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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Regulation of glycan processing by Golgi enzymes from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings.

The effect of a protein matrix on the processing of glycoprotein glycans by Golgi enzymes from plant seedlings has been determined with an artificial glycoprotein system, comparing the processing rates of glycan-(biotinyl)Asn (or glycan-(biotinamidohexanoyl)Asn) substrates either free or bound to avidin. An analysis of the pooled glycoproteins from the seedlings suggested that the most common glycan structure is a complex one (GlcNAc-Man3GlycNAc2-protein), and consistent with this processing end-product, mannosidases I and II and GlcNAc transferases I and II were all found to be present in the seedling Golgi membrane preparations. The effect of the avidin matrix either in a proximal (biotinyl substrates) or distal (N-(biotinamido)hexonoyl substrates) association with the appropriate glycan substrate for these four enzymes was assessed from the direct comparison of the apparent first-order rate constants for the free and avidin-bound substrate-product conversions. All four plant enzymes were inhibited by the association of the glycan substrates with avidin, but the inhibition was much less pronounced than that observed with the corresponding enzymes from rat liver and hen oviduct. The rate effect shows a progression from 3- to 10-fold rate decreases in the proximal complexes and 2- to 3-fold in the distal complexes in going from the first (mannosidase I) to the fourth (GlcNAc transferase II) enzyme; with the mammalian and avian enzymes the largest effects were for the first ones and much larger absolute rate effects were observed. The results suggest that the nature of the processing enzymes in terms of this response to the avidin glycan substrates may differ in different organisms.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Allelopathic potential and systematic evaluation of organic extracts from Canavalia ensiformis leaves (Jack beans).

This article describes the assessment of possible allelopathic potential of organic extracts obtained from leaves of Canavalia ensiformis under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, a systematic evaluation of these extracts was carried out using specific protocols developed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine some groups of secondary metabolites. After the identification and quantification of compounds, the effects of compounds on germination of some common weeds was investigated, which are becoming a real problem in pastures in the state of Pará, Brazil.

Canavalia↗
PubMed1997

Cellulose and Callose Biosynthesis in Higher Plants (I. Solubilization and Separation of (1->3)- and (1->4)-[beta]-Glucan Synthase Activities from Mung Bean).

(1->3)- and (1->4)-[beta]-glucan synthase activities from higher plants have been physically separated by gel electrophoresis in nondenaturing conditions. The two glucan synthases show different mobilities in native polyacrylamide gels. Further separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a different polypeptide composition in these synthases. Three polypeptides (64, 54, and 32 kD) seem to be common to both synthase activities, whereas two polypeptides (78 and 38 kD) are associated only with callose synthase activity. Twelve polypeptides (170, 136, 108, 96, 83, 72, 66, 60, 52, 48, 42, and 34 kD) appear to be specifically associated with cellulose synthase activity. The successful separation of (1->3)- and (1->-4)-[beta]-glucan synthase activities was based on the manipulation of digitonin concentrations used in the solubilization of membrane proteins. At low dipitomin concentrations (0.05 and 0.1%), the ratio of the cellulose to callose synthase activity was higher. At higher digitonin (0.5-1%) concentrations, the ratio of the callose to cellulose synthase activity was higher. Rosette-like particles with attached product were observed in samples taken from the top of the stacking gel, where only cellulose was synthesized. Smaller (nonrosette) particles were found in the running gel, where only callose was synthesized. These findings suggest that a higher level of subunit organization is required for in vitro cellulose synthesis in comparison with callose assembly.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Digestion of milk, fish and soya-bean protein in the preruminant calf: flow of digesta, apparent digestibility at the end of the ileum and amino acid composition of ileal digesta.

