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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Pharmacotherapy, vaccines and malaria advice for HIV-infected travellers.

Since the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals are travelling more frequently and international travel has become much safer. Specific concerns include the safety of ART during travel, drug adherence and interaction considerations, and effects of immunosuppression. This review describes potentially important infections, vaccine effectiveness, safety and special approaches for their use, and HIV-related issues regarding predeparture counselling. With advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count < 200/microl or < 14%), the immunogenicity of several vaccines is reduced, complications could occur after live attenuated vaccines and certain infections acquired during travel may be more frequent or severe. Challenges include the best options for malaria chemoprophylaxis, standby treatment and medical follow-up of the increasing number of HIV-infected long-term travellers.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2005

Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of antiviral therapies.

The potential use of smallpox virus as a bioterror agent and the endemic presence of monkeypox virus in Africa underscores the need for better therapies for orthopoxvirus infections. The only existing clinical experience treating vaccinia and smallpox infections has been with Marboran, which suggested that antiviral therapies could be effective in treating and preventing smallpox infections, but this compound has not been pursued. Drugs that have been approved for other indications, like cidofovir, could be approved for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections in a timely manner, and this compound has already been approved for emergency treatment of smallpox and complications from vaccination. Its lack of activity when given orally, however, limits its use in a major outbreak involving large numbers of people exposed to the virus. The discovery and development of new therapies can be achieved more rapidly by drawing on the experience and successes with other antiviral agents, particularly with the herpesviruses. This review will discuss the orthopoxvirus replication cycle in detail noting specific viral functions and their associated gene products that have the potential to serve as new targets for drug design and development. This discussion is designed to help investigators relate these targets to parallel functions and existing assays in other virus systems that have been used successfully in drug development. The rapid progress that has been achieved in recent years should yield new drugs for the treatment of these infections and might also reveal new strategies for antiviral therapy with other viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

HIV-1 superinfection: evidence and impact.

Superinfection is defined as infection by a second virus during an immunologic steady state, following infection by a primary virus. It is now well established that superinfection with HIV-1 occurs in humans. Detection of an increasing number of circulating recombinant forms, which result from infection of a cell by two or more clades, suggests that superinfection occurs more frequently than previously thought. The second virus (from a different clade or the same clade as the primary virus) can superinfect some time after the first and this is associated with rapid viral rebound and immune decline. Primary infection with a specific clade appears not to provide cross-protection against superinfection with a different clade or the same clade. Estimating the overall impact of HIV-1 superinfection on pathogenesis and attempts to create a broadly protective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is complicated by our inability to quantify the true incidence and prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Acute measles infection in the hamster cochlea.

Measles virus has been implicated in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in adults as well as in children. Furthermore, sensorineural hearing loss following live measles virus vaccination has been reported. As of yet, however, there has been only few reports on human temporal bone pathology due to measles, and on experimental animal models of measles infection. This study was undertaken to examine acute measles infection in adult hamster cochlea morphologically and immunohistochemically for precise understanding of this viral infection. Atrophy of the stria vascularis, loss of the organ of Corti, "rolled-up" tectorial membrane, and cell infiltration with a positive immunofluorescent reaction primarily within the scale media indicating endolymphatic labyrinthitis were the principal findings. These results were generally consistent with previous ones on human temporal bone pathology not only due to measles but also to SNHL. We consider measles virus to be one of the possible pathogens, even if low in frequency, causing profound and irreversible hearing loss, including SNHL. Completion of measles vaccination without complication and selective or mass revaccination may be necessary to prevent such hearing loss.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and HIV among hepatitis C-seropositive state hospital patients: results from Oregon State Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have shown that individuals with severe mental illness are at increased risk for acquiring infection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Moreover, patients with chronic HCV infection are at risk for fulminant hepatitis from acquired infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or HBV, but there are limited data on the prevalence of HIV, HAV, and HBV in chronically hospitalized U.S. psychiatric patients without mental retardation who are HCV-seropositive. To address this issue, a comprehensive screening program was commenced at Oregon State Hospital (Salem, Ore.) beginning in 1999. METHOD: The computerized records of all non-geriatric adult inpatients at Oregon State Hospital on April 23, 2001, were reviewed to assess physician compliance with screening and the prevalence of infection with HIV, HAV, HBV, and HCV. RESULTS: Among the 535 patient records reviewed, 94.8% of patients were screened for HCV, of whom 20.3% were seropositive. Among HCV-seropositive patients, only 1.9% were not screened for HAV and HBV, but 23.3% were not tested for HIV. In the HCV-seropositive group, 35.9% were HAV-positive, 49.5% HBV-positive, and 2.6% HIV-positive. CONCLUSION: Chronic psychiatric inpatients have high HCV prevalence rates. Hepatitis C-seropositive individuals may be at risk for complications unless vaccinated for HAV and HBV.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hepatitis B vaccine and demyelination (cont'd).

(1) New data on adverse events potentially linked to vaccination against hepatitis B in France were made public in October 1998. (2) The incidence of spontaneous notifications of new cases of central demyelination during the period 1990-1997 was about 1 case per 100,000 hepatitis B vaccinees. (3) Preliminary results of two case-control studies show no statistically significant increase in the risk of central demyelination after hepatitis B vaccination. (4) A risk of neurological complications linked to vaccination against hepatitis B cannot be ruled out, but, at worst, must be very small.

Demyelinating Diseases↗