[Functional respiratory dead space and ventilatory efficiency in school-age normal subjects and patients of lung disease].
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Breath Tests↗
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Results for “school functioning”
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Evaluation of school feeding programs: some Jamaican examples.
It is hypothesized that giving children a daily breakfast at school may improve their scholastic achievement through several mechanisms: increasing the time spent in school, improving certain cognitive functions and attention to tasks, and, perhaps indirectly, improving nutritional status. Two Jamaican studies showed that providing breakfast to students at school improved some cognitive functions, particularly in undernourished children. However, changes in classroom behavior varied depending on the quality of the school. Children in better-organized schools concentrated on tasks for longer periods and made fewer undesirable movements, whereas in poorly organized schools the children's behavior deteriorated. Studies to date have provided insufficient evidence to determine whether children's long-term scholastic achievement is improved by eating breakfast daily. Well-designed, randomized, controlled, long-term trials are essential for determining public policy on the implementation of school feeding programs.
Attention↗
[The characteristics of the functional development of higher nervous activity in middle-school pupils during long-term physical loading].
Longitudinal studies of main nervous processes and functions of momentary memory in schoolgirls (11-15 y.) were conducted. A comparative analysis of results of investigation of girls from sportive and control classes showed that the individual characteristics of the basic nervous processes play an role in the development of functions of the momentary memory. Dynamics of creation of the relationships between individually typological characteristics of the basic nervous processes mobility development in the sportive classes pupils has some particularities in contrast with their peers of control classes. Schoolgirls with high functional mobility level and high cerebrum capacity of work were characterized with high momentary memory indexes, unlike their peers with low features of these. Direct positive significant correlation were established between functional mobility level of nervous processes and the momentary memory functional indexes.
Adolescent↗
A prospective four-year follow-up study of children at risk for ADHD: psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial outcome.
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial disorder that places the siblings of ADHD children at high risk for ADHD, conduct, mood, and anxiety disorders. Although the pattern of psychiatric risk has been well documented by prior family studies, neither the short- nor long-term outcome of these high-risk siblings has been prospectively examined. OBJECTIVE: To document the 4-year psychiatric, psychosocial, and neuropsychological outcome of the siblings of children with ADHD. METHOD: DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and blind raters were used to conduct a 4-year follow-up of siblings from ADHD and control families. The siblings were also evaluated for cognitive, achievement, social, school, and family functioning. RESULTS: At follow-up, significant elevations of behavioral, mood, and anxiety disorders were found among the siblings of ADHD children. The high-risk siblings had high rates of school failure and showed evidence of neuropsychological and psychosocial dysfunction. These impairments aggregated among the siblings who had ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: The siblings of ADHD children are at high risk for clinically meaningful levels of psychopathology and functional impairment. In addition to supporting hypotheses about the familial transmission of ADHD, the results suggest that the high-risk siblings might be appropriate targets for primary preventive interventions.
Adolescent↗
The potential benefits of remaining in school on the long-term mental health functioning of physically and sexually abused children: beyond the academic domain.
Community-based population survey data were used to explore whether remaining in school, independent of achievement status, was associated with lower rates of psychopathology in adulthood among participants self-reporting exposure to child physical and/or sexual abuse. Remaining in school, independent of one's achievement status, was significantly associated with a lower probability of experiencing externalizing but not internalizing disorders. Theoretical and educational implications of these results are discussed.
Achievement↗
Correlates of subjective and functional outcomes in outpatient clinic attendees with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Outcome in schizophrenia is multidimensional and, thus, consists of clinical,humanitarian, rehabilitative and cost domains. Accordingly, recovery is conceptualized as the ability to function in the community, socially and vocationally, as well as being relatively free of disease-related psychopathology. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship of premorbid functioning, psychopathology, insight, attitudes toward medication and side-effects, as well as sociodemographic factors with treatment outcomes in terms of quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial functioning among 60 regular attendees of a specialized schizophrenia outpatient clinic. Both insight into the illness as well as attitudes toward treatment indicated satisfactory compliance. Premorbid school and social functioning were positively correlated with actual employment status, and premorbid social functioning was further positively correlated with QOL and global functioning. Attitudes toward treatment were positively associated with global QOL, and with the patients' living situation. Both positive and negative symptoms as well as asthenia were negatively associated with QOL, while cognitive symptoms negatively influenced occupational functioning. Older patients lived independently and/or in a partnership more often, but had a lesser likelihood of competitive employment. Our observations suggest that subjective and functional outcomes in highly compliant patients are mainly predicted by psychopathological symptoms and unchangeable sociodemographic variables.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Access to pedestrian roads, daily activities, and physical performance of adolescents.
STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and physical tests was performed. OBJECTIVE: To study how access to pedestrian roads and daily activities are related to low back strength, low back mobility, and hip mobility in adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although many authorities express concern about the passive lifestyle of adolescents, little is known about associations between daily activities and physical performance. METHODS: This study compared 38 youths in a community lacking access to pedestrian roads with 50 youths in nearby area providing excellent access to pedestrian roads. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain data about pedestrian roads, school journeys, and activities from the local authorities and the pupils. Low back strength was tested as static endurance strength, low back mobility by modified Schober techniques, and hip mobility by goniometer. For statistical analyses, a P value of 0.05 or less determined significance. RESULTS: In the area using school buses, the pupils had less low back extension, less hamstring flexibility, and less hip abduction, flexion, and extension than pupils in the area with pedestrian roads. Multivariate analyses showed no associations between walking or bicycling to school and anatomic function, but regular walking or bicycling to leisure-time activities associated positively with low back strength, low back extension, hip flexion, and extension. Distance by school bus associated negatively with hip abduction, hip flexion, hip extension, and hamstring flexibility (P<0.001). Time spent on television or computer associated negatively but insignificantly with low back strength, hamstring flexibility, hip abduction, and flexion (P<0.1). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that access to pedestrian roads and other lifestyle factors are associated with physical performance.
Adolescent↗
[Psychic and psychosomatic symptom in pediatrics (author's transl)].
From the intimate relationship between somatic and psychic aspects, certain characteristics of the psychic or psychosomatic symptom in the child are sketched and the evolution from the psychic conflict to the elaboration of an specific symptom. The meaning of the symptom as a language or a means of expression of the child is pointed out, as well as the individual significance of the symptom in each clinical case, avoiding mechanical and reducing schemes. The importance of the "language of the body" in the infant and the symptom as a sign, signifies or symbol or as a unconscious fantasy related to the organ function in the school child. The importance of the first affective contacts in the child as etiopathogenic formations. Some anamnestic guidelines and practical evaluations are developed in each infantile functional disorder. Finally, the need for a deep study of the psychosomatic sphere is emphasized, looking for a balance between an attitude of underevaluation and one of hypertrophy, goal attainable by means of the integration of pediatrician infantile psychiatrists in an interdisciplinary team.
Child↗
Alternate lunch patterns in high schools. I. Labor requirements and meal costs.
Meal costs were compared in forty-eight high schools as a function of the lunch pattern. The patterns evaluated were: Type A "offer vs. serve," traditional Type A, four food groups (Basic 4), and free choice. Participation in school lunch increased with free choice, resulting in a reduction in labor and total meal costs. Sixteen per cent of foodservice work involved administration, 37 per cent preparation, 16 per cent service, 25 per cent clean-up, and 6 per cent other, which did not vary with the menu pattern.
Adolescent↗
Depression, coping, and functional disability in juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
This study describes pain characteristics, coping, depression, and functional disability in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS) and compares them with a group of children with nonmalignant chronic back pain (CBP). Subjects were 18 female subjects (9 to 19 years of age) diagnosed with JPFS and 18 matched control subjects with CBP. Visual Analog Pain Rating Scales, the Pain Coping Questionnaire, the Children's Depression Inventory, and Functional Disability Inventory were administered. Results indicated that both JPFS and CBP groups reported significant disruption in functional abilities and school attendance as a result of chronic pain. Both groups reported mildly elevated symptoms of depression overall, but there was a subgroup of JPFS subjects who reported severe levels of depression. The JPFS group had suffered from pain for significantly longer than the CBP group before being referred for specialty care. However, pain duration was not significantly related to depression, functional disability, or pain coping efficacy. The levels of functional disability were similar in both groups, but the JPFS group reported somewhat more school absences. The longer time to receive specialty care and identification of a subgroup of depressed subjects at risk for long-term psychosocial consequences are of particular concern in JPFS.
Journal Article↗
A study of spirometry in children from Mexico City.
A study was conducted in two elementary schools in Mexico City to determine values for pulmonary function tests in school-aged residents of Mexico City. The schools were located in Xalostoc, a highly industrialized area of Mexico City, and San Lorenzo, a suburban area of the city. Although data regarding atmospheric pollution were not available, there is an acknowledged higher level of macroenvironmental air pollution in Xalostoc. Pulmonary function tests were performed on 468 children in San Lorenzo and 405 children in Xalostoc. No differences between residents of the two communities for acute or chronic respiratory conditions were detected by questionnaire. The pulmonary function data demonstrate that boys have larger forced vital capacities (FVC) and forced expiratory flows over the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75) than girls. Slopes of regression lines for FVC but not for FEF25-75 are greater in boys and girls from Xalostoc than in boys and girls from San Lorenzo. This suggests that young children from Xalostoc may experience ill effects of air pollution but develop catch-up growth later. There were no important community or gender effects on slopes of regression lines for height and weight on age. In general, the regression lines for FVC and FEF25-75 were below regression lines reported for children of Mexican ancestry living at sea level.
