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PubMed2000

Tea and other beverage consumption and prostate cancer risk: a Canadian retrospective cohort study.

Using participants in the 1970-1972 Nutrition Canada Survey (NCS), a retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between tea, as well as coffee, cola and alcohol, and the risk of developing prostate cancer. The mortality and cancer experience of male NCS participants aged 50-84 years was determined up to 31 December 1993. Among the 3400 survey participants included in the study, 145 developed prostate cancer. No association was observed between tea (predominantly black tea) intake and prostate cancer. Subjects who drank more than 500 ml of tea per day experienced virtually the same risk as those who reported no tea consumption (rate ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.65). Compared to those who reported no coffee drinking, men who averaged more than 250-ml per day experienced a 40% increase in risk (95% CI 0.84-2.32). Cola consumption was not associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Total alcohol consumption was not related to subsequent development of prostate cancer, although very moderate consumption of wine (< 10 g per day), relative to no consumption, showed an RR of 1.48 (95% CI 1.05-2.09). These data do not support an association between consumption of tea and prostate cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols.

Our recent studies have shown that polyphenols present in green tea (GTP) possess significant antigenotoxic activity and afford protection against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced skin tumor initiation in mice. In this study we assessed the effect of oral feeding and topical application of GTP on ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in female SKH-1 hairless mice. Chronic oral feeding of GTP (0.1%, w/v) in drinking water resulted in significantly (P less than 0.01) lower tumor yield (percent of animals with tumors and number of tumors per mouse) and extended TDT50 (P less than 0.05), as compared to animals receiving normal drinking water. Topical application of GTP before UVB irradiation also afforded protection against photocarcinogenesis; however, the protective response was lower than that observed by oral feeding of GTP in drinking water. These results, in conjunction with our prior publications, suggest that consumption of green tea may reduce the risk of some forms of human cancer induced by both physical and chemical environmental carcinogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Determinants of body mass index: a study from northern Italy.

Overweight and obesity are associated with increased mortality and morbidity, and human weight is influenced by multiple factors, both genetically and environmentally determined. We investigated the influence of some socioeconomic, behavioral, dietary and reproductive factors on body mass index (BMI). Data were obtained from a comparison group of a case-control study of gastrointestinal cancers from the four largest teaching and general hospitals in Milan, northern Italy. The subjects were 1,188 men and 832 women admitted between January 1985 and June 1992 to the hospitals under study for diseases other than malignant or digestive and not known or suspected to be related to alcohol or tobacco. The following were measured: BMI (Quetelet's index, weight, kg/height, m2) and the corresponding standard errors (s.e.) in strata of selected variables, linear regression coefficients (beta) and correlation coefficients between BMI and each variable. Mean BMI increased with age until 35-44 years in men and 45-54 years in women. In both sexes BMI was inversely associated with education and social class. Smokers tended to be leaner than non-smokers, but no consistent trend was observed with increasing numbers of cigarettes. Alcohol drinkers had mean BMI similar to non-drinkers, except heavy drinking women who were lighter. BMI was not significantly associated with coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, bread, vegetable and fruit consumption. No relation was observed between total estimated caloric intake and BMI. In women BMI was directly associated with marriage and number of children, and inversely with oral contraceptive use.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Do pregnant smokers eat differently from pregnant non-smokers?

This article describes a study of the relationship between diet and smoking in a group of 821 Norwegian pregnant women. The study is part of a multi-centre project, examining risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation. Two 3-day dietary records were collected during the 17th and 33rd week of pregnancy. Information on smoking habits and other relevant parameters were collected through an extensive questionnaire. The results showed that the smokers consumed significantly less than the non-smokers of bread, cakes and cookies, vegetables, fruits and berries, cheese, yoghurt, low fat milk, juice and tea. The smokers also consumed significantly more meat, margarine, whole milk, soft drinks and coffee than the non-smokers on both occasions. The diet of the smokers contained significantly less protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium and iron as compared with the non-smokers. Fat contributed significantly more to the energy content of the diet of the smokers and it is concluded that their diet was less nutritious than that of the non-smokers throughout pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lifestyle assessment: just asking makes a difference.

A 10 minute assessment of 180 family practice patients showed that 11% indicated a problem with drinking alcohol, 20% with cigarette smoking, 36% with consumption of coffee or tea, and 3% with non-medical drug use, while 11% wanted to discuss their use of medications. Moreover, being asked questions resulted in a twofold or threefold increase in the patients' intentions of discussing such a problem with their doctor. Although there was good overall agreement in recognising a problem between the patient and doctor, in roughly 40% of instances where the patient indicated a problem the doctor was unaware of it. These patients tended to be young, well educated, and employed in professional occupations, and were on their first visit to the doctor. Such brief assessments of lifestyle should be routinely conducted in family practice for both case finding and prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Influence of age and consumption of tobacco, alcohol and caffeine on antipyrine clearance.

