Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Trans Fatty Acids”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation.

Dietary fat and its relation to obesity has been a controversial issue for several years. In this review, several kinds of data relating to this issue are presented. There are epidemiological cross-country data and data within countries showing an effect. However, in the United States, the intake of fat appears to be declining, whereas the prevalence of obesity rises-the American Paradox. Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation. The differences in response of inflammatory signals and of insulin resistance to different fatty acids indicate that not all fatty acids are the same. There are also experimental data showing that most, but not all, animals consuming a high fat diet will become obese. A number of mechanisms have been postulated for this difference, including differential sensitivities to neurotransmitters, to the intestinal peptide, enterostatin, and to individual fatty acids. One important conclusion from this review is that both total fat and individual fatty acids have to be considered when reaching conclusions about dietary fat and obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Comparative digestive utilization and forms of fecal excretion in the rat of erucic and brassidic acids esterified in different glyceride structures].

The digestibility and fecal excretion patterns of erucic (cis n-9 docosenoic) and brassidic (trans n-9 docosenoic) acids, esterified in triglycerides of different structure, were compared in the rat. Synthetic triglycerides were prepared either by mixing or interesterifying trierucin or tribrassidin with an equal amount of corn oil. Rapeseed and peanut oils were used as references. The apparent digestibility of trierucin mixed or interesterified with corn oil was similar to that of peanut oil but higher than that of rapeseed oil. The high amount of 2-monoerucin resulting from diets containing trierucin explained the improved digestibility of erucic acid as compared to that of rapeseed oil which had a very small erucic acid content on the 2-position. It also seemed that 2-monoerucin enhanced the digestibility of saturated fatty acids. Tribrassidin mixed with corn oil had a poor digestibility because pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was delayed in the intestinal lumen. The high melting point of the homogeneous triglyceride was responsible for that phenomenon. The interesterification of tribrassidin with corn oil, which drastically lowered the melting point of the mixture from 52 to 37 degrees C, improved both the hydrolysis of the triglycerides and the digestibility of the C22: 1 trans fatty acid as well as that of the other fatty acids in the diets. Nevertheless, the unabsorbed brassidic acid in every case was principally excreted in the form of a compound insoluble in organic neutral solvent. In that respect, brassidic acid behaved like shorter chain saturated fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is present in milk products and meat from ruminants, appears to have anticarcinogenic activity against breast cancer in animal and in vitro experiments. To date, few epidemiologic data are available in humans. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the relation between intakes of CLA and other fatty acids and breast cancer incidence in the Netherlands Cohort Study. DESIGN: Intake data derived from a validated 150-item food-frequency questionnaire were linked to an existing database with analytic data on specific fatty acids in European foods (the TRANSFAIR study). With 6.3 y of follow-up and 941 incident cases of breast cancer, multivariate rate ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for energy-adjusted intakes of fatty acids and CLA-containing food groups (eg, butter, cheese, milk, other milk products, and meat). RESULTS: CLA intake showed a weak, positive relation with breast cancer incidence (rate ratio for highest compared with lowest quintile: 1.24, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.69; P for trend = 0.02). Statistically significant positive associations were found with total trans fatty acids and (borderline) with saturated fatty acids. Significant inverse associations were found with monounsaturated and cis unsaturated fatty acids, whereas total fat and energy intake of CLA-containing food groups were not related to breast cancer incidence. CONCLUSION: The suggested anticarcinogenic property of CLA in animal and tissue culture models could not be confirmed in this epidemiologic study in humans.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Effect of fat source on duodenal flow of trans-C18:1 fatty acids and milk fat production in dairy cows.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dietary fat source on duodenal flow, apparent absorption, and milk fat incorporation of trans-C18:1 fatty acids. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holsteins cows in mid to late lactation were fed a basal diet containing 36% corn silage, 24% alfalfa haylage, and 40% concentrate (dry matter basis). Diets contained 0% supplemental fat (control diet), 3.7% high oleic sunflower oil, 3.7% high linoleic sunflower oil, or 3.7% partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening; treatments were administered in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk experimental periods. The flow of trans-C18:1 to the duodenum was higher for cows fed diets supplemented with fat than for cows fed the control diet (283 vs. 64 g/d). Incomplete biohydrogenation accounted for the increased flow of trans-C18:1 to the duodenum in cows fed diets containing high oleic and high linoleic sunflower oil. Increased flow of trans-C18:1 in cows fed the diet containing partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening most likely originated from the trans-C18:1 in the diet. Milk fat percentages were 3.48, 3.07, 3.18, and 3.38% for cows fed the control diet and diets containing high oleic sunflower oil, high linoleic sunflower oil, and vegetable shortening, respectively. Milk trans-C18:1 increased from 2.9 to 11.2% of the total fatty acids for cows fed the control diet and the diets supplemented with fat, respectively. Milk trans-C18:1 were equal across all diets supplemented with fat. Ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and N did not change with fat supplementation. Results showed that trans-C18:1 is increased in the milk of cows with reduced milk fat; however, excessive amounts of trans-C18:1 in milk do not necessarily correspond directly to milk fat depression.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Effect of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on LDL particle size.

