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PubMed2001

Brain mediation of Anolis social dominance displays. I. Differential basal ganglia activation.

Ritualistic displays of aggressive intent are important social signals, often obviating physically dangerous engagement. To date, however, brain regions mediating such behaviors are not established. Here we used male Anolis carolinensis together with an in vivo 14C-2-deoxyglucose method to determine patterns of brain activation during elicitation of this animal's dominance displays vs. other behaviors. By patching one eye regional brain activation in the hemisphere receiving display-evocative visual stimuli ('seeing' side) was compared to activity in the contralateral brain that did not see specific stimuli ('patched' side); this was quantitated as the ratio of seeing/patched activity for brain regions of interest. Lone males displaying dominantly to mirrors activated dorsolateral basal ganglia (BG) in the seeing, compared to the patched hemisphere; this was not seen in various non-displaying controls. Degree of dorsolateral BG activation also correlated with a measure of dominant display activity, but not with locomotion. In socially stable pairs, displaying dominants showed similar activation of dorsolateral BG, but deactivated ventromedial BG; non-dominant cagemates displaying submissively had the opposite pattern. When cohabiting peacefully without displaying, paired dominants' and subordinates' brain activity patterns were similar to each other. Thus, different BG subsystems seem involved in dominant vs. submissive display behaviors. Given similarities in both social displays and BG organization, homologous brain systems might have similar functions in members of other amniote classes, including primates.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Behaviour and the concept of "heritability" axioms of an ethological refutation.

This paper discusses the widespread use of heritability calculations in recent behaviour research including behaviour genetics. In the sequel, a radical criticism concerning the basic axioms of the underlying, more general concept itself is presented. The starting point for testing the proclaimed universal validity of this concept stems from a fictitious yet realistic example taken from learning research. The theoretical result, based on the application of the conventional reasoning in this field, states that developmental processes--and learning is only one specific case out of an immense number of similar behavioural mechanisms--can neither be adequately described nor causally explained with sufficient reliability within the context of the heredity paradigm. On the contrary, an inherent inconsistency of the concept itself when applied to behaviour processes is demonstrated. Finally, a conceptual alternative involving a systems-theoretical approach to the problem is presented: In such a perspective it is the concept of "cognition" which represents the adequate explanatory theorem--a theorem in which quantitative processing of "information" from the environment is clearly revealed to belong to a subordinate level of living organization.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Unfolding interpersonal behavior.

Models of interpersonal traits have traditionally contained two independent dimensions, one referring to dominance as the opposite of submissiveness and the other referring to agreeableness as the opposite of quarrelsomeness. These models are primarily based on psychometric analyses of the co-occurrence of interpersonal characteristics. The present article reviews literature based on event-contingent recording studies that examine whether the structure of interpersonal behavior as revealed in its everyday occurrence is consistent with this model of interpersonal traits. Evidence from studies of the effects of hierarchical social role situations, the relations between behaviors and affect, and the effects of alterations in serotonin are used to evaluate whether dominance, submissiveness, agreeableness, and quarrelsomeness are related, opposite, or independent behavioral systems. The pattern of findings suggests that agreeableness and quarrelsomeness may be part of the same behavioral system while dominance and submissiveness may have separate underlying behavioral systems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The development of affiliative and agonistic social patterns in differentially reared monkeys.

Bonnet macaques that had been reared from 3 to 6 months of age in experimental environments that appeared to adversely affect their ability to separate from mother to explore a novel physical environment in dyadic assessments shortly after the rearing experience were tested during late adolescence, an average of 2.5 years later, under conditions of increasing unfamiliarity and complexity of the social milieu. 6 monkeys, the low-foraging-demand (LFD) group, were reared by mothers having constant easy access to food during the experimental rearing period. Another 6 monkeys, the variable-foraging-demand (VFD) group, were reared by mothers having a foraging task that varied between easy and difficult in 2-week blocks during the experimental rearing period. Although no treatment group differences were evident during the initial rearing period, during subsequent social challenges VFD monkeys exhibited a diminished capacity for affiliative social engagement relative to LFD monkeys and were socially subordinate to LFD monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Battered women: a study of women who live with violent alcohol-abusing men.

