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PubMed1995

Behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (Larus argentatus) chicks.

Lead exposure early in life affects behavioral, physiologic, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. In this article, we examine the effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early development in herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Each of 72 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate concentration of 100 micrograms/g at age 2 or at age 6, a similar cumulative dose evenly divided on days 2, 4, and 6, or matched-volume saline injections on the same days. Behavioral tests were performed (some at 2- and others at 5-day intervals) to examine locomotion, balance, righting response, thermoregulation, and visual cliff. Most variation in weight was explained by testing age, although treatment affected weight gain for the lead-6 gulls, particularly after 20 days. Although treatment influenced balance and locomotion, the effect was small. The lead-6 birds were unable to remain on an incline as long as the lead-2, lead-246, and control birds. The overall score for balance improved with age for controls, showed little change for the lead-2 and lead-2-4-6 gulls, but showed a decrease in performance for the lead-6 birds. On the thermoregulation test, the lead-6 birds performed less well under both low- and high-temperature test conditions. Although the lead-2-4-6 birds had a lower score on the visual cliff tests than the other groups, the lead-6 gulls showed a significant delay in response and gave significantly fewer calls then the other groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Screening for neonatal and infant deafness in Europe in 1992.

Many methods of screening for hearing impairment are available. The aim of our study was to determine which ones were really used in 1992. At the request of the British Audiology Society, we conducted an inquiry into the organization of screening for deafness in neonates and infants in Europe. In practice all 6-9 month-old infants are tested with behavioural tests in every country. For the neonates, generally only those at risk for hearing-impairment (about 5%) were tested. The most widely used tests were behavioural ones. Only specialized centers used transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). This last test assesses the active mechanical properties of the cochlea and allows detection of even mild or unilateral sensorineural deafness.

Audiometry↗
PubMed2006

Vision of the hand prior to movement onset allows full motor adaptation to a multi-force environment.

In everyday life, because of unexpected mechanical perturbation applied to the hand or to the whole body, hand movements may become suddenly inaccurate. With prolonged exposure to the perturbation, trajectories slowly recover their normal accuracy, which is the mark of motor adaptation. However, full development of this adaptive process in complete darkness has been recently challenged in a multi-force environment. Here, we report on the effectiveness of static hand position information as specified through vision prior to movement onset on the adaptative changes, over trials, of pointing movements performed in a gravitoinertial force field. For this, subjects seated off-center on a platform rotating at constant velocity, were either confined to complete darkness (No Vision Session, NV) or provided with vision of the hand resting on the starting position prior to movement onset (Hand Vision Prior to Movement Session, HVPM). Overall, our results showed that adaptation to the centrifugal force was very rapid, and allowed subjects to demonstrate appropriate motor control as early as of the very first trials performed during the rotation period, even in the NV condition. They also showed that the integration by the Central Nervous System (CNS) of visual and proprioceptive information prior to the execution of a reaching movement allows subjects to reach full motor adaptation in a multi-force environment. Furthermore, our data confirm the existence of differentiated motor adaptive mechanisms for centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Adaptation to the former may fully develop on the basis of an a priori coding of the characteristics of the background force level even without visual information, while the latter needs visual cues about hand position prior to movement onset to take place.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

More controlling child-feeding practices are found among parents of boys with an average body mass index compared with parents of boys with a high body mass index.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences existed in mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their sons' weight, controlling child-feeding practices (ie, restriction, monitoring, and pressure to eat), and parenting styles (ie, authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) by their sons' body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: One person (L.S.B.) interviewed mothers and boys using validated questionnaires and measured boys' weight and height; fathers completed questionnaires independently. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were white, preadolescent boys and their parents. Boys were grouped by their BMI into an average BMI group (n=25; BMI percentile between 33rd and 68th) and a high BMI group (n=24; BMI percentile > or = 85th). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Multivariate analyses of variance and analyses of variance. RESULTS: Mothers and fathers of boys with a high BMI saw their sons as more overweight (mothers P=.03, fathers P=.01), were more concerned about their sons' weight (P<.0001, P=.004), and used pressure to eat with their sons less often than mothers and fathers of boys with an average BMI (P<.0001, P<.0001). In addition, fathers of boys with a high BMI monitored their sons' eating less often than fathers of boys with an average BMI (P=.006). No differences were found in parenting by boys' BMI groups for either mothers or fathers. CONCLUSIONS: More controlling child-feeding practices were found among mothers (pressure to eat) and fathers (pressure to eat and monitoring) of boys with an average BMI compared with parents of boys with a high BMI. A better understanding of the relationships between feeding practices and boys' weight is necessary. However, longitudinal research is needed to provide evidence of causal association.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Different shapes in different cultures: body dissatisfaction, overweight, and obesity in African-American and caucasian females.