BACKGROUND: Dietary trans fatty acids (FAs), which are formed during the process of hydrogenating vegetable oil, are known to increase plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, their effect on LDL particle size has yet to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of trans FA consumption on the electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles. DESIGN: Eighteen women and 18 men each consumed 5 experimental diets in random order for 35-d periods. Fat represented 30% of total energy intake in each diet, with two-thirds of the fat in the form of semiliquid margarine (0.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat), soft margarine (9.4 g trans FAs/100 g fat), shortening (13.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat), stick margarine (26.1 g trans FAs/100 g fat), or butter, which was low in trans FAs (2.6 g trans FAs/100 g fat) but rich in saturated fat. LDL particle size and distribution were characterized by nondenaturing, 2-16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Relative to the LDL particle size observed after consumption of the butter-enriched diet, LDL particle size decreased significantly and in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing amounts of dietary trans FAs (P < 0.001). Cholesterol concentrations in large (> 260 A) and medium-sized (255-260 A) LDL particles also increased proportionately to the amount of trans FAs in the diet. CONCLUSION: Consumption of dietary trans FAs is associated with a deleterious increase in small, dense LDL, which further reinforces the importance of promoting diets low in trans FAs to favorably affect the lipoprotein profile.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Multicomponent analysis of encapsulated marine oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR techniques.

Multicomponent high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR analysis has been employed for the purpose of detecting and quantifying a wide range of fatty acids (as triacylglycerols or otherwise) in encapsulated marine cod liver oil supplements. The 1H NMR technique provided quantitative data regarding the docosahexaenoic acid content of these products, which serves as a valuable index of fish oil quality, and a combination of both 1H and 13C spectroscopies permitted the analysis of many further components therein, including sn-1 monoacylglycerols, sn-1,2 and -1,3 diacylglycerol adducts, together with a range of minor components, such as trans-fatty acids, free glycerol and cholesterol, and added vitamins A and E. The identities of each of the above agents were confirmed by the application of two-dimensional 1H-1H spectroscopies. The NMR techniques employed also uniquely permitted determinations of the content of nonacylglycerol forms of highly unsaturated (or other) fatty acids in these products (i.e., ethyl esters), and therefore served as a means of distinguishing "natural" sources of cod liver oils from those subjected to chemical modification to and/or supplementation with synthetic derivatives such as ethyl docosahexaenoate or eicosopentaenoate. The analytical significance and putative health effects of the results acquired are discussed.

Cod Liver Oil↗
PubMed1982

Influence of partially hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils on lipid metabolism in rat liver and heart.

