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PubMed2000

Triglyceride, small, dense low-density lipoprotein, and the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.

This review provides an overview of the recent data evaluating triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size, two highly interrelated, genetically influenced, risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). An examination of new epidemiologic studies continues to demonstrate that plasma triglyceride levels predict CVD. The first prospective study of the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia has shown that relatives in familial-combined hyperlipidemia families are at increased risk for CVD mortality and that triglyceride levels predicted 20-year, CVD mortality among relatives in familial hypertriglyceridemia families. A meta-analysis of three, large-scale, prospective studies in men, and the first study to examine the correlation of LDL particle size distribution and vascular changes measured by B-mode ultrasound, add to growing evidence that small, dense LDL is atherogenic. Quantitative genetic analysis has recently shown substantial pleiotropic (common) genetic effects on triglyceride and LDL size. At least part of this may be explained by variation at the cholesterol ester transfer protein locus on chromosome 16, possibly through its role in reverse cholesterol transport. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the importance of triglyceride and LDL particle size for understanding genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and its prevention.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2002

Update on the role of triglycerides as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Elevated triglyceride levels represent an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, and recently the National Cholesterol Education Program revised the acceptable level of fasting triglycerides from less than 200 mg/dL to below 150 mg/dL. However, a sizeable proportion of people in Western societies has persistently elevated triglyceride levels. Fortunately, hygienic and pharmacologic measures can have a considerable impact on reducing triglyceride levels. However, an important yet unanswered question is whether decreasing triglycerides beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering contributes significantly to additional coronary heart disease event reduction.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed1989

Influence of plasma triglycerides on lipoprotein patterns in normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease.

This study examined the correlation of plasma triglyceride levels with concentrations of intermediate, low and high density lipoproteins (IDL, LDL, and HDL, respectively) and to particle sizes of LDL in 93 normal men and 106 men with coronary artery disease. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were in the normal range for all persons in both groups. Analysis of lipoproteins of density less than 1.063 g/ml was carried out by analytical ultracentrifugation. The analytical pattern gave the peak Sf for LDL as well as an indication of heterogeneity of particle sizes in the density range of LDL. In both normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease, a positive correlation was found between peak Sf for LDL and concentrations of plasma triglycerides. Plasma triglyceride levels also were correlated positively with concentrations of Sf 20 to 60 lipoproteins and total IDL mass, and inversely with HDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the value for peak Sf for LDL correlated inversely with the IDL mass concentration and IDL/LDL mass ratio, and positively with the HDL cholesterol levels. The results indicate that the lipoprotein pattern, including lipoprotein concentrations and particle sizes, is sensitive to concentrations of plasma triglycerides even when the latter are within the normal range.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Triglyceride levels and the risk of coronary artery disease: a view from Australia.

A prospective study of cardiovascular disease in elderly Australians commenced in 1988 in Dubbo, New South Wales. The study population comprised 1,237 men and 1,568 women aged > or = 60 years. The prevalence rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) and putative risk factors were examined cross-sectionally in the baseline data. The age-standardized rate of CAD was 23.8/100 men and 18.1/100 women. In a univariate analysis, the major risk factors for CAD were hypertension, diabetes, family history, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, and increased triglyceride levels. The prevalence rate of CAD was examined in those with low-density lipoprotein (LDL):HDL ratios < 5.0 or > 5.0. Most notably in women, the CAD rate was 16/100 with an LDL.HDL ratio < or = 5.0 and 28/100 with an LDL.HDL ratio > 5.0. In the latter group, the rate was 21/100 in those with triglycerides < or = 2.3 mmol/liter and 36/100 in those with triglycerides > 2.3 mmol/liter. In a multiple logistic model that controlled for many potential risk factors or confounding variables, CAD in men was significantly predicted by age, hypertension (odds ratio = 1.40), family history (odds ratio = 2.05), and low HDL cholesterol (odds ratio = 0.78). Significant predictors in women were age, years of education (odds ratio = 0.82), hypertension (odds ratio = 1.45), family history (odds ratio = 1.77), serum triglycerides (odds ratio = 1.30), and low HDL cholesterol (odds ratio = 0.73). An independent gradient of CAD risk with increasing triglyceride levels and a similar gradient with decreasing HDL cholesterol levels were found in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Increased triglyceride levels in shift workers.