OBJECTIVE: Body dissatisfaction and medical issues arising at both ends of the weight continuum are discussed from a cultural perspective. More specifically, a possible aesthetic preference and physical tolerance for increased adiposity among African-American females is discussed, as contrasted with that of Caucasian females. CONCLUSION: This mini-review of the existing literature suggests many avenues for future research in the cross-cultural aspects of body dissatisfaction, overweight, and obesity. Among these suggestions are (1) educating children and adolescents about excessive weight, (2) assessing cultural perceptions of overweight and obesity among African-Americans, (3) understanding the developmental trajectory of body dissatisfaction in females, and (4) placing more emphasis on the cross-cultural representation and psychological influence of the female body image in the media.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Is there interaction between vision and local fatigue of the lower limbs on postural control and postural stability in human posture?

An investigation of the interaction between local fatigue and vision on postural control and postural stability was carried out. Fatigue was effected in a sitting position and was assumed based on a shortening of the exertion time of the soleus muscles (60% of their maximal voluntary contractions). Postural stability was assessed by centre of gravity motion, which was computed from centre of pressure motion, evaluating postural control. Ten healthy male subjects were asked to stand as still as possible with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) before and after the fatigue protocol. Results showed that fatigue produced similar effects for the two vision conditions on postural control and postural stability analyzed separately, increasing postural control and leaving postural stability unchanged. Local fatigue essentially produced an increase of neuromuscular activity in high frequencies. However, this increase was more pronounced for the EO, as compared to the EC condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Administration of antisense DNA for ghrelin causes an antidepressant and anxiolytic response in rats.

RATIONALE: Ghrelin is a peptide of 28 amino acids found in mammals that increases the release of growth hormone, food intake, and body weight. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between ghrelin and the states of anxiety and depression by giving rats either antisense DNA for ghrelin, scrambled DNA or vehicle into the lateral ventricle of rats. RESULTS: In forced swimming tests, rats that received antisense DNA decreased the length of time that they were immobile in the water. Ghrelin antisense oligonucleotides produced an anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated plus maze test, black and white test, or conditioned fear tests. Treatment with antisense DNA for ghrelin significantly decreased rat body weight. No significant effect on general locomotor activity was seen. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that administration of antisense DNA for ghrelin causes an antidepressant and anxiolytic response in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Neural control of the heart-rate-orienting response in preweanling rats.

The neural origins of heart-rate responses to auditory and painful stimuli were studied in preweanling and neonatal rats. Bradycardia and tachycardia in response to auditory and painful stimuli were found to be mediated by the 10th cranial nerve. Bilateral vagotomy abolished both responses, as did the peripherally acting cholinergic antagonist methyl scopolamine. Neither peripheral sympathectomy with guanethidine nor beta adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol significantly altered the cardiac responses. Thus, both the tachycardia and bradycardia evoked by psychologically relevant stimuli appear to be under direct nervous system control exerted through cholinergic vagal efferents to the heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Rapid auditory processing and MGN morphology in microgyric rats reared in varied acoustic environments.