Partially hydrogenated marine oils containing 18:1-, 20:1- and 22:1-isomers and partially hydrogenated peanut oil containing 18:1-isomers were fed as 24-28 wt% of the diet with or without supplement of linoleic acid. Reference groups were fed peanut, soybean, or rapeseed oils with low or high erucic acid content. Dietary monoene isomers reduced the conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic acid and the deposition of the latter in liver and heart phosphatidylcholine. This effect was more pronounced for the partially hydrogenated marine oils than for the partially hydrogenated peanut oil. The content of trans fatty acids in liver phospholipids was similar in groups fed partially hydrogenated fats. The distribution of various phospholipids in heart and liver was unaffected by the dietary fat. The decrease in deposition of arachidonic acid in rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oils was shown in vitro to be a consequence of lower delta 6-desaturase activity rather than an increase in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of arachidonic acid. The lower amounts of arachidonic acid deposited may be a result of competition in the delta 6-desaturation not only from the C22- and C20-monoenoic fatty acids originally present in the partially hydrogenated marine oil, but also from C18- and C16-monoenes produced by peroxisomal beta-oxidation of the long-chain fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dietary factors that promote or retard inflammation.

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in all stages of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome are typified by low-grade inflammation. Intervention trials convincingly demonstrate that weight loss reduces biomarkers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. Limited studies have shown that certain dietary factors; oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and antioxidants RRR-alpha-alpha tocopherol, reduce biomarkers of inflammation. Most of the studies with fish oil supplementation have shown null effects, and conflicting results have been reported with saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and soy intake. Much further research is needed to define the role of individual dietary factors on the biomarkers of inflammation and the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of weight loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Animal studies: summary, gaps, and future research.

Animal models are essential in cancer research but investigators should recognize the limits of the models they use. Because there is no ideal animal model, researchers should use the biological and biochemical diversity among the models to experimental advantage. The differences can tell us as much as the similarities. Fatty acid metabolism seems to play a role in hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancers, and cell culture experiments have yielded much information on possible mechanisms. However, a knowledge gap exists between these studies and a full understanding of mechanisms in vivo. Mechanisms must be understood before the possible relevance of the findings to humans can be confidently assessed. There is little evidence to suggest that either trans fatty acids or oleic acid has any specific effect on carcinogenesis and it is unlikely that further study will reveal something important but heretofore overlooked. By contrast, there appear to be notable gaps in our understanding of n-3 fatty acids, linoleic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid in relation to possible effects on cancer in humans. The major knowledge gap, and our greatest challenge, is relating promising data from animal models and cell culture studies to the prevention of cancer in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Food and nutrition: attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge in the United Kingdom.

In a study of 1700 members of the UK general public in 1992 in which face-to-face interviews were conducted, factors thought important in a healthy diet were (in descending order) more fiber, less sugar, less fat, less salt, and more starchy foods. Of common nutritional terms there was most confidence in explaining the meaning of fiber and least in the meaning of monounsaturated fatty acids. Most nutritional information came from the media but the credibility of this information was low. Fifty-three percent said that a conversation with their general practitioner (GP) was a source of advice they trusted. In a survey of 150 GPs and 50 practice nurses in 1992, lack of confidence was found to be common concerning the meaning of several nutritional terms, especially extrinsic sugars, NSP (nonstarch polysaccharide), and trans fatty acids. GPs were confident they could explain the link between diet and heart disease but were not sure about the value of starch in the diet. Both GPs and practice nurses were dissatisfied with their training in nutrition, both before and after registration. General practice staff thought that personal ill health was the most important motivator for dietary change among their patients. They thought that apathy and dietary conservatism were the most common barriers to people changing their diet. However, the public positioned lack of knowledge as the biggest obstacle. Surveys reported here showed that people's knowledge of sources of fat, calcium, and iron is often unreliable.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of anthropometric, metabolic and dietary fatty acids profiles in lean and obese dyslipidaemic Asian Indian male subjects.