PURPOSE: To assess an independent relationship between shift work and serum lipid levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Two plants of northern France: a chemical one and a nuclear power station. PARTICIPANTS: All the shift workers of the chemical plant and of one part of the nuclear station. One hundred nine persons were selected, 25 were excluded or absent during the study, and 11 refused to participate. Day workers matched with shift workers according to age, educational level, birthplace, and occupational physical activity level served as controls; 109 were selected, 26 were excluded or absent, and 10 refused to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting venous plasma concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; dietary intake assessed by a 3-day record, smoking habits, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Shift workers had significantly higher levels of serum triglyceride (1.26 versus 1.03 mmol/L, p = 0.01). Cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels were similar for the two groups. There was no difference in energy and nutrient intake, but day workers had a higher alcohol intake (15.64 g/d versus 9.3 g/d, p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis conducted with triglycerides as dependent variable and shift work, BMI, smoking, age, leisure time physical activity level, energy intake, and alcohol intake as independent variables confirmed that shift work has a significant explanatory power for triglyceride levels (beta = 0.134, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that shift work is associated with an increase of triglyceride levels independent of dietary intake. We did not find any influence of shift work on cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Despite this latter fact, our findings are to be considered in the explanation of coronary risk among shift workers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of this relative hypertriglyceridemia: stress induced by shift work or diurnal rhythm disturbances.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Very low density lipoprotein stimulation of triglyceride accumulation in rat preadipocyte cultures.

Exposure of cultured rat epididymal preadipocytes to human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) resulted in the rapid accumulation of large amounts of cellular triglyceride which was accompanied by the appearance of numerous large cellular lipid inclusions. Addition of heparin produced a two-fold stimulation of lipoprotein induced triglyceride accumulation. Supplementation of the growth medium with either low density lipoprotein, oleic acid or artificial triglyceride emulsion did not produce cellular triglyceride levels equivalent to that obtained with VLDL. Fibroblastic cells from rat skin and lung did not accumulate triglycerides when exposed to VLDL and heparin.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1976

Stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in human plasma triglycerides.

Because of a biological difference between both primary hydroxylgroups of glycerol there are three distinct hydroxylgroups esterified with fatty acids in triglycerides. The distribution of fatty acids in the three distinct positions of triglycerides can be investigated by a combination of partial hydrolysis of triglycerides by pancreatic lipase, phosphorylation of the diglycerides formed and the stereospecific action of phospholipase A on phosphatides. Plasma triglycerides from normal and hyperlipemic humans are analysed. Human plasma triglycerides are highly asymmetric. The 1-position contains more than twice as much palmitic acid as the 3-position. Statistically significant differences are found between normal and hyperlipemic humans for palmitic and linoleic acid at the 2-position, and for oleic and linoleic acid at the 3-position.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1982

Suitability of frozen and lyophilized reference sera for cholesterol and triglyceride determinations.

Observations on the suitability of frozen and lyophilized reference sera stored at -20 degrees C are presented. These sera, intended for use as controls for both cholesterol and triglyceride determinations, covered ranges for cholesterols from 4 to 8 mmol/l and for triglyceride from 0.7 to 2.4 mmol/L. We observed no change in cholesterol or triglyceride concentration in either the frozen or lyophilized forms of serum during almost 5 years of storage. The suitability of these materials for cholesterol and triglyceride determinations is demonstrated by representative methods. Our results show that lyophilized reference sera can be shipped unprotected by dry ice without any effect on cholesterol or triglyceride concentration. Although the total cholesterol concentration was unchanged with storage, changes did occur in the lipoproteins carrying these lipid constituents.

Blood Preservation↗

PubMed1994

Pancreatic triglyceride lipase and colipase: insights into dietary fat digestion.

Dietary fats have an impact on health and disease. A pancreatic exocrine protein, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, is essential for the efficient digestion of dietary fats. This enzyme requires another pancreatic exocrine protein, colipase, for full activity in the gut lumen. In addition to its importance in fat digestion, pancreatic triglyceride lipase has potential applications in medical therapy, medical diagnostics, and industry. This potential stimulated interest in lipases; radiograph during the last few years, studies applying the technologies of molecular biology and radiograph crystallography greatly increased our knowledge about pancreatic triglyceride lipase and colipase protein structure, enzyme mechanism, and gene structure. This review focuses on these recent advances and discusses models for the kinetic properties of pancreatic triglyceride lipase and for the interaction of pancreatic triglyceride lipase with colipase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1980

Relationship between triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (chylomicrons and VLDL) and HDL2 and HDL3 in the post-prandial phase in humans.

