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PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure ulcer prevention and management strategies in Turkey.

Pressure ulcers are a serious problem that can lead to pain and delayed recovery. In Turkey, the selection of dressing products is usually left to the nurse managing the patient and depends on several factors, including the condition of the wound, the nurse's knowledge, and the nurse's experience. The aim of this study was to determine prevention and management strategies for pressure ulcer care in hospitalized patients in Turkey and to identify the factors that influence the selection of products by nurses. The descriptive study was carried out in various departments (orthopedic, neurological, oncology, and intensive care) where bedridden patients were found. A total of 110 nurses volunteered to participate. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire developed after a review of the literature. Only 32% of the nurses made use of a pressure ulcer care risk evaluation scale (Norton scale), and air mattresses were used by 89% as a preventive measure with patients who were at risk. When pressure ulcers occurred, advanced wound care products were preferred by most of the nurses. Seventy four percent of nurses considered the condition of wound for selection of products. Despite correctly noting several strategies for prevention of pressure ulcers, 9% of nurses also described massage around boney prominence and the use of inflatable rings as effective preventive strategies. This descriptive study shows that nurses in Turkey are primarily responsible for prevention and management of pressure ulcer care and that both traditional dressing products and advanced wound care products are used in the care of all stages of pressure ulcers in Turkey. It also illustrates the need for ongoing pressure ulcer education to promote evidence-based practice and reduce the use of ineffective (or harmful) strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Intensive care in a field hospital in an urban disaster area: lessons from the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with the implementation of intensive care in the setting of a field hospital, deployed to the site of a major urban disaster. DESIGN: Description of our experience during mission to Turkey; conclusions regarding implementation of intensive care at disaster sites. SETTING: Military Field Hospital at Adapazari in Turkey. PATIENTS: Civilian patients admitted for care at the field hospital. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: On August 17, 1999 a major earthquake occurred in western Turkey, causing approximately 16,000 fatalities and leaving >44,000 injured. Approximately 66,000 buildings were severely damaged or destroyed. A medical unit of the Israeli Defense Forces Medical Corps, consisting of 23 physicians, 13 nurses, nine paramedics, 13 medics, laboratory and roentgen technicians, pharmacists, and associated support personnel, were sent to Adapazari in Turkey. The field hospital treated approximately 1,200 patients over a period of 2 wks, 70 surgical operations were performed, 20 babies were delivered, and a variety of medical, surgical, orthopedic, and pediatric/neonatal care was provided. The 12-bed intensive care unit operated by the unit, was staffed by three physicians and eight nursing/paramedic personnel. Patient mix was: a total of 63 patients, among them five with major trauma, 20 with acute cardiac disease, 15 patients with various acute medical conditions, and 11 surgical and postoperative patients. Three patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated (one cardiogenic pulmonary edema and two major trauma). The intensive care unit provided the following functions to the field hospital: care of the critically ill and injured, preparation for and implementation of transportation of such patients, pre- and postoperative care for major surgical procedures, expertise, and equipment for the care of very ill patients throughout the field hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In suitable circumstances, an intensive care capability should be an integral part of medical expeditions to major disasters.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of blood pressure (BP) and prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (PatenT). DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional epidemiology survey was carried out in 2003. SETTING: Twenty-six cities from seven geographical provinces of Turkey, with proportional representation of urban and rural populations. PARTICIPANTS: A two-stage stratified sampling method was used to select a sample of the adult population over 18 years of age. The total number of participants was 4910. INTERVENTIONS: Data collection and BP measurements were conducted by specifically trained physicians in the households of the participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean systolic and diastolic BP levels, distribution of blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension (mean systolic BP>or=140 mmHg or mean diastolic BP>or=90 mmHg, or previously diagnosed and/or taking antihypertensive drugs), awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were assessed. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in Turkey was 31.8%, and it was higher in women than in men (36.1 versus 27.5%, P<0.001). In the whole group, 32.2% had never had their BP measured. Overall, 40.7% of those with hypertension were aware of their diagnosis, only 31.1% were receiving pharmacologic treatment and only 8.1% had their BP under control. The subjects who were aware and treated had a control ratio of 20.7%. CONCLUSIONS: PatenT data indicate that hypertension is a highly prevalent but inadequately managed health problem in Turkey. There is an urgent need for population-based strategies to improve the prevention, early detection and control of hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Deaths from drug overdose and toxicity in Turkey: 1997-2001.

