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PubMedDate not supplied

Trace element content of moonshine.

Although the contamination of illicit whiskey with lead is widely accepted, the potential for exposure to other trace elements from drinking "moonshine" is less well appreciated. To better understand the potential for trace element poisoning, we undertook an analysis of samples of Georgia moonshine. Although a number of elements were not found in significant quantities to be considered harmful, four elements (copper, zinc, lead, and arsenic) were present in potentially toxic concentrations. The possible implications and sources of the contamination are discussed.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2000

Trace element changes in the myocardium during coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in the mouse.

During most infections plasma, concentrations of trace elements change, but it is unclear if this reflects changes in infected target tissues. In coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection, the myocardium is a target in both humans and mice. The concentrations of 12 trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the myocardium of sham-inoculated controls and infected A/J mice 4 and 7 d postinoculation. The size of the inflammatory lesion was positively correlated to the virus content of the heart, as estimated by histopathology and in situ hybridization, respectively. Iron, cobalt, vanadium, and selenium showed transient changes, whereas for the other elements, tendencies on d 4 were manifest on d 7. A three-fold increase in calcium on d 7 suggests prestages of calcification, whereas increases in zinc, selenium, and copper may be the result of the accumulation of immune cells. The magnesium decrease may contribute to the increased sensitivity to cardiac arrhythmias in myocarditis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of impaired trace element status on polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation in the development of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Impaired trace element metabolism may be involved in some of the metabolic dysfunctions, and contribute to the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients. In order to investigate the relationships among diabetes mellitus, trace element status, leukocyte activation and vascular complications, 55 type 2 diabetic patients (34 with vascular complications and 21 without vascular complications) and 50 non-diabetic control subjects were studied. The mean leukocyte count (p<0.001), polymorphonuclear elastase (p<0.001), erythrocyte malondialdehyde (p<0.001), and glycated haemoglobin (p<0.001) levels, and copper/ zinc ratio (p<0.001) were found to be higher in diabetic patients than in the control group, but serum zinc levels (p<0.001) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activities (p<0.001) were lower, and serum copper levels showed no differences. In patients with vascular complications, the mean leukocyte count (p<0.05), zinc (p<0.05), polymorphonuclear elastase (p<0.05), erythrocyte malondialdehyde (p<0.001) and glycated haemoglobin (p<0.05) levels, and copper/zinc ratio (p<0.001) were significantly different from those patients without complications. Closer correlations between the copper/zinc ratio and polymorphonuclear elastase (r=0.82, p<0.01), erythrocyte malondialdehyde (r=0.46, p<0.05) or erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (r= -0.85, p<0.01) were found in patients with vascular complications compared to those without, and all of those showed significant relationships with poor glycaemic metabolic control. We conclude that zinc deficiency may provoke polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, and contributes to the development of vascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Furthermore, copper/zinc ratio and polymorphonuclear elastase may be used as important markers to evaluate the presence of vascular complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes in free radicals, trace elements, and neurophysiological function in rats with liver damage induced by D-galactosamine.

The changes in trace elements, free radicals, and neurophysiological function were investigated in rats with liver damage induced by D-galactosamine (GalN). The elevated results showed that all the parameters related to free radical metabolism changed after administration of GalN. Relative free radical concentration, malonaldehyde (MDA), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) elevated, but reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased. Concurrently, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium contents in liver were significantly reduced, whereas iron was elevated. In rats with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) owing to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) induced by a high dosage of GalN, the latencies of VEPs were delayed. Moreover, there is a correlation between Zn content of brain and the latencies of VEPs. The results of this study suggested that lipid peroxidation by free radicals might be responsible for GalN-induced liver damage in which trace elements were involved, and that change in brain Zn might play a role in the neural inhibition of HE owing to FHF.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2004

Trace element carriers in combined sewer during dry and wet weather: an electron microscope investigation.