Adolescent↗
Lung function, respiratory illness, and passive smoking in British primary school children.
BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported a significant association between parents' smoking and reduced lung function in their children, but often the association has been found to be significant only in relation to maternal smoking. There have been few epidemiological studies on this topic in Britain. METHODS: Spirometry, in 2756 children aged 6.50-11.99 years, was carried out in a representative sample of English children, an inner city and ethnic minority sample, and a Scottish sample. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow rates of 25-75% and 75-85% (FEF25-75 and FEF75-85) were measured and standardised scores obtained separately for the English representative sample, the Scottish sample and subgroups in the inner city sample, white and Afro-Caribbean children and those originating from the Indian subcontinent. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess associations of FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75 and FEF75-85 with the passive smoking and respiratory illness, with adjustment for a large number of potential confounders. Passive smoking was defined in terms of reported number of cigarettes smoked at home by each parent. The respiratory symptoms and illnesses assessed were wheeze, asthma and bronchitis attacks, cough in the morning, and cough at any other time as reported by parents. RESULTS: Maternal smoking, but not paternal smoking, was associated with reduced FEF25-75 and FEF75-85 in boys. No association was found between passive smoking and lung function in girls, but in an analysis including both sexes the interaction of sex and parental smoking on lung function was not significant. With few exceptions, FEV1, FEF25-75 and FEF75-85 were reduced in children with wheeze and asthma attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of passive smoking may depend on the close contact of a parent with a susceptible child as only maternal smoking in boys was significantly associated with impaired lung function. However, this explanation remains unsubstantiated. A parent's report of wheeze and asthma attacks in the child is reflected in reduced lung function.
Child↗
Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule has been shown to be beneficial in the short term for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who exhaust conventional therapies. Nuttin et al, who published the first DBS for OCD series, found promising results using a capsule target immediately rostral to the anterior commissure extending into adjacent ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS). Published long-term outcome data are limited to four patients. In this collaborative study, 10 adult OCD patients meeting stringent criteria for severity and treatment resistance had quadripolar stimulating leads implanted bilaterally in the VC/VS. DBS was activated openly 3 weeks later. Eight patients have been followed for at least 36 months. Group Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) scores decreased from 34.6+/-0.6 (mean+/-SEM) at baseline (severe) to 22.3+/-2.1 (moderate) at 36 months (p < 0.001). Four of eight patients had a > or =35% decrease in YBOCS severity at 36 months; in two patients, scores declined between 25 and 35%. Global Assessment of Functioning scores improved from 36.6+/-1.5 at baseline to 53.8+/-2.5 at 36 months (p < 0.001). Depression and anxiety also improved, as did self-care, independent living, and work, school, and social functioning. Surgical adverse effects included an asymptomatic hemorrhage, a single seizure, and a superficial infection. Psychiatric adverse effects included transient hypomanic symptoms, and worsened depression and OCD when DBS was interrupted by stimulator battery depletion. This open study found promising long-term effects of DBS in highly treatment-resistant OCD.
Adult↗
Perceived role responsibilities of physical therapists and adapted physical educators in the public school setting.
Right to Education legislation has brought physical therapists and adapted physical educators together in the public school setting to serve the child with special needs. Investigation of the role responsibilities of these professionals would facilitate not only communication between the groups, but also understanding of their functions by other school personnel and administrators. We analyzed questionnaires returned by 79 physical therapists and 30 adapted physical educators to determine areas of uniqueness or similarity in 18 identified role responsibilities performed by these two groups. Each subject rated the appropriateness of each role to physical therapists and to adapted physical educators. On 10 of the 18 items, a statistically significant interaction indicated disagreement with regard to the relative contributions of the two professions. On the other 8 items, the two groups agreed that the role responsibility tends to belong to one profession or agreed that either profession could assume the responsibility. These data should provide information to help further delineate the role definitions for each of these professionals. In addition, the most efficient use of available resources may be used to meet the educational needs of these children.