1. Digesta were collected from eleven preruminant calves fitted with re-entrant (four calves in Expt 1 and three in Expt 2) or single cannulas (four calves in Expt 1) in the terminal ileum. Collection periods lasted 24 h (Expt 1) or 96 h (Expt 2). 2. Two milk-substitutes (fish and soya bean) and a control diet were given to the calves. In the control diet, protein was entirely provided by skim-milk powder. In the other two diets, protein was provided mainly by a partially hydrolysed white-fish protein concentrate or a soya-bean protein concentrate prepared by extracting soya-bean meal with hot aqueous ethanol. 3. In Expt 1, flow rates of fresh matter, dry matter, nitrogen and ash exhibited two maxima between 6 and 8 h after the morning meal and between 4 and 6 h (control and soya-bean diets) or 6 and 8 h (fish diet) after the evening meal. Minimum pH values were observed at times of maximum flow rate. Variations observed in the flow rates and pH values were larger with fish and especially soya-bean diets than with the control diet. 4. The apparent digestibility of the three diets in the terminal ileum was significantly higher in Expt 2 than in Expt 1: for N, the values were 0.92, 0.83 and 0.75 (Expt 1), and 0.94, 0.87 and 0.88 (Expt 2) with the control, fish and soya-bean diets respectively. 5. The amount of N apparently absorbed in the terminal ileum represented 90-96% of the amount that disappeared from the whole digestive tract in Expt 1 and 95-99% in Expt 2. 6. In Expt 1 the amino acid (AA) composition of digesta changed little with the flow rate when the calves were given the control diet (from 158 to 179 g glutamic acid/kg AA). With the fish and soya-bean diets the AA composition was similar to that observed with the control diet when the flow rate was minimum, but differences became apparent as the flow rate increased (281 and 161 g glutamic acid/kg AA for the soya-bean and control diets respectively with maximum flow rate). In Expt 2, the mean compositions of the digesta were very similar to the means obtained in Expt 1. 7. Different comparisons with dietary, endogenous and bacterial proteins indicated that for the three diets a common mixture containing approximately 65% endogenous and 35% bacterial proteins reached the terminal ileum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

[Studies on the rare earth content in food and its daily intake in man].

The rare earth content of major food in China, they are distributed over 17 provinces and cities were examined by three-wavelength spectrophotometry. The rare earth contents were as follows: 0.41 +/- 0.35 mg/kg in grain, 0.23 +/- 0.18 mg/kg in vegetables, 0.19 +/- 0.11 mg/kg in fruits, 0.83 +/- 0.73 mg/kg in beans, 0.66 +/- 0.50 mg/kg in potato, 1.76 +/- 0.23 mg/kg in tea, 0.07 +/- 0.05 mg/kg in meat, birds, domestic fowls and eggs, 0.52 +/- 0.12 mg/kg in aquatic animals, 5.11 +/- 8.68 micrograms/L in drinking water. The possible daily intake of rare earth for a person from common foodstuffs was about 2.10-2. 50 mg/person.day, which was about one tenth to one sixth of ADI allowable daily intake of rare earths for a person.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2006

The impact of the addition of toppings/fillings on the glycaemic response to commonly consumed carbohydrate foods.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the addition of various toppings/fillings on the glycaemic response to baked potato, pasta and toast. DESIGN: Randomised, repeated measures design. SETTING: Oxford, UK. SUBJECTS: Forty normal, healthy subjects (11 males and 29 females) were recruited to the study. Subjects were staff and students from Oxford Brookes University. INTERVENTION: Cheddar cheese, chilli con carne, baked beans and tuna were added to baked potatoes, cooked pasta and toast to determine the effect on glycaemic response. RESULTS: No significant difference was found among the various toppings and baked potato (P=0.06), pasta (P=0.06) and toast (P=0.39). However, the addition of toppings to a carbohydrate-rich food had a consistent lowering effect on glycaemic index (GI). In particular, the addition of cheddar cheese to potato, pasta and toast reduced the GI of the test meal to a value that is considered to be low-GI (39, 27 and 35, respectively). This is particularly notable for potatoes, which, when eaten alone, had the highest GI value of all the staples. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that the addition of foodstuffs to the staples baked potato, pasta and toast had a consistent lowering effect on the GI value of that meal. These findings emphasise the importance of investigating the GI of composite meals.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Potential gene products of bean golden mosaic virus have higher sequence homologies to those of tomato golden mosaic virus than to those of cassava latent virus.

Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the DNAs of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) and cassava latent virus (CLV) revealed a fairly close relationship between BGMV DNA1, TGMV DNA1, and CLV DNA1 and a comparatively distant relationship between BGMV DNA2, TGMV DNA2, and CLV DNA2. The 200-base region common to the two DNAs of each virus had little sequence homology, except for a highly conserved 33-36 base sequence potentially capable of forming a stable hairpin structure. All the potential coding regions in the BGMV DNAs had counterparts in the TGMV and CLV DNAs suggesting an overall similarity in genome organization but two potential coding regions in the BGMV DNAs had no counterparts in the TGMV DNAs. The most highly conserved ORFs, BGMV 1R1, TGMV 1R1, and CLV 1R1, are the putative genes for the coat proteins of BGMV, TGMV, and CLV. BGMV 1R1 has 91.9% and 71.6% homology with respect to TGMV and CLV. The ORFs (BGMV 1L1; CLV 1L1; TGMV 1L1) and the two smaller overlapping ORFs (BGMV 1L2, 1L3; TGMV 1L2, 1L3; CLV 1L5, 1L3) are conserved in the three viruses. BGMV 2R1 and BGMV 2L1 have higher homology with respect to TGMV but not with respect to 2R1 and 2L1 in CLV. From this study we conclude that BGMV is more closely related to TGMV than CLV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of the Helicobacter pylori urease and purification of its subunits.

Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) is the causative agent of gastritis in man. Helicobacter pylori cells contain a large amount of an extremely active urease (E.C.3.5.1.5). This enzyme is suspected to be a virulence factor since the ammonium ion produced from urea may be responsible for tissue injury and/or survival of H. pylori in the gastric environment. Helicobacter pylori urease, native relative molecular mass approximately 600,000, was purified by agarose gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. DEAE-purified urease is highly active and has a Km of 0.48 mM for urea. The enzyme has a pI of 5.93 and is active from pH 4.0 to 10.0, with an optimum at pH 8.0. The purified urease contains nickel and is composed of two protein subunits, with relative molecular masses of 66,000 and 31,000. The subunits were separated and purified and the first 30 N-terminal amino acid residues were determined. A remarkably close relationship was found between both H. pylori urease subunits and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease, the subunit of which is a single 840 amino acid polypeptide. This subunit is also largely identical to the high molecular mass subunits of the ureases of Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis, evidence that these four ureases are derived from a common ancestral protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to host resistance mechanisms drives evolution of bacterial virulence in plants.

Bacterial pathogenicity to plants and animals has evolved through an arms race of attack and defense. Key players are bacterial effector proteins, which are delivered through the type III secretion system and suppress basal defenses . In plants, varietal resistance to disease is based on recognition of effectors by the products of resistance (R) genes . When recognized, the effector or in this scenario, avirulence (Avr) protein triggers the hypersensitive resistance reaction (HR), which generates antimicrobial conditions . Unfortunately, such gene-for-gene-based resistance commonly fails because of the emergence of virulent strains of the pathogen that no longer trigger the HR . We have followed the emergence of a new virulent pathotype of the halo-blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola within leaves of a resistant variety of bean. Exposure to the HR led to the selection of strains lacking the avirulence (effector) gene avrPphB (or hopAR1), which triggers defense in varieties with the matching R3 resistance gene. Loss of avrPphB was through deletion of a 106 kb genomic island (PPHGI-1) that shares features with integrative and conjugative elements (ICElands) and also pathogenicity islands (PAIs) in diverse bacteria . We provide a molecular explanation of how exposure to resistance mechanisms in plants drives the evolution of new virulent forms of pathogens.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical features of grain legume allergens in humans and animals.