The nature of trace element carriers contained in sewage and combined sewer overflow (CSO) was investigated by TEM-EDX-Electron diffraction and SEM-EDX. During dry weather, chalcophile elements were found to accumulate in sewer sediments as early diagenetic sulfide phases. The sulfurization of some metal alloys was also evidenced. Other heavy metal carriers detected in sewage include metal alloys, some iron oxihydroxide phases and neoformed phosphate minerals such as anapaite. During rain events, the detailed characterization of individual mineral species allowed to differentiate the contributions from various specific sources. Metal plating particles, barite from automobile brake, or rare earth oxides from catalytic exhaust pipes, originate from road runoff, whereas PbSn alloys and lead carbonates are attributed to zinc-works from roofs and paint from building siding. Soil contribution can be traced by the presence of clay minerals, iron oxihydroxides, zircons and rare earth phosphates. However, the most abundant heavy metal carriers in CSO samples were the sulfide particles eroded from sewer sediments. The evolution of relative abundances of trace element carriers during a single storm event, suggests that the pollution due to the "first flush" effect principally results from the sewer stock of sulfides and previously deposited metal alloys, rather than from urban surface runoff.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2001

Determination of As, Cd, Cr, and Hg in SRM 2584 (trace elements in indoor dust) by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Standard reference material (SRM) 2584 (Trace Elements in Indoor Dust) was developed as a reference standard for evaluating field methods and for validating laboratory and reference methods for the assessment of lead contamination and exposure. In addition to lead, the toxic trace elements As, Cd, Cr, and Hg, at approximately 17, 10, 140, and 5 microg g(-1), respectively, have been certified in the SRM. These four analytes were successfully determined by use of high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Isobaric interferences at masses of As and Cr were resolved by using the high resolution mode (nominal 8000) and the medium resolution mode (nominal 3000), respectively, of the instrument. The effects of a significant drift in analyte sensitivity in the course of measurement were rectified by use of internal standardization, single spike standard addition, and an optimized analysis sequence. The results were compared with those obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). The results for the quality control, SRM 2704 (Buffalo River Sediment), were in good agreement with the certified values, indicated by the uncertainty intervals of the measured values overlapping the certified intervals at 95% confidence level.

Arsenic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Difference in the content of trace elements in muscles].

By using X-ray fluorescence analysis we have performed a comparative study of the trace elements content of phasic and tonic muscles of scallops. The phasic (yellow) muscles were found to be richer in Fe and Cu and more deficient in Zn, Br, and Sr, as compared with the tonic (white) muscles. No appreciable difference in the Rb content was revealed. An analysis of the results obtained allows one to outline a classification of Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Sr according to their properties which are connected with various homeostatic requirements of the muscles with regard to the trace elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Deficiencies in trace elements during parenteral alimentation].

During recent years, techniques of parenteral alimentation have seen the development of complications due to deficiencies in trace elements. The main deficiency states described involve iron, copper and zinc. In addition to these three trace elements, manganèse and cobalt are included in this study. The metabolism, physiological role, needs in parenteral alimentation and clinical and metabolic effects of possible deficiency are described for each of these elements.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1993

Determination of the trace elements zinc, copper, nickel and chromium in bone marrow and plasma of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

The concentrations of zinc, copper, nickel and chromium were determined in bone marrow and plasma of 37 patients suffering from non-Hodgkin-lymphomas (NHL). The results were compared with a control group of 10 patients with negative histopathologic results in bone marrow. The results demonstrate that all patients with low grade and high grade NHL have elevated trace element levels in bone marrow compared to the control group. In plasma there are also differences in the trace element levels of patients with NHL compared to the control group; the levels, however, are partly higher and lower than those of the control group. Altogether the plasma level differences are not as noticeable as those in the bone marrow. At the moment it is not yet possible to draw final conclusions from these results for the prognosis or therapy of NHL, but the study tends to show that intracellular measurement of trace elements is more reliable than intraplasmic measurement.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

NAA methodology for the certification of eight trace elements in a plankton reference material.