Adult male rats with induced microgyric lesions exhibit significant deficits in rapid auditory processing, as well as morphological alterations in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus. These findings are considered striking in light of similar anatomical and auditory processing anomalies in language disabled humans. Given evidence from clinical and animal studies that acoustic experience may alter sensory processing at behavioral and neurophysiological levels, the current study examined effects of developmental exposure to auditory stimulation on behavioral and anatomical indices in microgyric and sham rats. Stimulation (E7-P 70) included: (1). chronic white noise (80 dB) with standard housing; (2). 3 h/day of 78 dB filtered light classical music with social housing; or (3). standard acoustic environment (control) with standard housing. Microgyric effects on auditory processing and thalamic morphology were evident regardless of environmental condition. In sum, the effects of microgyria on brain and behavior appear to be robust, and largely orthogonal to any main effect of acoustic stimulation on auditory processing. These findings suggest that a more active form of acoustic stimulation (e.g., training) may be required to ameliorate the deleterious behavioral and anatomical consequences of focal microgyric lesions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Kinematic analysis of the hip and trunk during bilateral stance on firm, foam, and multiaxial support surfaces.

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate hip and trunk motion during double-leg stance. DESIGN: Trunk and hip angular position variances were measured on different support surfaces with and without vision. BACKGROUND: Postural control results from motion about the hips and trunk during bilateral stance. While the hip joint has been studied extensively, information concerning relative amounts of hip and trunk motions during postural control is limited. METHODS: Trunk flexion/extension, trunk lateral flexion, right and left hip flexion/extension and abduction/adduction angular position variances were assessed in 14 normal subjects using an electromagnetic tracking system during bilateral stance on firm, foam, and multiaxial support surfaces with and without vision. RESULTS: Significantly greater amounts of motion occurred at all joints for the multiaxial-eyes closed condition compared to all other surface-vision conditions. No significant differences were found between any other surface-vision conditions. Within the multiaxial-eyes closed condition, right and left hip flexion/extension and abduction/adduction magnitudes were significantly greater than those of trunk flexion and lateral flexion, and left hip flexion/extension motion was significantly greater than that of the right hip. CONCLUSIONS: Postural control mechanisms involve similar amounts of motion at the hips and trunk, except for conditions under which a rigid base of support becomes unstable and vision is eliminated. RELEVANCE: These results suggest that the trunk and hips should be considered separately during kinematic analysis of postural control. This information may be useful in providing a more sensitive assessment of postural control to identify balance-related pathologies associated with stroke, concussion, and somatosensory deficits.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Balance control: sex and age differences in 9- to 16-year-olds.

This study investigated sex and age differences in standing balance. Movement of the centre of pressure (COP) was calculated from ground reaction force data collected from a force platform during bipedal stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Three groups of 60 children, with 30 girls and 30 boys in each, were assessed. Mean ages of each group were as follows: 9 years 11 months (standard deviation [SD] 3mo); 12 years 11 months (SD 2mo); and 15 years 11 months (SD 3mo) respectively. Summary sway parameters and frequency domain variables were calculated in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. Boys exhibited greater COP movement than girls at 9 to 10 years of age. Age-related 'improvements' in sway occurred in boys, thus some aspects of postural control are still developing after 9 to 10 years of age. As very little age-related difference was seen in girls, boys may lag behind somewhat in terms of developing postural control. Thus there is a need to study the sexes separately when investigating balance in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of student residence on food choice.

This study assessed the effect of student residence on food choices and dietary practices of students enrolled in an undergraduate nutrition class at Washington State University. We compared food consumption patterns of students living on campus, off campus, and in Greek housing. We also identified differences between men and women in food consumption and dietary practices. The results suggested that students' residence and sex may influence food choice and dietary practices. Significant differences in food choice related to students' residence were found for 8 of the 27 variables included on a food frequency list. Differences in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, beer, fish, unsweetened cereal, white bread, and cookies were identified. In addition, students who lived in Greek housing were found to skip meals less frequently than other students, and men were found to consume significantly more beer, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, meat, and white bread than women students. Men were also more accurate in their perception of their body weight.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phasic heart rate responses: different patterns in black and in white newborns.

Click stimuli were presented during sleep to newborns from a low socioeconomic class urban population in Northeastern United States. Eighty-three black newborns showed less immediate poststimulus deceleration than did 67 white newborns. This difference was independent of heart rate level, and could not be accounted for by any of the perinatal variables studied, including birthweight and gestational age. These results suggest that in this population, black newborns differ from white newborns in the pattern of phasic heart rate responses to stimuli. This constitutes evidence for an additional difference in heart rate regulation in black as compared to white newborns from this population, since prior work reported differences in tonic heart rate level during sleep between black and white newborns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Intraspinal micro stimulation generates locomotor-like and feedback-controlled movements.

Intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) may provide a means for improving motor function in people suffering from spinal cord injuries, head trauma, or stroke. The goal of this study was to determine whether microstimulation of the mammalian spinal cord could generate locomotor-like stepping and feedback-controlled movements of the hindlimbs. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, 24 insulated microwires were implanted in the lumbosacral cord of three adult cats. The cats were placed in a sling leaving all limbs pendent. Bilateral alternating stepping of the hindlimbs was achieved by stimulating through as few as two electrodes in each side of the spinal cord. Typical stride lengths were 23.5 cm, and ample foot clearance was achieved during swing. Mean ground reaction force during stance was 36.4 N, sufficient for load-bearing. Feedback-controlled movements of the cat's foot were achieved by reciprocally modulating the amplitude of stimuli delivered through two intraspinal electrodes generating ankle flexion and extension such that the distance between a sensor on the cat's foot and a free sensor moved back and forth by the investigators was minimized. The foot tracked the displacements of the target sensor through its normal range of motion. Stimulation through electrodes with tips in or near lamina IX elicited movements most suitable for locomotion. In chronically implanted awake cats, stimulation through dorsally located electrodes generated paw shakes and flexion-withdrawals consistent with sensory perception but no weight-bearing extensor movements. These locations would not be suitable for ISMS in incomplete spinal cord injuries. Despite the complexity of the spinal neuronal networks, our results demonstrate that by stimulating through a few intraspinal microwires, near-normal bipedal locomotor-like stepping and feedback-controlled movements could be achieved.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The family's conception of accountability and competence: a new approach to the conceptualization and assessment of family stress.

Clinicians and researchers have a strong interest in understanding how families respond to stress. Often, they begin their analyses by attempts to estimate the seriousness or magnitude of the stressful events impinging on the families they observe. Until now, they have relied on two strategies. First, they attempt to develop objective or external indicators of the magnitude of the stress of the events. The problem here is that the family's own perceptions and experiences are not properly weighted. The second strategy depends heavily or exclusively on the family's perceptions of the events. However, these perceptions are often a product of the family's efforts to cope with the stress since the organization and perception of meaning in events is a fundamental part of family coping. Thus, this approach cannot disentangle the stress inherent in the events from the family's efforts to cope with it. This article explores a third alternative. The social community in which the family lives often provides a coherent frame of meanings for most events. It not only defines the magnitude of the event but it also defines how accountable the family is for producing the event in the first place. A method for assessing these community frameworks is presented. Initial results suggest that there is not only a coherent community framework attributing magnitude and family accountability to a large number of stressful events impinging the family but, also, that these community attributions are embedded in a community concept of family development.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Definition and outcome of a curriculum to prevent disordered eating and body-shaping drug use.

Almost one half of male and female students participate in high school-sponsored athletics, and high school also is a time when classroom health promotion curricula are less effective. The Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids is a sport team-centered drug-use prevention program for male high school athletes, which has been shown to reduce alcohol and illicit drug use. Just as anabolic steroid use is associated with male athletes, female sport participants may be at a greater risk for disordered eating and body-shaping drug use. Extending sport team-centered programs to young women athletes required defining and ranking factors related to developing those harmful behaviors. Survey results from a cross-sectional cohort of female middle and high school student athletes were used to identify and prioritize potential curriculum components, including mood and self-esteem, norms of behavior, perceptions of healthy body weight, effects of media depictions of women, and societal pressures to be thin. The derived sport team-centered program was prospectively assessed among a second group of female student athletes from 18 high schools, randomized to receive the intervention or the usual care control condition. The Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives (ATHENA) intervention is a scripted, coach-facilitated, peer-led 8-session program, which was incorporated into a team's usual training activities. The ATHENA program significantly altered the targeted risk factors and reduced ongoing and new use of diet pills and body-shaping substances (amphetamines, anabolic steroids, and sport supplements). These findings illustrate the utility of a structured process to define curriculum content, and the program's positive results also confirm the sport team's potential as a vehicle to effectively deter health-harming behaviors.

Adolescent↗