This study of women who have repeatedly experienced violence in relationships with alcoholic husbands identifies three distinct types of family of origin. It is suggested that the women carry the conditions of their early family situation into the marriage, and that clinicians' awareness of the background typology may help the women to understand and alter their behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Permanent and transient effects of repeated preweaning stress on social and sexual behaviors of rats.

We have reported that exposure of preweaning male and female rats to a model of unpredictable mild physical stressors (Neo-A) can decrease the behavioral and hormonal responses to acute and chronic stress as adults. In this paper we have analyzed the effect of Neo-A on development of social behaviors, including aggressiveness, social dominance, and sexual behavior in adulthood. The subjects were divided into two groups: Neo-A (daily exposed to unpredictable mild stresses- from day 2 up to day 15 of suckling; n = 30 litters) and controls (C) (undisturbed rats, except for testing, during the same period of life; n = 26 litters). When day 6 pups were submitted to a social clustering test the Neo-A group showed a higher rate of litter-mate clustering than C. The 35 days Neo-A males and Neo-A females submitted to a social behavior test after 24 h of social isolation also showed higher scores of time spent in active social interaction than controls, as well as a higher ratio of animals showing aggressive playing. A second social behavior test performed after 48 h of social isolation at days 75-80 of age revealed that only Neo-A females displayed increased social behavior and aggressive behaviors, whereas controls did not. A water competition test performed at 24 and 48 h after water deprivation showed that Neo-A adult males spent more time in possession of the drinking device and drank more frequently than C. When adult proestrous females were exposed to a sexual behavior test, the Neo-A group showed shorter latency and higher scores of lordosis quotient. These results support the view that exposure to this model of repeated mild stress early in life stimulates the development of social behavior, dominance and sexual behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased rigidity with age in social behavior of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

In this study we investigated the effect of aging on the structure of behavior of socially housed Java-monkeys. Indices of the sequential structure of an animal's own ongoing behavior and of its responses to behavior of other animals were calculated using an information statistic approach. These indices reflect information-processing abilities of an animal, as they represent the ability of an animal to adjust its behavior in response to actions by interaction partners. The influence of an animal's dominance history on the age-related changes was investigated as well. In the literature social subordinance in monkeys is generally associated with elevated levels of cortisol which, in turn, have been suggested to influence information processing abilities. In this study, old animals of low dominance history became more rigid in their own ongoing behavior, whereas old animals of high dominance history did not differ from young animals. The ability of old animals to maintain normal levels of predictability during social interactions declined, but only in social interactions with unfamiliar animals, such as young or unrelated animals. These results may explain the generally found social withdrawal of old non-human primates.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Copulation, dominance, and plasma androgen levels in adult Rhesus males born and reared in the laboratory.

The subjects consisted of adult male rhesus macaques (N = 22) that had been born and reared in the laboratory and had failed to ejaculate in standardized tests of sexual behavior in adulthood. As infants they had been given regular but limited social experience, and as juveniles and adults they had been housed in individual cages. Saphenous vein blood (3 ml) was taken on each of 5 days; the plasma was removed and stored for later assay for testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The males were then released into a 1-acre outdoor enclosure with 8--14 adult females. Behavior was observed daily for 2 hr, and blood was taken from the males once a week for hormone assays. During the first 8 weeks, four males ejaculated, and they were removed from the enclosure. During the second 8 weeks, four additional males ejaculated, and they were also removed from the enclosure. The remaining 14 males were never observed to achieve intromission or to ejaculate during the 28 weeks in the enclosure, but 11 masturbated to ejaculation. There was no evidence that individuals with high plasma T levels were more sexually active or more dominant than males with lower T levels. Mean levels of plasma T were within the range observed in wild-born rhesus males, but the level of sexual performance was not. At the end of the 12th week, all of the females initially in the enclosure were removed and 13 different adult females were introduced. Three females became pregnant.

Androgens↗
PubMed1986

Female discrimination of male dominance by urine odor cues in hamsters.

Female hamsters have been found to differentially respond to the odors of dominant as opposed to subordinate males. This study reexamined these responses in an olfactometer allowing the females to choose between urinary odors obtained from males differing in dominance status and clean air source. The behavior of the estrous females was consistent with previous research which indicated that such females exhibit a preference for stimuli obtained from dominant males. Contrary to previous findings in a two-choice apparatus, diestrous females failed to prefer the odors of subordinates. These females spent significantly more time in the area infused with unscented air. These data emphasize the importance of odor cues as they relate to male attractivity and possibly mate choice. They also underscore the need to allow animals to avoid conspecific odors in order to reduce the possibility of forcing animals into an unrealistic choice situation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Subordination stress alters alternative splicing of the Slo gene in tree shrew adrenals.

