Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Alum Compounds”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 811 records · Page 45Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Reducing phosphorus runoff and improving poultry production with alum.

This is a review paper on the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted that showed P solubility could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca, and Fe amendments, indicating that these amendments may reduce P runoff. These results were confirmed in small plot studies in which alum applications to litter were shown to decrease P concentrations in runoff by as much as 87%, while improving tall fescue yields. Leaf tissue analyses indicated that the yield improvements were due to increased N availability, which we hypothesized was due to reduced NH3 volatilization. This result was confirmed in laboratory studies that showed that alum was one of the most effective (and cost-effective) compounds for reducing NH3 volatilization. Field trials conducted at commercial broiler farms in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency showed that alum additions to poultry litter lowered litter pH, particularly during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout, which resulted in less NH3 volatilization and lower atmospheric NH3. Ammonia volatilization rates were reduced by 97% for the first 4 wk of the growout. Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were heavier than the controls (1.73 vs 1.66 kg) and had lower mortality (3.9 vs 4.2%) and better feed efficiency (1.98 vs 2.04). Electricity and propane use were lower for alum-treated houses. As a result of these economic benefits to the integrator and grower, the benefit:cost ratio of alum addition was 1.96. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff from small watersheds were 75% lower from alum-treated litter than normal litter over a 3-yr period. Long-term small plot studies on alum use have shown that alum-treated litter results in lower soil test P levels than normal litter and does not increase Al availability in soils or uptake by plants.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Effects of polyelectrolytes on reduction of model compounds via coagulation.

The objective of this research work was to evaluate the performance of enhanced coagulation by alum and polymer. Synthetic source waters containing high molecular weight humic acids, medium molecular weight tannic acids and low molecular weight p-hydroxybenzoic acid were formulated by adjusting the concentration of turbidity and pH; and jar tests were used to study the effect of various types and dosages of polymer on reducing the above model compounds. At a specific pH condition, the applied alum dosage would efficiently decrease the turbidity to 2 NTU follows the order: humic>tannic>p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Adjustment of pH influenced the performance of alum obviously but not of p-DADMAC. High p-DADMAC dosage overwhelming the effects of alum is less affected by pH adjustment. The results of this investigation reveal that enhanced coagulation with p-DADMAC was founded to be very effective for removing high-molecular-weight THM precursors, i.e., humic acid and tannic acid, and markedly reduced the alum dosages required for turbidity removal. The other two polymers, i.e., cationic PAM and non-ionic PAM, which had higher molecular weight but lower charge density than p-DADMAC, were not capable of removing organic precursors. It was thus concluded that enhanced coagulation with polymer, p-DADMAC, could be considered as a promising technique for removal of NOMs with hydrophobic and higher-molar-mass (>1K) in water treatment plants.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of alum-absorbed or non-alum-absorbed oil emulsion vaccines containing either pilate or non-pilate Bacteroides nodosus cells in inducing and maintaining resistance of sheep to experimental foot rot.

Highly pilate (P) or non-pilate (NP) cells of Bacteroides nodosus were compounded into oil emulsion (O) either with or without prior absorption onto alum (A). The abilities of these four preparations (referred to as PAO, NPAO, PO and NPO vaccines) to stimulate antibody production and to protect sheep from foot rot were compared. Two injections of PAO vaccine protected sheep against homologous challenge 12 weeks after the second dose by PO, NPO and NPAO vaccines were less effective. Sheep were protected against homologous challenge for 14 weeks after a single dose of PAO vaccine and for 22 weeks after three doses; an ameliorative effect was still evident 40 weeks after the third dose. Protection against challenge with two heterologous strains was demonstrated at six weeks after three doses of vaccine. A numerical system of scoring the lesions also confirmed that foot rot in vaccinated sheep challenged outside the 'protective' period of the vaccine was somewhat less severe than in controls. PAO vaccine induced much higher and more persistent titres of agglutinins than the other vaccines tested. There was a relationship between agglutinin titres and resistance to homologous challenge.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of chemical amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization from poultry litter.

Ammonia volatilization from poultry litter often causes high levels of atmospheric ammonia in poultry houses, which is detrimental to both farm workers and birds. Ammonia emissions from houses also aggravate environmental problems, such as acid rain, and result in a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of litter amendments on ammonia volatilization and to determine the effect of these amendments on nitrogen and phosphorus content in litter. The results of this research indicate that alum [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O], ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) dramatically reduce ammonia volatilization form litter. The amount of ammonia lost from litter treated with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) and a proprietory product made of Ca-Fe silicate with a phosphoric acid coating was not different from the control (untreated litter). Aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferrous sulfate also reduced water soluble P concentrations in litter, whereas phosphoric acid greatly increased water-soluble P levels. The most effective compound evaluated with respect to reducing both ammonia loss and P solubility was alum.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2004