Adolescent↗
The impact of migraine on work, family, and leisure among young women -- a multinational study.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of migraine on work, family, and leisure among young women who were employed full or part time, or as a full-time student. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional telephone survey with 6-month recall was conducted in Israel and eight European countries (Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and The Netherlands). Random-digit dialing was used to identify study participants: women 18-35 years of age with migraine, who used medication to treat their migraine, and who were employed or full-time students. RESULTS: Of 1810 participants, 42% self-reported having a physician diagnosis of migraine. During the prior 6 months, 46% of participants missed at least 1 day of work or school and 74% were prevented from functioning fully at work or school because of migraine. Mean work/school absenteeism due to migraine was 1.9 days over 6 months (range, 0.8 days in Sweden to 2.8 days in Norway). Over half of participants reported one or more occurrences of being unable to spend time with family or friends (62%) or being unable to enjoy recreational or leisure activities (67%) because of migraine. The percentage of study participants using triptans was lowest in southern Europe and highest in the Nordic countries, ranging from 1% in Greece to 50% in Sweden. Country, age, marital status, physician diagnosis of migraine, and number of migraines or severe headaches in the prior year were independent predictors of the mean number of days of migraine-related work loss. Migraine-related work loss was lowest in Sweden and greatest in Greece, Israel, and The Netherlands. Higher work loss was recorded for those 18-24 years of age; those who were separated, widowed, or divorced; those with migraine diagnosed by a physician; and those with more frequent migraines or severe headaches (> or =24/year). The 6-month recall period used when estimating patient-reported work loss, and identifying participants with migraine based on self-reported migraine or severe headache, were the most important limitations of the study. CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial migraine-related impairment of productivity at work and school as well as of family and leisure time among young women in Israel and eight European countries.
Adolescent↗
Social competence and behavioral adjustment of children who are long-term survivors of cancer.
Relatively little is known about the special needs of long-term survivors of childhood cancer or the factors that make this growing population vulnerable to chronic psychologic disorders. We therefore surveyed 183 children who had been treated for cancer at St Jude Children's Research Hospital and were free of the disease for greater than or equal to 2 years after completing therapy. Parental responses to the Child Behavior Checklist, a standardized inventory of social competence and behavioral problems, were analyzed in relation to demographic and medical variables, as well as the children's appearance and functional status. School-related problems and somatic complaints of undetermined origin were increased fourfold relative to age- and gender-adjusted rates for peer groups in the general population. The presence of functional but not cosmetic impairments increased the risk of academic and adjustment problems. An older age at evaluation, treatment with cranial irradiation, and residence in a single-parent household were also associated with an increased risk of psychologic problems. General pediatricians must eventually assume responsibility for the extended follow-up care of children who have survived a malignancy. Their awareness of the high-risk groups described in this report should facilitate more timely identification of problems and referral of the children to appropriate services.
Achievement↗
Achieving health outcomes through professional dental care: comparing the cost of dental treatment for children in three practice modes.
The search for effective strategies to deal with prevention and treatment of oral disease focuses on children as a natural target population. This article reports data on the comparative costs of delivering dental care to children via (1) a school-based practice using Expanded Function Dental Auxiliaries, (2) a school-based practice without EFDAs, and (3) a group of unrelated private dental practices operating independent of the school system. Utilization of a dentist's services varied significantly between the children assigned to private care and those assigned to the school-based programs, but it cost less per patient to provide dental treatment through the private practitioners. If school-based practices are clearly more effective in reducing dental disease, in the long run the need for manpower and resources in these programs might be lowered to a point where they will become more cost-effective than private practices. If the two delivery modes are equally effective in reducing dental disease, however, results from the study indicate that private practices are more cost-effective and will probably maintain their cost-effective advantage over school-based programs.
Child↗
A model for collaborative service delivery for students with language-learning disorders in the public schools. Committee on Language Learning Disorders American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Collaborative service delivery can augment traditional methods for serving students with language-learning disorders in the public schools. In collaborative service delivery, the speech-language pathologist is an integral member of a transdisciplinary team consisting of educators, parents, and the student. Team members collaborate to formulate a single educational program for each student. The team devises all treatment goals, assessment methods, intervention procedures, and documentation systems to enhance the student's academic and social functioning in the school environment. All team members are aware of the student's entire curriculum, and team members typically share responsibility for specific educational goals. Most special services, as well as regular instruction, take place within the classroom. Administrative support is crucial to the implementation of collaborative service delivery. Effective collaboration requires that team members be allotted time to meet outside of their classroom duties. In addition, cooperation among team members is essential. Potential team members must be willing to pool their expertise and abandon notions of professional "turf." The implementation of collaborative service delivery may require some adjustment in the way speech-language pathologists and other educators perceive their roles in public school settings. However, this service delivery model holds great promise for providing services to maximize the functional potential of students with language-learning disorders.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