It was previously hypothesized that stress hormones regulate the alternative splicing of Slo potassium channels, thereby tuning the intrinsic excitability of adrenal chromaffin cells. Male tree shrews subjected to chronic stress by exposure to a dominant male develop robust symptoms with parallels to human depression. We report here that adrenals from males subjected to 4-6 weeks of subordination have a significantly smaller proportion of Slo transcripts with the optional STREX exon (STRess-axis regulated EXon) than unstressed male adrenals. Female adrenals (unstressed) had even lower levels than stressed males. These data suggest both behavioral regulation and sexual dimorphism in ion channel structure. We hypothesize that chromaffin cell excitability and sympathoadrenal function will be altered, and speculate that this may favor passive coping responses in subordinate males and females.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of substance P on the individual and group behaviors of rhesus monkeys].

The tendencies in the substance P influence on the expression of individual and group behaviour of adult males of rhesus macaques have been studied on the background of cardiopathogenic emotional stress (CES) and without it. CES stimulated the general activity of rhesus macaques in the individual cages, while the substance P injection without CES increased the frequency and duration of pathologic behavioral patterns. The maximal influence of substance P was expressed on the 3-4 day of experiments. On the 5th day the intensification of locomotion and social activity was found during the settling of all individuals in the large cage. The definite regularity of connection between the value of arterial pressure before and after experiments and the individual's social ranks is found. The injection of substance P on the CES background and without it the second-ranking individuals stood more hard, the leader and the most subordinated individuals stood easier.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accepting leadership responsibility: preparing yourself to lead honestly, humanely, and effectively.

Many who enter management are ready and willing to accept the benefits of their positions, but not all are readily accepting of the full responsibilities of leadership. All too frequently, modern leadership appears self-serving, with the needs and desires of the leaders taking precedence over the needs of the followers and even the needs of the clients or customers. True leadership, however, should primarily benefit the followers rather than the leader. Leaders lead and followers follow for essentially the same reason, fulfillment of needs, so leaders and followers are fundamentally little different from each other. Every manager at every level has organizational superiors, so every leader is a follower as well. A true leader among managers is one who subordinates personal needs to the organization's needs, places employees well above self in importance, models appropriate behavior for employees, and functions as a facilitator in the employees' continuing efforts to get the necessary work done efficiently and effectively.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual boundaries in dental practice: Part 2.

Sexual harassment in the workplace is harmful to employees and disruptive. While the ethical obligations arising from the doctor-patient relationship do not address a dentist's ethical obligations toward his or her employees, the more general ethical obligations to the profession and those of business ethics would mediate against the creating or tolerance of sexual harassment in the workplace. The legal implications of participating in sexual harassment or allowing it to persist in the dental office are significant and dentists should be aware that employees enjoy legal protections against this inappropriate and potentially unlawful behavior. While any gender in any position may be the victim of sexual harassment, women who occupy subordinate positions are the most likely targets of these overtures. Dentist-employers are wise to be proactive in providing an appropriate protocol for employees to use when they perceive sexual harassment in the workplace.

Dental Staff↗
PubMed1978

Effect of increased space on the social behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded male adults.

The social behavior of a group of institutionalized profoundly mentally retarded male adults was observed under conditions of increased space. The findings demonstrated that an increase in space of 29 percent significantly reduced the frequency of aggressive acts occurring within the group. Also observed was the effect of increased space on the residents' mobility and nonaggressive interactions. Results were discussed in relation to the residents' need for space.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Feed stalls affect the social and feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows.