In order to evaluate the relationship between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons and VLDL) and HDL during alimentary lipaemia, 12 healthy volunteers, 6 male and 6 female (aged 20--40 yrs), were studied. Cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride and protein were evaluated in whole serum, VLDL, LDL and HDL (successively subfractionated in HDL2 and HDL3). Blood samples were collected in a fasting state, 4.5 and 9 h after a 1500 calorie meal (20% protein, 40% carbohydrate, 40% fat). A striking increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after 4.5 h was observed in both sexes, but was more pronounced in males. An increase in phospholipid and triglyceride as well as a slight reduction in cholesterol was evident in HDL after 4.5 h. At the same time both lipids and proteins were decreased in HDL3 and increased in HDL2. This phenomenon is more evident in females, who showed a significantly higher basal HDL2 level. These results suggest a possible metabolic relationship in the post-prandial phase between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and HDL, and an inverse correlation between HDL2 and HDL3.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effect of CS-514 (pravastatin) on VLDL-triglyceride kinetics in rats.

The effect of CS-514 (pravastatin; Sankyo Co., Tokyo), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on triglyceride turnover, was studied in male Wistar rats. CS-514 (15 +/- 1 mg/day per rat) was administered as a 0.04% solution in drinking water for 14 days. Triglyceride and cholesterol in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and plasma triglyceride were reduced by treatment with CS-514. Plasma cholesterol level was not suppressed by CS-514. The CS-514 treated rats had a significantly suppressed triglyceride secretion rate (TgSR) during the fed state compared to control rats (0.85 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.07 +/- 0.3 mg/min, P less than 0.05). By contrast, CS-514 treatment did not suppress TgSR after an overnight fast. These data demonstrate that CS-514, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis can suppress VLDL-triglyceride secretion in rats and that this effect can be modified by dietary manipulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Metabolic effects of dietary stearic acid in mice: changes in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids in various tissues.

The fatty acid patterns of triglycerides and phospholipids extracted from adipose tissue, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung of 3 groups of C57BL/6 mice were determined after feeding diets rich in palmitic acid (16:0) (high palmitic: 16:0 = 45.1% of total fatty acids), stearic acid (18:0) (high stearic: 18:0 = 42.9% of total fatty acids) and oleic acid (18:1) (high oleic: 18:1 = 79.7% of total fatty acids) for 9 months. Triglyceride content of adipose, liver, heart, kidney, lung and spleen tissues was significantly enriched in palmitic acid in mice fed the high palmitic diet (range among all tissues: 19.9% +/- 0.2% to 29.0% +/- 1.9% of total fatty acids) and in oleic acid in mice fed the high oleic diet (range 56.0% +/- 1.9% to 71.6% +/- 1.2%). The stearic acid content of organ triglycerides in mice fed the high stearic diet ranged from 3.7% +/- 0.3% to 10.8% +/- 1.2%; however, the content of oleic acid on this diet (range: 57.0% +/- 1.8% to 71.4% +/- 1.7%) was similar to the one observed in mice fed the high oleic diet. In all organs, phospholipids had a significantly higher percentage of stearic acid (range: 23.5% +/- 0.9% to 51.5% +/- 6.6%) than triglycerides, regardless of diet. To evaluate the production of oleate from stearate and palmitate, 2 groups of mice were fed the high palmitic and the high stearic diets for 1 week and then injected intravenously with [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]stearate and the amount of labelled oleate in liver triglycerides was measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Levels of plasma factor VII and factor VII activated forms as a function of plasma triglyceride levels.

It has been shown that triglyceride levels are one of the determinants of factor VII levels. In this study we have simultaneously evaluated, in a group of 102 healthy individuals, the different forms of factor VII, namely factor VII mass, factor VII coagulant activity, activated factor VII double-chain form and factor VII-phospholipid complex, in relation to triglyceridaemia. The data showed a highly significant correlation of factor VII mass, factor VII coagulant activity and factor VII-phospholipid complex with triglycerides. No correlation was observed between the activated factor VII double-chain form and triglycerides. These data, together with analysis of the linear and orthogonal regression slopes, suggest that increase of plasma factor VII coagulant activity as a function of plasma triglyceride levels is attributable to an increase in both mass and activity of factor VII and that the increase in activity is dependent on an increase of factor VII-phospholipid complex rather than activated factor VII double-chain form. The ratio between the slopes of the regression straight line of factor VII mass and factor VII-phospholipid complex in relation to triglycerides was 2.23 (95% confidence limits 1.74-2.50), thus indicating that the contribution of factor VII mass is prevalent over that of the factor VII-phospholipid complex.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The effect of glycerol and other intermediates on the incorporation of 14C-fructose and 14C-glucose to hepatic triglyceride.

Mature male rats were given, orally, 14C-fructose either alone or in conjunction with dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, or glycerol. Glycerol was also administered with 14C-glucose in a dose equimolar with fructose. After 2 hr the rats were killed and the liver triglyceride fraction was separated. Estimations of the degree of incorporation of 14C from the radioactive labeled carbohydrate into the glycerol and fatty acid moieties were carried out. Dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde reduced the incorporation of 14C-fructose into hepatic triglyceride to approximately equal extents, suggesting that both trioses contribute equally to alpha-glycerophosphate formation. Glycerol, however, brought about a profound increase in the amount of fructose converted to triglyceride. This effect of glycerol was not apparent to any measurable extent on glucose incorporation into triglyceride and none of the intermediates affected the proportional distribution of radioactive counts between the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of the triglyceride after 14C-fructose administration.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Triglyceride turnover in severe chronic non-nephrotic renal failure.