[Studies on effects of aluminum compounds on aluminum contents in serum and brain of mice with high performance capillary electrophoresis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of alum, aluminum chloride and aluminum hydroxide on aluminum contents in serum and brain of mice with high performance capillary. METHOD: 60 days after the mice were given daily alum, aluminum chloride and aluminum hydroxide with the same aluminum content of 14.25, 57 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), respectively, the aluminum content in serum and brain of mice were determined with high performance capillary chromatography. RESULT: The average recoveries of serum aluminum determination was 96.5%-103%. The average recoveries of brain aluminum assay was 92.2%-105.3%. Except control group, serum aluminum increased obviously. Brain aluminum increased in all the large doses groups. 2 weeks after the mice were stopped being given these drugs, serum and brain aluminum recovered to normal level, except aluminum chloride large doses group. CONCLUSION: The metabolism and excretion mechanism of aluminum in mice depends on the chemical states of the aluminum compound.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Swelling of cattle heel horn by urine.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the likely mechanisms responsible for heel horn softening when cattle stand in their own effluent. To examine the effectiveness of some footbath chemicals in preventing heel horn softening. PROCEDURE: Shavings from the heels of cattle were used in a laboratory test to examine the swelling effects of cow urine, urea, sulphide and ammonia. Formalin, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, alum, tannic acid and a compound containing nitrocellulose plus nylon, were compared for their ability to prevent swelling in heel shavings induced by urea plus 2-mercaptoethanol. RESULTS: Cow urine caused heel horn to swell. Urea caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow urine. Sulphide caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow slurry. Low concentrations of ammonia solution also resulted in swelling. Formalin and glutaraldehyde prevented swelling induced by high concentrations of urea plus 2-mercaptoethanol. Copper sulphate had a moderate anti-swelling effect. Zinc sulphate, alum, tannic acid, and nitrocellulose plus nylon were relatively ineffective in preventing swelling. CONCLUSIONS: Cow urine can cause degradation of heel horn in cattle feet. The chemical agents that cause this could be urea, sulphide anions and ammonia. Degradation by urine can be prevented by pretreating heel horn with formalin. Glutaraldehyde may be an effective noncarcinogenic alternative to formalin.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1996

[Antigenicity tests of a new antineoplastic agent S-1].

The antigenicity was tested of a new antineoplastic agent S-1 (a combination of tegafur (FT), CDHP and potassium oxonate (Oxo)) in mice and guinea pigs. 1. Male BALB/c or C3H/He mice were sensitized with S-1, CDHP, Oxo, and conjugates of CDHP (or Oxo) and human serum albumin (HSA). S-1 was administered by oral gavage, and the other compounds were administered intraperitoneally with adjuvant (alum). In the heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test, using Sprague-Dawley rats as recipients, no IgE antibodies against S-1, CDHP, or Oxo were detected to any serum obtained from the sensitized mice, and no eliciting antigenicities were seen for CDHP or Oxo. 2. Male Hartley guinea pigs were sensitized with S-1, CDHP, Oxo, and conjugates of CDHP (or Oxo) and HSA. S-1 was administered by oral gavage, and the other compounds were administered subcutaneously with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The homologous PCA test, active systemic anaphylaxis test, and passive hemagglutination test showed no production of antibodies against S-1, CDHP, or Oxo in any sensitized guinea pig, and no eliciting antigenicities for CDHP or Oxo. 3. Female Hartley guinea pigs were sensitized with S-1 subcutaneously with FCA. The active cutaneous anaphylaxis test revealed that S-1 did not induce cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity. 4. These results indicated that S-1, Oxo, and CDHP were not antigenic in mice and guinea pigs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Local structure and tunneling kinetics of ammonium aluminum alum by infrared hole-burning.

The title compound, crystallized with a few percent of deuterium, contains some NH(3)D(+) and HOD. At low temperatures, five N-D stretch bands are observed. These belong to two ammonium sites with apparent C(s) symmetry in the low-temperature phase. The N-D bands can be hole-burned with an infrared laser. Burning bands belonging to the A-sites transforms some of them to the higher-energy B-sites. The A- and B-sites probably differ from each other by the arrangement of water and sulfate about the ammonium.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Concentration determination of a recombinant vaccine antigen adsorbed onto an alum adjuvant by chemiluminescent nitrogen detection.