Turkey is located on the main overland connection between Asia and Europe, making the country potentially vulnerable to drug trafficking and its associated harms. The aim of the present study is to explore the frequency of all deaths from drug overdose and toxicity in Turkey and to describe some of the characteristics of these deaths. We collected data on all deaths from drugs in Turkey between 1997 and 2001 using records from the Council of Forensic Medicine. Data obtained from autopsy reports were retrospectively analyzed. In the present study, 374 deaths from drugs were reported in Turkey, with a mortality rate of 0.17 per 100,000 population. Highest mortality rates were found in Istanbul (0.83) and Gaziantep (0.71). The mean age was 34.0, and most cases (71.7%) were below the age of 40. The proportion of female cases was 13.6%. Opiates were implicated in 91.5% of deaths and benzodiazepines in 25.9%. Two fifths (38.8%) of the cases involved use of more than 1 drug. In 36.6% of cases, the route of final drug administration was by injection. The most common location of death was at a home (33.7%). Interventions to reduce drug use nationally are urgently required. International cooperation in social-educational activities, scientific research, and security measures is essential for this war.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Inheritance of adenosine deaminase variants in chickens and turkeys.

Blood cell lysates of chickens and turkeys were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and the gels were stained for adenosine deaminase. Two zones were observed singly or together in the electrophoretic patterns of each lysate. Zones of chicken lysates were analogous in electrophoretic mobility to those of turkeys. An extra zone which appeared in patterns of a sample stored over one month was not detected in patterns of a second aliquot of stored sample treated with a reducing agent prior to electrophoresis. Family data involving 110 chicken progeny and 221 turkey progeny supported the hypothesis that these zones were controlled by two codominant alleles designated ADAA and ADAB. In the two Leghorn strains studied ADAB was much more frequent than ADAA, but the frequency distribution was reversed in the Small White turkey strain examined.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed2005

The effects of probiotic and mannanoligosaccharide on some haematological and immunological parameters in turkeys.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic supplementation on haematological and immunological parameters in turkeys. A total of 72, 15-day-old white hybrid converter turkey poults were used in this study. Poults were assigned into three groups, each group consisted of six poults and the trial was repeated four times. The control group was fed a basal diet without supplemented probiotic and MOS, and treatment groups were fed either 1 g/kg MOS or probiotic added diets. At the end of the 15-week treatment period, samples of blood were collected to determine immunological and haematological values. The comparison among the groups showed that both the probiotic and MOS supplementation resulted in significant increases (P < 0.05) in the serum IgG and IgM levels, and significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the peripheral blood T lymphocyte percentage compared with those of the control group. Mean serum IgG level (7.06 g/l) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in poults supplemented with probiotic compared with MOS (6.76 g/l). It was observed that the probiotic supplementation caused statistically significant increases (P < 0.05) in the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit values, but MOS supplementation did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on these parameters. Total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts were not affected by dietary MOS and probiotic supplementation. These results show that MOS or probiotic may elevate IgG and IgM levels in turkey. The MOS and probiotic that enhance immunoglobulin levels will have a more positive effect on growth performance, production and turkeys' ability to resist disease.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of different turkey rhinotracheitis viruses used as antigens for serological testing following live vaccination and challenge.

Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) developed in the authors' laboratory for turkey rhinotracheitis serological testing, a commercial ELISA kit, and two virus-neutralization (VN) assays were compared with respect to the efficiency of these assays for serological monitoring in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) turkeys inoculated with four pathogenic isolates of turkey rhinotracheitis virus, with or without previous live vaccination. Both the live vaccine and the different isolates of virus were shown to induce antibody rises, the detectability of which varied depending on the ELISA or VN assay used for serological testing. The results show that 3 weeks after vaccination with an attenuated strain, the choice of an inadequate antigen for serological testing may be the cause of an apparent lack of immunogenicity of the vaccine, and that 2 weeks after challenge, such a choice in ELISA can also hinder the early diagnosis of a TRT virus infection in both vaccinated and unvaccinated turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-Check real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated retail turkey meat products.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the real-time iQ-Check Salmonella kit (Bio-Rad) with the immunocapture assay RapidCheck Salmonella method, and a conventional culture method (FSIS, USDA) in detecting Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat products. This study was also designed to determine if a selective enrichment step might improve the real-time detection of Salmonella. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the culture method, Salmonella was recovered from 49 out of 99 retail turkey meat samples collected. RapidCheck failed to detect 11 Salmonella samples that were positive by the culture method. The iQ-Check real-time PCR also failed to detect three samples that were positive by the culture method. However, when carried out after a selective enrichment step, the iQ-Check real-time PCR detected all 49 Salmonella samples recovered by the culture method. The iQ-Check real-time PCR detected the presence of Salmonella in some samples that were not recovered by the culture method. CONCLUSIONS: Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-Check real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The iQ-Check Salmonella real-time PCR can be used as a rapid method to monitor Salmonella in turkey meat, together with conventional culture methodology.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ontogeny of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of turkey heterophils and their potentiation by Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines.

Heterophils, the functional equivalent to the mammalian neutrophil, are important mediators of natural resistance against invasive pathogens in poultry. Young poultry are susceptible to pathogens, such as Salmonella enteritidis, during the first week post-hatch. No studies have evaluated the ontogeny of heterophil function in turkeys during the first few weeks post-hatch. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown day-old poults were protected against S. enteritidis organ invasion following immunoprophylactic administration of chicken S. enteritidis immune lymphokines. Therefore, the objective in the present study was to characterize the development of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by turkey heterophils during the first 3 weeks of life and to compare the effect of immune lymphokines on the development of heterophil phagocytosis and killing during the first 3 weeks post-hatch. Both functional phagocytosis and killing activities were age-dependent events. During the first 1-7 days post-hatch, little functional activity was demonstrated which apparently is associated with susceptibility. Optimal heterophil phagocytosis and killing activities were reached 14-21 days post-hatch. Administration immune lymphokines significantly potentiated phagocytosis (P < 0.01) and killing (P < 0.001) by turkey heterophils. In fact, immune lymphokine administration to 1-7-day-old poults augmented phagocytosis and killing activities of heterophils equivalent to levels found in functionally mature 14-21-day-old poults. These results demonstrate the ontogeny of the functional activity of the turkey heterophil is an age-related phenomenon, with inefficient phagocytosis and killing during the first week post-hatch. Prophylactic administration of immune lymphokines significantly potentiated the functional activity of the heterophil poults during the first 3 weeks of life. Most importantly the administration of immune lymphokines enhanced the functional activity of heterophils from 1-7-day-old poults to levels comparable to that of an immunologically mature bird.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Response of nitric oxide production to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in turkey and chicken peripheral blood monocytes.

We evaluated the innate immune response to various synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) by measuring nitric oxide production in the peripheral blood monocytes from turkey poults. The results indicate that the presence of the CpG dinucleotide in ODNs was a prerequisite for activation of turkey monocytes and induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. CpG motifs and sequence structure of the ODNs were also found to influence stimulatory activity greatly. The most potent CpG ODN to induce NO synthesis in turkey monocytes was human-specific CpG ODN M362, followed by CpG ODN 2006 (human), CpG ODN#17 (chicken) and CpG ODN 1826 (mouse). The optimal CpG motif for NO induction was GTCGTT. Phosphorothioate modification of CpG ODNs also significantly increased stimulatory activity. Compared with chicken monocytes, turkey monocytes appeared to be less sensitive to CpG motif variation, whereas chicken monocytes were found to respond more strictly to human-specific CpG ODNs or ODNs that contain GTCGTT motifs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mouthguard utilization rates during sport activities in Ankara, Turkey.