The first objective of this study was to study the effects of increased bunk space on the frequency of aggressive behavior at the feed bunk and on feed access. The second objective was to determine whether the addition of partitions (feed stalls) between adjacent cows would provide additional protection while feeding, particularly for subordinate cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were subjected to each of 3 treatments in 3 successive 10-d treatment periods using a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The treatments tested were: 1) 0.64 m of feed bunk space/cow, 2) 0.92 m of feed bunk space/cow, and 3) feed stalls (0.87 m of feed bunk space/cow with feed stall partitions separating adjacent cows). Time-lapse video was used to quantify the feeding and standing behavior, as well as the aggressive behavior (displacements) displayed by the cows at the feed bunk. To meet our first and second objectives, we compared data from the 0.64 m/cow treatment with that from the 0.92 m/cow treatment, and data from the 0.92 m/cow treatment with that from the feed-stall treatment, respectively. Total daily feeding time increased when feed bunk space was increased from 0.64 to 0.92 m/cow. Further, the time spent standing in the feeding area while not feeding and the frequency of aggressive interactions at the feed bunk decreased when more bunk space was provided. The addition of feed stalls resulted in more pronounced effects compared with when cows had 0.92 m/cow of bunk space. The feed stalls also forced cows to change the strategy by which they displaced others from the feed bunk, forcing them to also initiate contact at the rear of the animal they were displacing rather than only from the front and side, as in the other 2 treatments. Further, when the cows were provided with additional feeding space, particularly when combined with feed stalls, those cows with lower social status at the feed bunk experienced the greatest decreases in the number of times they were displaced per day. The results indicated that providing increased feed bunk space, particularly when combined with feed stalls, will improve access to the feed and reduce competition at the feed bunk, particularly for subordinate cows.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Social stress and T cell maturation in male rats: transient and persistent alterations in thymic function.

The present study demonstrates that social stress in subordinate male rats resulting from a 24-h confrontation with a dominant male opponent caused not only transient but also persistent alterations in the function and the cellular composition of the thymus. The investigation of regulation processes maintaining tissue homeostasis in the thymus showed a significant increase in apoptosis, a decrease in cellular proliferation and a decrease in thymic export as indicated by a reduction in the number of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in the peripheral blood. The proliferative response of mature thymocytes to Concanavalin A (ConA) was also significantly reduced in socially defeated rats. Adrenalectomy (ADX) completely abolished the stress-associated alterations in thymic function whereas a decrease in total thymocyte numbers was still evident in defeated animals treated with the glucocorticoid type-II receptor antagonist RU486. The significant reduction in total thymocytes and the diminished proliferative response to ConA persisted for at least seven days after stressor cessation. An enhanced proliferative activity at this point of time may represent a beginning regeneration of thymic tissue after stress. Taken together, our studies show that social stress profoundly disturbs tissue homeostasis in the thymus and suggest that adrenal-derived hormones play a central role in mediating this effect. The strong positive relationship between total thymocyte numbers and peripheral RTE numbers and the long-lasting atrophy of the thymus in defeated animals may suggest negative consequences for the heterogeneity of naïve T cells in the peripheral T cell pool after social stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Habitat complexity modifies ant-parasitoid interactions: implications for community dynamics and the role of disturbance.

Species must balance effective competition with avoidance of mortality imposed by predators or parasites to coexist within a local ecological community. Attributes of the habitat in which species interact, such as structural complexity, have the potential to affect how species balance competition and mortality by providing refuge from predators or parasites. Disturbance events such as fire can drastically alter habitat complexity and may be important modifiers of species interactions in communities. This study investigates whether the presence of habitat complexity in the form of leaf litter can alter interactions between the behaviorally dominant host ants Pheidole diversipilosa and Pheidole bicarinata, their respective specialist dipteran parasitoids (Phoridae: Apocephalus sp. 8 and Apocephalus sp. 25) and a single species of ant competitor (Dorymyrmex insanus). We used a factorial design to manipulate competition (presence/absence of competitors), mortality risk (presence/absence of parasitoids) and habitat complexity (presence/absence of leaf litter). Parasitoid presence reduced soldier caste foraging, but refuge from habitat complexity allowed increased soldier foraging in comparison to treatments in which no refuge was available. Variation in soldier foraging behavior correlated strongly with foraging success, a proxy for colony fitness. Habitat complexity allowed both host species to balance competitive success with mortality avoidance. The effect of fire on habitat complexity was also studied, and demonstrated that the immediate negative impact of fire on habitat complexity can persist for multiple years. Our findings indicate that habitat complexity can increase dominant host competitive success even in the presence of parasitoids, which may have consequences for coexistence of subordinate competitors and community diversity in general.

Animals↗