Peanuts and soybeans are the major legumes involved in human food allergy, although some data exist on adverse reactions to temperate legumes including pea, green bean, sweet lupin, and lentil. An increasing number of legume proteins or glycoproteins have been characterized as food allergens. Limited data tend to indicate that they are usually different from legume inhalent allergens. Cross-recognition among legume allergens is immunochemically frequent but clinically less common. A common feature to most legume allergens is their natural resistance to thermal, chemical, and in some way, proteolytic denaturation. Finally, other mammals including preruminant calves, and piglets at the time of weaning, are prone to gut immune-mediated reactions to soybean and pea proteins.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

Effects of dietary lectins on ion transport in epithelia.

Phytohemagglutinins are widely distributed in common food items. They constitute a heterogeneous group of proteins, which are often resistant to proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Upon binding to the luminal membrane of intestinal cells, they can interfere with digestive, protective or secretory functions of the intestine. Phytohemagglutinins present in red kidney beans and jackbeans have been shown to induce diarrhea and hypersecretion in human airways, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We examined how agglutinins from wheat germ (WGA), soy bean (SBA), red kidney beans (Pha-E, Pha-L), and jackbeans (Con-A) affect ion transport in mouse airways and large intestine using Ussing chamber techniques. We found that Pha-E, Pha-L, and Con-A but not WGA and SBA inhibit electrogenic Na(+) absorption dose dependently in both colon and trachea. The inhibitory effects of Con-A on Na(+) absorption were suppressed by the sugar mannose, by inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). Thus, nutritional phytohemagglutinins block salt absorption in a PLC- and PKC-dependent manner, probably by inhibition of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC). This effect may be therapeutically useful in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Iron absorption from legumes in humans.

Iron bioavailability in a variety of legumes was determined by radioisotopic measurements of iron absorption in human subjects. Soybeans, black beans, lentils, mung beans, and split peas were prepared as soups, labeled by the extrinsic tag method, and served to fasting subjects. Mean percentage absorption was uniformly low, ranging from 0.84 to 1.91%. Differences in absorption between the means were not statistically significant. The results indicate that these five commonly eaten legumes are all poor sources of dietary iron.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Movement of a bean shoot: an introduction to chronobiology.

An active learning exercise that focuses on movements (circumnutations) of climbing bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; cv. Kentucky Wonder, pole bean) has been successfully incorporated into the curriculum of educational institutions to introduce the subject of chronobiology to students. This didactic activity, which involves an ultradian rhythm, can be completed within a span of 2-4 h, fits into the schedule of various courses, uses materials commonly found in classrooms, requires a time commitment of only a few minutes from each student, and can be modified to include a circadian rhythm project. Ultimately, students develop a better understanding about parameters and characteristics of rhythms, analytical procedures, and the temporal organization of life.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed2005

Clinical inquiries. What is the best treatment for gastroesophageal reflux and vomiting in infants?

The literature on pediatric reflux can be divided into studies addressing clinically apparent reflux (vomiting or regurgitation) and reflux as measured by pH probe or other methods. Sodium alginate reduces vomiting and improves parents' assessment of symptoms (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, small randomized controlled trial [RCT]). Formula thickened with rice cereal decreases the number of postprandial emesis episodes in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (SOR: B, small RCT). There are conflicting data on the effect of carob bean gum as a formula thickener and its effect on regurgitation frequency (SOR: B, small RCTs). Metoclopramide does not affect vomiting or regurgitation, but is associated with greater weight gain in infants over 3 months with reflux (SOR: B, low-quality RCTs). Carob bean gum used as a formula thickener decreases reflux as measured by intraluminal impedance but not as measured by pH probe (SOR: B, RCT). Omeprazole and metoclopramide each improve the reflux index as measured by esophageal pH probe (SOR: B, RCT). Evidence is conflicting for other commonly used conservative measures (such as positional changes) or other medications for symptomatic relief of infant GERD. There is very limited evidence or expert opinion regarding breastfed infants, particularly with regard to preservation of breastfeeding during therapy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Anti-cancer therapy: diversion of polyamines in the gut.