The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes towards mouthguard use in Ankara, Turkey. In the first part of this study, an eight-item questionnaire was distributed to 22 coaches from 15 secondary schools randomly selected from five municipalities of Ankara, Turkey. The questionnaire sought information on how much coaches know regarding mouthguards and how often children and adolescents of the ages 11-18 use mouthguards. The second part of the study was based on the data obtained from direct interviews answered by 121 university athletes of three different sport modalities (football, ice hockey and martial arts). The purpose of this part of the study was to determine the rate of mouthguard use and the frequency and type of oral trauma in these athletes. The result of the coaches' questionnaires revealed that; none of the 11-18 years old children and adolescents used mouthguards while participating in sports. Of the coaches, 77.2% had seen orofacial trauma in this age group during sport activities and 95.5% of the coaches believed that mouthguards prevented oral injuries. Of the coaches, 72.7% reported that children and adolescents should use mouthguards in sport activities. The second part of the study showed that although all of the athletes owned mouth-formed type of mouthguards, the utilization rate was 74.4%. Of all players, 13.2% had suffered from one or more form of oral injury while not wearing mouthguards. The results show that in Turkey, the use of mouthguards has not become widespread in sports. It can be concluded that regular mouthguard use in sports should be encouraged in Turkey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Swine influenza-like viruses in turkeys: potential source of virus for humans?

Influenza A viruses (subtype H1N1), recently isolated from turkeys in different areas of the United States, were determined to be closely related to strains typically associated with pigs. This conclusion was based on comparisons of H1N1 isolates from pigs, humans, ducks, and turkeys with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, RNA-RNA competitive hybridization, and replication studies. One of the H1N1 isolates from turkeys caused influenza in a laboratory technician, who displayed fever, respiratory illness, virus shedding, and seroconversion. These results suggest that turkeys as well as pigs are involved in the maintenance of these viruses and their transmission to humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Natural transformation-mediated transfer of erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter coli strains from turkeys and swine.

Erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter coli from meat animals is frequently encountered and could represent a substantial barrier to antibiotic treatment of human infections. Erythromycin resistance in this organism has been associated with a point mutation (A2075G) in the 23S rRNA gene. However, the mechanisms responsible for possible dissemination of erythromycin resistance in C. coli remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated transformation-mediated acquisition of erythromycin resistance by genotypically diverse C. coli strains from turkeys and swine, with total genomic DNA from erythromycin-resistant C. coli of either turkey or swine origin used as a donor. Overall, transformation to erythromycin resistance was significantly more frequent in C. coli strains from turkeys than in swine-derived strains (P < 0.01). The frequency of transformation to erythromycin resistance was 10(-5) to 10(-6) for turkey-derived strains but 10(-7) or less for C. coli from swine. Transformants harbored the point mutation A2075G in the 23S rRNA gene, as did the erythromycin-resistant strains used as DNA donors. Erythromycin resistance was stable in transformants following serial transfers in the absence of the antibiotic, and most transformants had high MICs (>256 microg/ml), as did the C. coli donor strains. In contrast to the results obtained with transformation, spontaneous mutants had relatively low erythromycin MICs (32 to 64 microg/ml) and lacked the A2075G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. These findings suggest that natural transformation has the potential to contribute to the dissemination of high-level resistance to erythromycin among C. coli strains colonizing meat animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Passive immunization with antibodies against iron-regulated outer membrane proteins protects turkeys from Escherichia coli septicemia.

Escherichia coli septicemia is a common disease of young poultry and several species of mammals. Rabbit antiserum was prepared against iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of E. coli. Eighteen-day-old turkeys were passively immunized with antiserum and challenged by air sac inoculation of 1 X 10(6) to 2 X 10(6) CFU of E. coli O78:K80:H9. Turkeys injected with normal rabbit serum or saline solution before challenge served as controls. Fatalities (8 of 51 turkeys inoculated) occurred only in groups given saline solution or normal rabbit serum. The remaining turkeys were necropsied 96 h after challenge. Passive immunization with antiserum significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the frequency of bacteremia at 96 h after challenge, the frequency of recovery of E. coli from air sacs, and the severity of gross lesions in inoculated birds as compared with birds given normal rabbit serum or saline solution.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Pathogenesis of type II avian adenovirus infection in turkeys: in vivo immune cell tropism and tissue distribution of the virus.

Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), a type II avian adenovirus, causes intestinal hemorrhages and immunosuppression in turkeys. In this study, we exposed turkeys to virulent HEV and examined fractionated spleen cells for the presence of viral DNA by in situ hybridization and amplification of DNA extracted from virus-infected cells by PCR. HEV replication was detected only in the immunoglobulin M-bearing B lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells but not in the CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. The inability to infect T cells distinguishes type II avian adenoviruses from lymphotropic mammalian adenoviruses which infect and replicate in T cells. Furthermore, these data suggested that HEV-induced immunosuppression in turkeys may be due to the effect of the virus on B lymphocytes and macrophages. We also examined tissue tropism of HEV by in situ hybridization conducted on sections of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Large numbers of HEV-positive cells were detected in spleen and cecal tonsils. Diminutive viral activity was present in the intestines, the principal site of HEV-induced pathology. Thus, intestinal pathology was not associated with local cytopathic viral replication. This result and our previous observation that cyclosporin A abrogated intestinal hemorrhaging in HEV-infected turkeys strongly suggested that intestinal lesion induced by this virus may be immune system mediated.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1996

Aversive reactions of turkeys to argon, carbon dioxide and a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon.

The reactions of turkeys to the presence of either 90 per cent argon in air (anoxia), 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air with 3 per cent residual oxygen were tested. The majority of the turkeys did not avoid a feeding chamber containing either argon or the mixture of carbon dioxide and argon, but 50 per cent of the turkeys avoided a feeding chamber containing 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air. It is concluded that from the point of view of welfare, either 90 per cent argon in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air, would be preferable to a high concentration of carbon dioxide for stunning/killing turkeys.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Integration of microsatellite-based genetic maps for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

Integration of turkey genetic maps and their associated markers is essential to increase marker density in support of map-based genetic studies. The objectives of this study were to integrate 2 microsatellite-based turkey genetic maps--the Roslin map and the University of Minnesota (UMN) map--by genotyping markers from the Roslin study on the mapping families of the UMN study. A total of 279 markers was tested, and 240 were subsequently screened for polymorphisms in the UMN/Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms (NTBF) mapping families. Of the 240 markers, 89 were genetically informative and were used for genotyping the F2 offspring. Significant genetic linkages (log of odds > 3.0) were found for 84 markers from the Roslin study. BLASTn comparison of marker sequences with the draft assembly of the chicken genome found 263 significant matches. The combination of genetic and in silico mapping allowed for the alignment of all linkage groups of the Roslin map with those of the UMN map. With the addition of the markers from the Roslin map, 438 markers are now genetically linked in the UMN/NTBF families, and more than 1700 turkey sequences have now been assigned to likely positions in the chicken-genome sequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pathology of adenoviral infection in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) with respiratory disease and colisepticemia.

Nuclear inclusion bodies typical of the adenovirus group were widespread in in the spleen and other tissues of 8-week-old turkeys with severe respiratory disease and concomitant evidence of colisepticemia. Adenoviral virions were seen in affected nuclei of splenic tissue and in negatively stained preparations of ground spleen. In splenic tissue, inclusions were most prominent in reticular cells and macrophages in the periarterial lymphoid sheaths, the red pulp and the marginal zones of the periarteriolar reticular sheaths. Marked reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, lymphoid atrophy and granulocytic splenitis characterized the splenic changes. There were inclusions in the respiratory tract, intestinal tract, liver, kidney and pancreas. Inoculation of young turkeys, especially when immunosuppressed, resulted in evidence of infection and respiratory disease. The viruses produced cytopathic changes in primary turkey kidney cell cultures but did not affect embryonating chicken eggs. Concentrated viral suspensions induced precipitin lines in agar gel immunodiffusion tests with known antisera against known turkey adenoviruses but did not show an antigenic relationship to chicken adenoviruses.

Adenoviridae Infections↗