PURPOSE: A chemiluminescent nitrogen detector (CLND) has been evaluated for determining the concentration of an aluminum-adsorbed recombinant vaccine antigen. METHODS: Quantification of the antigen was based upon several nitrogen-containing compounds used to calibrate the CLND. All calibrants (6.75-400 microg/ml) generated linear standard curves, with slopes being directly proportional to the % nitrogen. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was determined to be 6.75 microg/ml based on the performance of the antigen standard curve, and the limit of detection (LOD) was defined by setting the CLND minimum peak area to 40,000 U. The CLND was capable of analyzing antigen-adjuvant suspensions (adsorbed + unbound antigen) without any sample pretreatment. To measure unbound antigen, the suspension was centrifuged and an aliquot of supernatant removed for analysis; the difference between these two measurements was the amount of adsorbed antigen. RESULTS: The adjuvant exhibited no significant matrix effect. Samples were analyzed in triplicate with observed relative standard deviation values ranging from 0.065% to 10.0%. The most accurate concentrations of the antigen were recovered relative to the antigen itself and to glycine as standards. CONCLUSION: This methodology provides a direct measurement of the concentration of a vaccine antigen adsorbed onto an aluminum adjuvant.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗
PubMed2005

Removal of neutral chloroacetamide herbicide degradates during simulated unit processes for drinking water treatment.

Four chloroacetamide herbicides and 20 neutral chloroacetamide derivatives (known to occur as their environmental degradates) were subjected to simulated drinking water treatment (coagulation, oxidation and adsorption). Coagulation with alum and ferric chloride, at doses for optimum turbidity removal, provided little to no (<10%) removal of parent herbicides or neutral degradates. Chlorination with 6 mg/L applied free chlorine for 6 h was able to achieve 100% removal of those degradates lacking an acetanilide substituent; compounds possessing this functional group exhibited low (0-16%) removal efficiencies. Products were generally not identified, except in the case of dimethenamid and its deschloro degradate, both of which formed a single ring-chlorination product on their ready reaction (84% and 96% removal, respectively) with aqueous chlorine species. Treatment with ozone at an applied dose of 3 mg/L for 30 min proved effective (60-100%) at transforming all of the compounds under investigation to unidentified products. The parent herbicides and neutral degradates underwent adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC). Adsorption capacities (Freundlich K constants) correlated with K(ow) values.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2003

Hemi(piperazinediium) hexaaquaaluminium(III) bis(sulfate) tetrahydrate: a new double aluminium sulfate salt.

Piperazinium aluminium sulfate decahydrate, (C(4)H(12)N(2))(0.5)[Al(H(2)O)(6)](SO(4))(2).4H(2)O, exhibits a crystal structure built from isolated [Al(H(2)O)(6)](3+), SO(4)(2-), C(4)H(12)N(2)(2+) and H(2)O units connected by a complex hydrogen-bond network. The title compound shows strong similarities to many double aluminium sulfates, such as alums and Tutton's salts. However, since its structure is not derived directly from that of these compounds, it is assumed to be a new structure type.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Antigen-induced bronchial anaphylaxis in actively sensitized SD rats. Effects of glucocorticoid treatment.

We examined the effects of glucocorticosteroids (GCS) on antigen-induced bronchial anaphylactic reactions (BAR) in SD rats immunized with ovalbumin (OA) and alum. The animals were treated with vehicle, budesonide (BUD), dexamethasone (DEX), or hydrocortisone (HC) at various times before intravenous (i.v.) antigen challenge. The drugs were administered either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intratracheally (i.t.); the BAR was elicited by a low or by a high challenge dose of antigen. A BAR elicited by a low challenge dose of antigen was reduced in a dose-dependent way by all GCS after i.p. administration; at 1 mg/kg, BUD and DEX significantly reduced BAR and at 50 mg/kg all three of the examined compounds inhibited the BAR by 50% or more. For BUD, maximum effect was recorded when it was given 12 h before test. There was only a slight variation in the inhibitory effects of the GCS with immunization conditions of test animals. I.t. instillation of the drugs did not markedly increase their inhibitory capacity as compared to i.p. administration. BAR elicited by a high antigen dose was at best marginally affected by the GCS when given either i.p. or i.t. Thus, antigen-induced airway reactivity in rats can be reduced by GCS treatment provided that this is performed sufficiently long before the test and that the challenge dose of antigen is not too high.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1978

Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form.

Soluble trivalent chromium compounds (chromium potassium sulfate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, neochromium and chromium alum) were inactive for Salmonella typhimurium TA100, even at milligram amounts per plate. No effect could be detected either in the absence or in the presence of rat-liver, lung or muscle microsomal fractions, of rat-muscle mitochondria (with or without ATP), of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or of human serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates. Conversely, addition of a strongly oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) resulted in toxic effects in plates incorporating more than 40--80 microgram of compounds and elicited a dose-effect mutagenic response at 10--40 microgram per plate. These effects could be ascribed to oxidation of chromium from the trivalent to the active hexavalent state. Insoluble chromite, as tested in the spot test, was spontaneously mutagenic, owing to contamination of the industrial product with hexavalent chromium. The results obtained may be useful to interpret the findings of carcinogenicity tests and to predict health hazards linked to chromium.

Chromium↗