The growth of a murine non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) tumour, either as an intraperitoneal ascites tumour or as a solid subcutaneous tumour, has been shown to be greatly reduced by including phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a lectin present in raw kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the diet. The reduced rate of growth occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the experimental observations it has been suggested that a competition occurs between the gut tissue undergoing hyperplasia and the developing tumour for nutrients (including polyamines) from a common body pool. This may be an important factor with regard to the observed initial low level of tumour growth following the feeding of a PHA-containing diet. Results showing that the level of hyperplasia of the small intestine in response to feeding the PHA diets was higher in non-injected mice compared to those which had been injected with tumour cells substantiated the concept of competition between gut and tumour for nutrients etc. required for growth. The observations suggest that lectins, which exhibit growth-promoting effects on the gut, may have interesting applications in the formulation of new approaches with respect to cancer treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Inhibition of ethylene production by 2,4-dinitrophenol and high temperature.

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) and high temperature (35 to 40 C) are known to inhibit C(2)H(4) production in various plant tissues. The present study was made to determine the step in the C(2)H(4) biosynthetic pathway (methionine --> S-adenosylmethionine [SAM] --> 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid [ACC] --> C(2)H(4)) at which these treatments exert their inhibitory effect. In mung bean hypocotyls the dose-inhibition curves for the effect of DNP on auxin-dependent C(2)H(4) production (in which auxin exerts its effect by stimulating the conversion of SAM to ACC) and on ACC-dependent C(2)H(4) production (in which ACC is directly utilized as precursor) were similar. It was concluded, therefore, that DNP at low concentrations (below 50 micromolar) exerted its effect primarily on the conversion of ACC to C(2)H(4), a step which is common to both systems. This view was further substantiated by quantitative analysis of the intermediates in the biosynthetic sequence. DNP exerted little influence on the content of SAM but caused a significant increase in the ACC content and marked inhibition in C(2)H(4) production, indicating that the conversion of ACC to C(2)H(4) is the crossover point. At higher concentrations (above 100 micromolar), DNP inhibited the conversion of methionine to ACC and to C(2)H(4), and this effect could be attributed to the inhibition of SAM synthesis.The optimal temperature for maximal C(2)H(4) production by apple tissue and mung bean hypocotyl is about 30 C. An increase in temperature to 35 C caused an accumulation of endogenous ACC, whereas C(2)H(4) production was greatly reduced. These results suggest that the conversion of ACC to C(2)H(4) is highly vulnerable to high temperature inhibition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Hydrophobic-cluster analysis of plant protein sequences. A domain homology between storage and lipid-transfer proteins.

Hydrophobic-cluster analysis was used to characterize a conserved domain located near the C-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat (Triticum aestivum) storage proteins. This domain was transformed into a linear template for a global search for similarities in over 5200 protein sequences. In addition to proteins that had already been found to exhibit homology to wheat storage proteins, a previously unreported homology was found with non-specific lipid-transfer proteins from castor bean (Ricinus communis) and from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf. Hydrophobic-cluster analysis of various members of the present protein group clearly shows a typical domain structure where (i) variable and conserved domains are located along the sequence at precise positions, (ii) the conserved domains probably reflect a common ancestor, and (iii) the unique properties of a given protein (chain cut into subunits, repetitive domains, trypsin-inhibitor active site) are associated with the variable domains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Specificity patterns indicate that auxin exporters and receptors are the same proteins.

A study of transport and action of synthetic auxin analogues can help to identify transporters and receptors of this plant hormone. Both aspects--transportability and action on growth--were tested with 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA) and compared across several plant species. 2-NOA stimulates elongation effectively at low concentrations in petioles of the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., in hypocotyls or internodes of the dicot legumes, mung bean (Vigna mungo L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), in cotyledons of onion (Allium cepa L.) and in leaf bases of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), the latter two of the monocot order Asparagales. In contrast, elongation of coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is poorly responsive to 2-NOA. Significant auxin-like transport of 2-NOA was observed in segments of mung bean hypocotyls, pea internodes, and chive leaf bases, but not in segments of the grass coleoptiles. Thus, for the two assays, elongation and polar transportability, the same difference in ligand specificity was observed between the grass and all other species assayed. This finding supports the hypothesis that a common protein mediates auxin efflux as well as auxin action on elongation.

Allium↗