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) methodology was applied for the certification of eight trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, and Zn) in a plankton reference material (CRM 414) prepared by the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. Average concentrations (micrograms/g dry wt) and standard deviations found in plankton for the eight trace elements were as follows: As 6.29 +/- 0.19, Co 1.37 +/- 0.05, Cr 23.7 +/- 0.56, Cu 27.1 +/- 0.88, Hg 0.29 +/- 0.02, Mn 285 +/- 4.1, Se 1.62 +/- 0.10, and Zn 114 +/- 3.4. All values found were to be in very good agreement (0.5%-8.1%) with certified values.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Trace element concentrations (Cu, Zn, Fe) in sera from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

The trace element concentrations (Cu, Zn, Fe) in sera from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy are reported. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have high copper and low zinc concentrations in serum compared to healthy controls. The trace element concentration profile is different from that of other heart diseases like myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease. The copper concentration in serum shows a highly significant inverse relationship with the ejection fraction and the cardiac index. Pathophysiological processes which raise the copper concentration in serum may influence the ejection fraction and the cardiac index.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Concentration and distribution of some minor and trace elements in urinary tract stones: a preliminary study.

Stone analysis has been directed mainly towards establishing and confirming the presence of calcium phosphates, oxalates and a variety of less common constituents such as cystine. Routinely analyses of this sort can be undertaken by the hospital laboratory (10). More sophisticated techniques such as X-ray crystallography have been applied to allow the various forms of phosphate, oxalate and urate to be distinguished e. g. the mono and dihydrates of calcium oxalate (6, 7). The present study using in vivo neutron activation analysis has been aimed at the elucidation of the constitution of urinary tract stones in terms of, not only the major elements, but also the minor and trace element contents.

Calcium Oxalate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace elements in shellfish on the Danish market.

Different kinds of shellfish have been investigated for their contents of the trace elements cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, chromium, arsenic and selenium. The investigation included shrimps, mussels, lobster, langoustine, crayfish, crab claws and oyster. None of the Danish action levels for cadmium, lead and mercury respectively were exceeded, but the highest concentration of lead was very close to the Danish action levels. Shellfish do not contribute significantly to the intake of the trace elements investigated.

Denmark↗
PubMed2005

Laser ablation ICP-MS profiling and semiquantitative determination of trace element concentrations in desert tortoise shells: documenting the uptake of elemental toxicants.

The outer keratin layer (scute) of desert tortoise shells consists of incrementally grown laminae in which various bioaccumulated trace elements are sequestered during scute deposition. Laser ablation ICP-MS examination of laminae in scutes of dead tortoises revealed patterns of trace elemental distribution from which the chronology of elemental uptake can be inferred. These patterns may be of pathologic significance in the case of elemental toxicants such as arsenic, which has been linked to both shell and respiratory diseases. Laser ablation transects, performed along the lateral surfaces of sectioned scutes, offered the most successful means of avoiding exogenous contamination that was present on the scute exterior. Semiquantitative determination of elemental concentrations was achieved using sulfur, a keratin matrix element, as an internal standard. The results presented here highlight the potential of laser ablation ICP-MS as a diagnostic tool for investigating toxic element uptake as it pertains to tortoise morbidity and mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The chemistry of Norwegian groundwaters: III. The distribution of trace elements in 476 crystalline bedrock groundwaters, as analysed by ICP-MS techniques

Four hundred and seventy-six groundwater samples from boreholes in Norwegian crystalline bedrock have been analysed by ICP-MS techniques. The results for 53 trace elements are presented as cumulative frequency distribution diagrams and are compared with relevant international drinking water norms. A range of trace elements appear to be enriched in granitic waters and depleted in anorthositic waters which is to be expected as generally granitic rocks are enriched in trace elements above those in anorthosites. A selection of elements which may be toxic in excess when present in drinking water are further discussed (Be, Tl, Th, U, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, and Hg). For uranium, 18% of the samples exceed the American maximum admissible concentration of 20 micrograms/l; 7% of the samples fail to meet the Russian drinking water norms for beryllium of 0.2 microgram/l. For some parameters such as U, Be and Tl, no Norwegian drinking water regulations are set, while the American and the Russian norms differ significantly from each other. Between 0 and 1.5% of the wells exceed Norwegian drinking water norms for each of the other selected elements.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Metallothionein is induced and trace element balance changed in target organs of a common viral infection.

