Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “decision intelligence”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The "intelligent workstation" for cell-surface phenotyping based on principles of pattern recognition and image analysis.

Technical advancements in computer hardware and the associated computerized architectures allow the design and fabrication of dedicated, modestly expensive computerized workstations to aid humans in complex decision-making tasks. We refer to these as "Intelligent Workstations" because they accommodate the hypothesis-driven reasoning ability of the user into the system. Concomitant with the rapid developments in computers, diagnostic and therapeutic technologies related to cell analysis have undergone growth. Combining these technologies requires careful formulation and analysis of the diagnostic model involving image cytometry. Here we present a model of the intelligent workstation for image cytometry and illustrate its advantages in cell-surface phenotyping. Combining cell morphology with cell-surface phenotyping has clear diagnostic utility that no other widely available methods can supply. Although the reported results are based on samples of peripheral blood, cell suspensions of disaggregated cells can also be analyzed.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Ergonomic evaluation of an ecological interface and a profilogram display for hemodynamic monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive monitoring of the patient state and subsequent decision making is an essential part of the task of an anaesthetist. The physicians' decision making process is based upon a concept of partly abstract physiologic parameters such as depth of anaesthesia or contractility. This concept is derived from the measured parameters given on todays' trend displays in addition to context information available for the anaesthetist. We investigated two alternative approaches of display design for hemodynamic monitoring: 1) integrated displays based on ecological interface design, and 2) profilogram displays based on intelligent alarms. METHOD: To evaluate differences in decision making, the two displays and a trend display were compared in an experimental set-up with computer simulated vital parameter curves. From a start state with random parameter deviations from the ideal state, subjects had to achieve the ideal circulatory performance as fast as possible by manipulating vasomotor tone, heart rate, blood volume and contractility. To analyse subjects' decision making process, eye-tracking, event-logging, and the method of think aloud protocols were used. Twenty anaesthesiologists performed 113 experiments (approximately 2 with each display). RESULTS: The anaesthetists failed to achieve the task in 37% using the trend display, in 19% using the profilogram display, and in 13% using the ecological interface. Hence, a safer task solution was possible with the ecological interface and the profilogram display but at the expense of various performance parameters such as higher trial time, more interactions with the simulated system, and more frequent eye movements. In contrast to the trend display and the profilogram display, where anaesthetists were mainly focussed on controlling the left atrial pressure, such an behaviour was less observed with the ecological interface. CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that subjects came to more effective solutions with the traditional trend display. The main reason for this result may be their years of experience with this kind of display type. Regarding safe and goal-intended decision finding, the results are encouraging for further experiments with redesigned ecological displays. But these displays ought to have smoother changes with respect to the traditional trend displays. Furthermore, new experiments have to be performed under real or fairly real (e.g. together with an anaesthesia simulator) conditions to underline the positive results for ecological interfaces.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Individual differences in the voluntary use of a memory aid during decision making.

To characterize selective uses of external memory aids, 42 younger and 38 older adults made decisions and then completed individual difference measures. Experimental manipulation of the availability of a memory aid allowed examination of the effects of having a memory aid available as opposed to the spontaneous use of that aid. Use of the memory aid resulted in longer decision times, more requests for information, and less rechecking of already viewed information. Younger and older adults with high abstraction scores and older adults with high vocabulary scores were more likely to use the aid. Patterns of use differed in that younger adults used the aid in the middle of their information gathering and older adults used the aid toward the end. Making a memory aid available for use during decision making affected decision-making processes of older adults; use of the aid was associated with greater crystallized and fluid intelligence.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Intelligent systems for human resources.

An intelligent system contains knowledge about some domain; it has sophisticated decision-making processes and the ability to explain its actions. The most important aspect of an intelligent system is its ability to effectively interact with humans to teach or assist complex information processing. Two intelligent systems are Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITs) and Expert Systems. The ITSs provide instruction to a student similar to a human tutor. The ITSs capture individual performance and tutor deficiencies. These systems consist of an expert module, which contains the knowledge or material to be taught; the student module, which contains a representation of the knowledge the student knows and does not know about the domain; and the instructional or teaching module, which selects specific knowledge to teach, the instructional strategy, and provides assistance to the student to tutor deficiencies. Expert systems contain an expert's knowledge about some domain and perform specialized tasks or aid a novice in the performance of certain tasks. The most important part of an expert system is the knowledge base. This knowledge base contains all the specialized and technical knowledge an expert possesses. For an expert system to interact effectively with humans, it must have the ability to explain its actions. Use of intelligent systems can have a profound effect on human resources. The ITSs can provide better training by tutoring on an individual basis, and the expert systems can make better use of human resources through job aiding and performing complex tasks. With increasing training requirements and "doing more with less," intelligent systems can have a positive effect on human resources.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2001

Speed and capacity of language processing test: normative data from an older American community-dwelling sample.