OBJECTIVES: To compare obesity measures, metabolic profiles and dietary fatty acids in lean and obese dyslipideamic Asian Indian male subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTINGS: Asian Indians living in the eastern part of India. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty (Group I: lean control, n=50; Group II: lean dyslipidaemic, n=40 and Group III: obese dyslipidaemic, n=40) Asian Indian male subjects (> or =30 years) living in the eastern part of India. METHODS: Anthropometric measures namely height, weight, circumferences of waist (WC) and hip, lipids (total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG)), lipoproteins (high- (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and dietary fatty acids were obtained from each participant. Obesity measures, that is, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (CI) were subsequently calculated from anthropometric measures. Obesity was defined as individuals having BMI> or =25 kg/m(2). SUBJECTS with one or more of the following conditions were considered as dyslipidaemic: TG> or =2.3 mmol/l, TC> or =6.2 mmol/l, or TC/HDL> or =4.4 mmol/l. Daily intake of nutrients as well as saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were estimated by adding together all the foodstuffs consumed on weekly and monthly manner. Conversion of foodstuffs into nutrients was performed according to standard nutritive values of Indian foodstuffs. RESULTS: Analysis of variance with Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that Group I had significantly lower mean compared to both Group II and Group III for age, WC, WHR, CI, TC, TG, LDL, FPG, total carbohydrates intake and intake of trans fatty acids. On the other hand, Group I had significantly lower mean than Group III only for BMI as well as intake of total proteins, total fats, total energy and erucic acids. Although, Group I had significantly greater mean compared to both Group II and Group III for HDL, UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA. Pearson's partial correlations (controlling for age and total energy) revealed that central obesity measures (WC, WHR and CI) had significant association with dietary fatty acids and their ratios. Furthermore, partial correlations (controlling for age) also showed that the ratios of unsaturated to SFA had significant negative association with lipids, lipoproteins (except HDL) and plasma glucose. Discriminant function analysis revealed that overall 78% of all entries were positively (correctly) classified in three groups using fatty acids and their ratios. CONCLUSION: It seems rational to argue that while dealing with dyslipidaemic Asian Indians, clinicians should consider obesity measures, metabolic profiles and dietary fatty acids simultaneously to better comprehend the condition (s).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The type of oil used for cooking is associated with the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in costa rica.

Palm oil and soybean oil are the 2 most widely used cooking oils in the world. Palm oil is consumed mainly in developing countries, where morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are on the rise. Although claims about adverse or protective effects of these oils are commonly made, there are no epidemiologic studies assessing the association between these oils and cardiovascular disease endpoints. We examined whether consumption of palm oil relative to soybean oil and other unsaturated oils (predominantly sunflower) is associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in Costa Rica. The cases (n = 2111) were survivors of a first acute MI and were matched to randomly selected population controls (n = 2111). Dietary intake was assessed with a validated semiquantitative FFQ. Adipose tissue profiles of essential fatty acids were assessed to validate cooking oil intake and found to be consistent with self-reported major oils used for cooking. The data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. Palm oil users were more likely to have an MI than users of soybean oil [odds ratio (OR) = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.08-1.63] or other cooking oils (OR = 1.23; CI: 0.99-1.52), but they did not differ from users of soybean oil with a high trans-fatty acid content (OR = 1.14; CI: 0.84-1.56). These data suggest that as currently used in Costa Rica, and most likely in many other developing countries, the replacement of palm oil with a polyunsaturated nonhydrogenated vegetable oil would reduce the risk of MI.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Large-scale preparation of (9Z,12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid, (9Z,12Z,15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid and their [1-(13)C] all-cis isomers.

Several grams of labelled trans linoleic and linolenic acids with high chemical and isomeric purities (>97%) have been prepared for human metabolism studies. A total of 12.5 g of (9Z, 12E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and 6.3 g of (9Z,12Z, 15E)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid were obtained in, respectively, seven steps (7.8% overall yield) and 11 steps (7% overall yield) from 7-bromo-heptan-1-ol. The trans bromo precursors used for the labelling were synthesised by using copper-catalysed couplings. The trans fatty acids were then obtained via the nitrile derivatives. A total of 23.5 g of (9Z,12Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9, 12-dienoic acid and 10.4 g of (9Z,12Z,15Z)-[1-(13)C]-octadeca-9,12, 15-trienoic acid were prepared in five steps in, respectively, 32 and 18% overall yield. Large quantities of bromo and chloro precursors were synthesised from the commercially available acid according to Barton's procedure. In all cases, the main impurities (>0.5%) of each labelled fatty acid have been characterised.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2002

High-oleic and high-stearic cottonseed oils: nutritionally improved cooking oils developed using gene silencing.