In experimental studies on the common human coxsackievirus B type 3 (CB3) infection, administered cadmium (Cd) is known to accumulate in the liver and kidneys. CB3 adapted to Balb/c mice was used to study whether infection affects the Cd-binding protein, metallothionein (MT) and if this alters the normal physiological trace element balance in the liver, kidney, spleen and brain. On day 3 of infection, degradation of liver proteins (44%, P<0.01) occurred, whereas in the spleen, protein increased (63%, P<0.05). The infection increased MT five-fold (P<0.01) in liver and kidneys, and in spleen by 34% (P<0.05). A redistribution of Cd and copper (Cu) from the liver to the kidney was associated with this increase in MT, resulting in an increased (P<0.01) kidney/liver ratio for both elements. The infection increased the zinc (Zn) concentration more in the kidney than in the liver, but the kidney/liver ratio was not significantly affected. Results show that MT is increased in several organs during the early phase of infection and is associated with redistribution of both essential and non-essential trace elements. This may be a normal response in common infections that could adversely influence the pathogenesis when the host is concomitantly exposed to potentially toxic trace elements, even at levels in the physiological range.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed2003

Effects of trace element addition on volatile fatty acid conversions in anaerobic granular sludge reactors.

The effect of the addition of trace elements on the conversion of a mixture of volatile fatty adds (Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate, in a ratio 3:1:1) by anaerobic granular sludge was investiated. Two Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactors (pH 7, ranging 30 degrees C) were operated for 140 days at an organic loading rate from 2 g COD l(-1) d(-1) up to 10 g COD l(-1) d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 12 hours. One reactor (R1) was supplied with a trace metal cocktail in the basal medium, whereas trace metals were omitted from the influent of the second reactor (R2). As a result, the trace metal concentration in the granules from R2 steadily decreased at a rate of 48 microg metal g(-1) TS d(-1) down to 35% of their initial value. In contrast, trace metals accumulated in granules present in R1. At the end of the experiment, the COD removal efficiencies were 99 and 77% for, respectively, the control (R1) and deprived (R2) reactors. This difference was due to lack of propionate conversion by sludge from R2. No difference in the acetate and butyrate conversion capacity of both reactors was observed. The conversion of acetate, propionate and methanol were stimulated by the continuous addition of metals to the influent, a sludge of R1 had higher maximum specific activity values compared to sludge of R2. However, both sludges had a similar maximum specific activity with butyrate. Surprisingly, maximum specific activity tests using individual trace metals showed that the addition of a particular trace element in the activity test medium did not affect the degradation rates of aspecific substrate, i.e. acetate, propionate, butyrate and methanol.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1994

Putative role of dietary trace elements in coronary heart disease and cancer.

Relatively little attention has been given to the role of dietary trace elements in oxidative processes or in the aetiologies of chronic disease processes. Iron and copper are pro-oxidants in vitro, but there is now compelling evidence that adequate body copper status is required to maintain antioxidant defences in vivo. Epidemiological evidence linking measures of high iron nutritional status with both coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer is accumulating, although there are few mechanisms implicating iron in these disease processes apart from acting as a pro-oxidant. In contrast, low copper nutritional status may produce pro-oxidant effects and experimental evidence, especially from animal models of CHD, suggests that copper has an involvement in disease mechanisms which is much wider than simply an involvement in maintaining oxidant/antioxidant balance. Zinc is considered to have antioxidant effects in vivo but the role of zinc as an antioxidant, or in CHD and cancer processes, is presently unclear. Although selenium has for some time been recognised as an antioxidant nutrient, epidemiological data gathered to date linking this trace element with either CHD or cancer are inconsistent.

Coronary Disease↗