In 12 patients with chronic non-nephrotic renal failure (creatinine clearance 3.5-11 ml/min) and 8 control subjects, plasma triglyceride turnover was studied. The patients showed significantly increased fasting triglyceride concentrations and absolute plasma triglyceride turnover rates, while the fractional turnover rate was significantly decreased. The finding of an elevated triglyceride turnover rate with a near normal fractional removal rate in the patients with the highest creatinine clearance suggests the involvement of an increased triglyceride synthesis rate in these patients. However, most patients showed an impaired removal mechanism as the major cause of the hypertriglyceridemia.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Abnormal lipoprotein-lipase-mediated plasma triglyceride removal in untreated diabetes mellitus associated with hypertriglyceridemia.

Hypertriglyceridemia is common in untreated diabetes mellitus. An abnormality in the interaction of lipoprotein lipase with endogenous circulating plasma lipoprotein triglyceride has been demonstrated in untreated diabetes. These diabetics have a decreased maximal removal capacity for plasma triglyceride (27.0 mg TG/kh/hr) and increased Km (390 mg/dl) for endogenous plasma triglyceride-lipoprotein lipase interaction compared to that found in nondiabetic hypertriglyceridemic subjects (Vmax, 32.0; km, 157). Diabetics treated for at least two months have a maximal removal capacity and Km similar to that of nondiabetic subjects (Vmax, 32.7; Km, 192). No evidence for an increase in triglyceride production due to diabetes per se was found. When diabetic subjects with triglyceride levels over 400 mg/dl were selected for study, most were found to have an independent familial form of hypertriglyceridemia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Acute decrease in serum triglycerides with exercise: is there a threshold for an exercise effect?

Acute reductions in triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations have been demonstrated in endurance athletes after prolonged exercise. To determine if similar changes occur in untrained subjects and to determine the duration of exercise necessary for such changes, we measured serum lipids and lipoproteins in 10 sedentary men after 1 hour of exercise at their anaerobic threshold. Findings in sedentary men were compared with those of 9 competitive cyclists after 1 and 2 hr of exercise. LDL cholesterol increased in the cyclists immediately after 1 and 2 hours of exercise. Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol also increased in the cyclists immediately after the 2 hr session. These increases were transient and not significant when corrected for changes in plasma volume. Serum triglycerides were unchanged for 4 hr after exercise. By 24 hr, however, triglycerides had decreased in both the trained (17%) and untrained men (22%) after the 1 hr session and in the trained men (33% p less than 0.01) after the 2 hr session. These results demonstrate a delayed decrease in triglyceride concentration that is related to the duration of exercise and probably has no distinct threshold. The lower level of triglycerides in endurance athletes and in sedentary subjects after exercise training is due at least in part to an acute exercise effect.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Substrate cycling between triglyceride and fatty acid in human adipocytes.

Substrate cycles in metabolism require energy and generate heat, and they may be involved in thermogenesis. We have studied one such cycle between triglyceride and fatty acid in isolated human adipocytes using a nonisotopic technique. In the absence of added hormone, and with 5 mmol/L (90 mg/dL) glucose in the incubation medium, lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification coexisted such that 40 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) of the fatty acid produced was cycled back into triglyceride. In 51 individual subjects the range was from 0% to 100%. Both lipolysis and the quantity of fatty acid recycled correlated positively with cell volume (P less than .001 and P less than .005, respectively). Norepinephrine (10(-6) mol/L) alone (33 experiments) increased lipolysis 3.1-fold, and reduced the percentage of fatty acid reesterified. Cycling was similar to that in the basal state. Lipolysis was inhibited 46% by postabsorptive levels of insulin alone (18 experiments), but the proportion of fatty acid reesterified increased such that the quantity cycled back into triglyceride was similar to that observed in the basal state. In the presence of both norepinephrine and insulin (18 experiments), lipolysis was increased by 58% while 31 +/- 4% of the fatty acid released was reesterified. In consequence, the quantity of fatty acid cycled back into triglyceride increased 2.1-fold. Increasing the insulin level fivefold or the medium glucose concentration to 20 mmol/L produced no further increase in the quantity of fatty acid reesterified. A substrate cycle exists, therefore, between triglyceride and fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and its activity is modified by norepinephrine and insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