This study presents normative data for the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing (SCOLP) testfrom an older American sample. The SCOLP comprises 2 subtests: Spot-the-Word, a lexical decision task, providing an estimate of premorbid intelligence, and Speed of Comprehension, providing a measure of information processing speed. Slowed performance may resultfrom normal aging, brain damage (e.g., head injury), or dementing disorders or may represent the intact performance of someone who always performed at the low end of normal. The SCOLP enables the clinician to differentiate between these possibilities. Adequate age-appropriate norms to differentiate dementia from normal aging do not exist. We present data from 424 older community-dwelling Americans (75-94 years old). The results confirm that information processing speed slows with increasing age. By contrast, increasing age has little effect on lexical decision. Thus, our data suggest that the SCOLP shows promise as a tool to help distinguish between normal aging and the early stages of dementia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

A process to maintain the quality of a computerized knowledge base.

As part of a project to develop knowledge-based reminders for the outpatient setting, we developed a process to help maintain the quality of the knowledge base. The knowledge engineering process involved many parties, including several domain experts, a knowledge engineer, and a programmer and a process was necessary to assure that information transfer among individuals did not become confused. An MS Access database was created to store, among other data, textual versions of the rules as they evolved over time. In a 9-month period 36 rules were entered into the database. Of those, 17 are still active in their original form. The remaining 19 underwent various types of modifications; these changes were tracked in the database. Processes and tools to maintain knowledge bases are necessary if the benefits of clinical decision support systems are to be realized and investments in knowledge engineering are to be protected.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

Use of adaptive behavior measures and overrepresentation of black students in programs for students with mild mental retardation.

The use of adaptive behavior information for classification and placement of black and white students with mild mental retardation was compared and overrepresentation of black students in special classes was analyzed. Adaptive behavior measures were not used to the same extent as general intelligence tests for either group, despite court decisions and recommendations by authoritative sources. Direct comparisons on general intellectual functioning and several indices of adaptive behavior yielded few differences, suggesting that an equal treatment conception of fairness was achieved despite substantial overrepresentation of black students in programs for students with mild mental retardation. Use of adaptive behavior needs to improve significantly to comply with legal requirements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Extending contemporary decision support system designs to patient-oriented systems.

Decision support systems for patients can benefit from adopting knowledge engineering-based architectures. In this paper, we describe how decision support systems for patients differ from decision support systems for health professionals and knowledge engineering principles that can be used to improve the efficiency of developing patient support systems. We discuss a five-step process model for patient-computer dialogue and its incorporation into an architecture based on knowledge engineering ontologies. The architecture's components are grouped into transient and persistent application layers that support a general framework for patient decision support. The implementation of the object-based model using a relational database management system is also discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1978

Group decision-making by mentally retarded adults.

The effects of group discussion and decision-making on subsequent individual decisions of mentally retarded residents of group homes were studied. Meeting in groups of four, the subjects discussed and attempted to make group decisions of 6 of 12 interview questions (experimental) but did not discuss the remainder of the questions (control). Between the pretest and the posttest, there was a significantly greater increase in the quality of answers to the experimental than to the control questions. Also, leadership status moderately correlated with individual participation rates and initial task competence but not with verbal intelligence.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Reaction time in retarded and nonretarded young adults: sequential effects and response organization.

Two types of sequential effects can occur in 2-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks. In an alternation effect, the RT for a response that differs from the previous response is faster than that for a response that is the same. In a repetition effect, the opposite is the case; i.e., the RT for a response that is the same as the previous response is faster than that for a different response. These effects were investigated in a comparison of retarded and nonretarded subjects in a 2-choice RT task. There were three conditions that differed in the degree of response organization required. For the retarded subjects, both a significant increase in the overall mean RT and a change from alternation to repetition effects were found with increasing degree of response organization. Neither result was found for the nonretarded subjects. For both groups there was a tendency for alternation effects to decrease and repetition effects to increase witwh decreasing intelligence. Overall, sequential effects were found to correlate more consistently than mean RT with both degree of response organization and intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A clinical rules taxonomy for the implementation of a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system.

Many of the benefits of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) stem from its ability to support medical decision-making and error-reduction during patient care. This automated "intelligence" is typically represented by a network of rules. We describe a taxonomic representation of clinical decision-support rules in the context of developing and implementing a de novo CPOE and decision-support system. In our experience, this clinical rules taxonomy facilitated our implementation goals in the areas of physician acceptance and approval, rules construction and maintenance, and technical development and testing. This rules taxonomy may eventually be used to establish standards by which CPOE-based decision-support is measured.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

K-ABC simultaneous processing, DAS nonverbal reasoning, and Horn's expanded fluid-crystallized theory.

