health care. By examining the relationship between idioms of distress, saliently volunteered by members of the ethnic ingroup, on the one hand, and professional care and assessments of mental health, on the other, we increase our culturally based understanding of mental health in the community.
In the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) theory of Mischel and Shoda (1995, 1998), personality is conceived as a system of cognitions and affects that mediates between active situational features and behavior. Two major tasks for this approach to personality are the search for active situational features and for mediating psychological processes within a behavioral domain of interest. We report two studies to address these tasks for the domain of anger and sadness. To design these studies and to analyze the obtained data, novel extensions of our previous developed Triple Typology Model (TTM; Vansteelandt & Van Mechelen, 1998) are proposed. These extensions allow the researcher to test hypotheses concerning potentially relevant active situational features in a systematic and confirmatory way and to examine psychological processes as they occur in concrete situations.
In this study, the impact of rejection/acceptance experienced during the adolescent mother's childhood, social support received after the baby's birth, and infant irritability on angry, punitive maternal behavior are tested, and possible links between such maternal behavior and indices of child anger and noncompliance, low confidence, and social withdrawal are investigated. 40 mothers who gave birth as adolescents and their 2-year-old children participated in the study. When mothers experienced both rejection during childhood and little support from a partner after birth, they were likely to exhibit angry and punitive parenting. Infant irritability did not predict maternal behavior. Angry and punitive mothers had children who were angry and noncompliant and who distanced themselves from their mothers. Taken as a main effect, infant irritability was unrelated to later child behavior. However, the association between maternal behavior and 2 aspects of child behavior was stronger for children as irritable at 3 months postpartum: when irritable infants had angry and punitive mothers they were more likely to be angry and noncompliant and to exhibit less confidence than less irritable infants who experienced the same pattern of parenting.
Research suggests that sadness expressions may be more beneficial to children than other emotions when eliciting support from caregivers. It is unclear, however, when children develop the ability to regulate their displays of distress. The current study addressed this question. Distress facial expressions (e.g., fear, anger, and sadness) were examined in 24-month-old toddlers throughout 4 episodes as well as specifically during looks to their mothers. Consistent with hypotheses and the literature, toddlers expressed sadness more frequently and with more intensity than target emotions only during looks to their mothers. These findings indicate that toddlers as young as 24 months of age are using particular emotional displays to elicit support from the social environment.