Gene technology and plant breeding are combining to provide powerful means for modifying the composition of oilseeds to improve their nutritional value and provide the functional properties required for various food oil applications. Major alterations in the proportions of individual fatty acids have been achieved in a range of oilseeds using conventional selection, induced mutation and, more recently, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In particular, a number of high-oleic oils have been developed in order to provide high-stability cooking oils. These oils provide the opportunity to replace the current widespread use of saturated fats and hydrogenated oils that contribute significantly to increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to the effect of saturated and trans-fatty acids on elevating LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Similarly, oils with increased stearic acid content are being developed to enable the production of solid fats without the need for hydrogenation. We have recently applied hpRNA-mediated PTGS in cotton to down-regulate key fatty acid desaturase genes and develop nutritionally-improved high-oleic (HO) and high-stearic (HS) cottonseed oils (CSOs). Silencing of the ghFAD2-1 delta12-desaturase gene raised oleic acid content from 13% to 78% and silencing of the ghSAD-1 delta9-desaturase gene substantially increased stearic acid from the normal level of 2% to as high as 40%. Additionally, palmitic acid was significantly lowered from 26% to 15% in both HO and HS lines. Intercrossing the HS and HO lines resulted in a wide range of unique intermediate combinations of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic contents. The oxidative stability, flavor characteristics and physical properties of these novel CSOs are currently being evaluated by food technologists.

Cottonseed Oil↗
PubMed1982

Dietary trilinoelaidate: effects on metabolic parameters related to EFA metabolism in rats.

To study the effects of dietary trilinoelaidate (tt18:2) on metabolic parameters, as they relate to essential fatty acid metabolism, a diet containing "adequate" linoleic acid with incremental isocaloric ttl8:2 supplementation was formulated. This diet was fed to rats for 11 weeks and oxygen (O2) consumption, insensible water loss (IWL), growth parameters and liver fatty acid composition evaluated at specified time intervals. The results showed that while an essential fatty acid deficient diet (hydrogenated tallow) increased IWL and decreased body weight gains, O2 consumption remained unaltered. Dietary tt18:2, while accumulating in liver lipids, apparently inhibiting delta 6 desaturase, as evidenced by 18.2/20.4 ratios, did not alter O2 consumption of IWL. At the highest level of tt18:2 fed (2.5 weight percent of dietary fat) there was a noticeable decrease in body weight gains by the 11th week; organ weights, however, were not affected. While the increased consumption of dietary trans fatty acids has raised questions regarding their potential biologically detrimental effects, the present study indicated that gross metabolic alterations related to classical essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms are not precipitated in the rat by tt18:2 levels comparable to those consumed in a normal human diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dietary Reference Intakes for the macronutrients and energy: considerations for physical activity.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are the North American reference standards for nutrients in the diets of healthy individuals. The macronutrient DRI report includes the standards for energy, fat and fatty acids, carbohydrate and fiber, and protein and amino acids. Equations used to identify the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) were also developed based on individual characteristics including levels of physical activity. The DRIs for the macronutrients are presented as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) or Adequate Intakes (AIs), as well as Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), and were arrived at by considering both nutrient inadequacies and excesses. In addition, recommendations are made that would reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as setting intake limits for added sugar; reducing cholesterol, saturated, and trans fatty acids consumption; and increasing levels of physical activity. As healthy individuals include those engaged in various levels of physical activity, the DRIs should apply to the athlete and address their macronutrient and energy needs. This paper summarizes the macronutrient DRI report as applied to the adult, with discussion of the dietary needs of those engaged in various levels of physical activity, including the athlete.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Identification of fatty acids in gas chromatography by application of different temperature and pressure programs on a single capillary column.

A method for the identification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) based on the analysis of shifts in equivalent chain lengths (ECL) is described. The method is based on two-dimensional retention data achieved on one capillary column. Various temperature and pressure programs are applied on the same cyanopropyl column and the shifts in the ECL values are analysed by multivariate methods. The chain length, number of double bonds, and the double bond positions can be determined with high accuracy. The same procedure is suitable for determination of the number of trans and cis double bonds in trans fatty acids, and for detection of artefacts in fatty acid methyl ester chromatograms.

Chromatography, Gas↗