Horn's distinction between--fluid intelligence (Gf) and visualization (Gv) was investigated with two Nonverbal Reasoning subtests from the Differential Ability Scales and three Simultaneous Processing subtests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. The sample comprised a predominantly Euro-American groups of 57 normal boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Principal factor analysis yielded clear-cut Gf and Gv dimensions. The Gf factor was composed both of Differential Ability Scales and Kaufman-ABC subtests, suggesting that the construct of simultaneous processing is not merely a measure of Gv, as researchers have hypothesized, but also measures Horn's Gf fluid intelligence to a considerable extent.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Handling outliers in brain tumour MRS data analysis through robust topographic mapping.

Uncertainty is inherent in medical decision making and poses a challenge for intelligent technologies. This paper focuses on magnetic resonance spectra (MRS) for discrimination of brain tumour types and grades. Modelling of this type of high-dimensional data is commonly affected by uncertainty caused by the presence of outliers. Multivariate data clustering and visualization of MRS data is proposed using the GTM framework with basis functions comprising Student t-distributions in order to minimize the negative impact on the model from outliers. The effectiveness of this model on the MRS data is demonstrated empirically.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

DT-Planner: an environment for managing dynamic decision problems.

The problem of formulating plans under uncertainty and coping with dynamic decision problems is a major task of both artificial intelligence and control theory applications in medicine. In this paper we will describe a software package, called DT-Planner, designed to represent and solve dynamic decision problems that can be modelled as Markov decision processes, by exploiting a novel graphical formalism, called influence view. An influence view is a directed acyclic graph that depicts the probabilistic relationships between the problem state variables in a generic time transition; additional variables, called event variables, may be added, in order to describe the conditional independencies between state variables. By using the specified conditional independence structure, an influence view may allow a parsimonious specification of a Markov decision process. DT-Planner lets the user specify and manage models through a user-friendly graphical interface, and implements efficient for policy determination algorithms. DT-Planner is written in C with Open Interface libraries and can be obtained, for non commercial use, via anonymous ftp without charge.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Rule generation for protein secondary structure prediction with support vector machines and decision tree.

Support vector machines (SVMs) have shown strong generalization ability in a number of application areas, including protein structure prediction. However, the poor comprehensibility hinders the success of the SVM for protein structure prediction. The explanation of how a decision made is important for accepting the machine learning technology, especially for applications such as bioinformatics. The reasonable interpretation is not only useful to guide the "wet experiments," but also the extracted rules are helpful to integrate computational intelligence with symbolic AI systems for advanced deduction. On the other hand, a decision tree has good comprehensibility. In this paper, a novel approach to rule generation for protein secondary structure prediction by integrating merits of both the SVM and decision tree is presented. This approach combines the SVM with decision tree into a new algorithm called SVM_ DT, which proceeds in three steps. This algorithm first trains an SVM. Then, a new training set is generated through careful selection from the output of the SVM. Finally, the obtained training set is used to train a decision tree learning system and to extract the corresponding rule sets. The results of the experiments of protein secondary structure prediction on RS126 data set show that the comprehensibility of SVM_DT is much better than that of the SVM. Moreover, the generalization ability of SVM_DT is better than that of C4.5 decision trees and is similar to that of the SVM. Hence, SVM_DT can be used not only for prediction, but also for guiding biological experiments.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge-based interpretation of toxoplasmosis serology test results including fuzzy temporal concepts--the ToxoNet system.

Transplacental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from an infected, pregnant woman to the unborn that occurs with a probability of about 60 percent [1] results in fetal damage to a degree depending on the gestational age. The computer system ToxoNet processes the results of serological antibody tests having been performed during pregnancy by means of a knowledge base containing medical knowledge on the interpretation of Toxoplasmosis serology tests. By applying this knowledge ToxoNet generates interpretive reports consisting of a diagnostic interpretation and recommendations for therapy and further testing. For that purpose it matches the results of all serological investigations of maternal blood with the content of the knowledge base returning complete textual interpretations for all given findings. The interpretation algorithm derives the stage of maternal infection from these that is used to infer the degree of fetal threat. To consider varying immune responses of particular patients, certain time intervals have to be kept between two subsequent tests in order to guarantee a correct interpretation of the test results. These time intervals are modelled as fuzzy sets, since they allow the formal description of the temporal uncertainties. ToxoNet comprises the knowledge base, an interpretation system, and a program for the creation and modification of the knowledge base. It is available from the World Wide Web by starting a standard browser like the Internet Explorer or the Netscape Navigator. Thus ToxoNet supports the physician in Toxoplasmosis diagnostics and in addition allows to adopt the way of making decisions to the characteristics of the particular laboratory by modifying the underlying knowledge base.

Algorithms↗