1. Antipyrine clearance and average daily consumption of tobacco, alcohol and coffee/tea were determined in 303 healthy men. 2. The antipyrine clearance was positively correlated with the consumption of tobacco (r = 0.24; P less than 0.0001) and coffee/tea (r = 0.18; P less than 0.001), and negatively with age (r = -0.14; P less than 0.05) and the alcohol consumption (r = -0.13; P less than 0.05). 3. The multiple regression coefficients suggested an increase in antipyrine clearance of 0.8% per daily cigarette or cup of tea and 1.4% per daily cup of coffee; the decrease per daily drink or year of age was 2.8% or 0.4%, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Caffeine-containing beverages, total fluid consumption, and premenstrual syndrome.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether daily consumption of caffeine-containing beverages is related to the prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome apart from any effects of daily total fluid consumption. A secondary objective was to determine whether daily total fluid consumption itself is related to premenstrual syndrome. The study is based on 841 responses to a questionnaire probing menstrual and premenstrual health, and daily fluid consumption, which was mailed to female university students in Oregon. Analysis of the data revealed that consumption of caffeine-containing beverages was strongly related to the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome. Among women with more severe symptoms, the relation between consumption of caffeine-containing beverages and premenstrual syndrome was dose-dependent, with prevalence odds ratios equal to 1.3 for consumers of one cup of a caffeine-containing beverage per day and increasing steadily to 7.0 for consumers of eight to 10 cups per day. The effects were apparent among both caffeine-containing tea/coffee consumers and caffeine-containing soda consumers. The observed effects were only slightly reduced when daily total fluid consumption was controlled. Daily total fluid consumption also was related to the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms although the effects were large only for consumers of 13-19 cups of fluid per day (the largest amount studied).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Beverages of children and youth in the 16th to 19th century, documented by contemporary recollections (author's transl)].

227 remarks on beverages, found in biographies, personal recollections, letters a. s. o. from the 16th to the 19th century are reviewed. As early as in the children's age alcoholic drinks are represented in 27%. There is a slight trend to a reduction of alcoholic drinks in the 19th century compared with three centures before. Remarks on tea and coffee and chocolate resp. cocoa are increasing in 19th century, especially in children.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Nutritional risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia in children 12-24 months old in the area of Thessalia in Greece.

Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a common problem all over the world, which mainly attacks pregnant women, infants and children. The main objectives were to assess the prevalence of IDA in children 12-24 months old in the area of Thessalia located in the central part of Greece and to identify, by means of a simple questionnaire, its nutritional risk factors. The research was applied as a cross-sectional and case-control study. In the first part of the study, the haemoglobin (Hb) levels were estimated by a mobile photometer analyser in 938 children (approximately one-third of the total children population). In the second part, children with Hb?<?11 g/dl were compared with their random selected healthy controls in haematological, anthropometric and nutritional parameters. The estimated laboratory values were Hb, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, mean corpuscular Hb concentration, zinc protoporphyrin, serum iron, serum ferritin, transferring saturation, total iron binding capacity and Hb electrophoresis. Finally, 75 children (34 boys, 41 girls; mean age 17.51+/-3.5 months), who were found to have IDA, constituted the case group while 75 healthy children constituted the control group. The studied nutritional variables through the application of a standardized food frequency questionnaire were: duration of breast feeding, milk that the child drinks during the research, age of solid food introduction, child's health status according to the mother's point of view, child's appetite and frequency of bread, cereals, meat, fish, egg, legumes, chocolate, marmalade, vegetables, fruit and tea intake. The prevalence of IDA in the region was 7.99%. The carriers of b-thalassaemia (2.13%) were excluded from the study. Significant statistical difference has been observed between the two groups (P?<?0.001) in all haematological and anthropometric parameters except head circumference (P?=?0.85). Concerning the nutritional indices the two groups were statistically different (P?<?0.001) in the following: the cases were breastfed less, were drinking fresh cow's milk and tea, were eating meat, vegetables and fruit less often, had a bad appetite and were more likely to get sick. In conclusion, the prevalence of IDA in this area of Greece is approximately similar to other areas in the developed world. The application of simple food frequency questionnaires for the detection of the nutritional IDA risk factors could prognose and prevent anaemia.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2003

Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women.

Tea is rich in polyphenols, which have activities consistent with blood pressure-lowering potential. The effects of long-term regular ingestion of tea on blood pressure remain uncertain. We investigated the relationships of tea intake and a biomarker of exposure to tea-derived polyphenols (4-O-methylgallic acid) with blood pressure in a cross-sectional study of 218 women > 70 y old. Clinic blood pressures were measured and tea intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall; 4-O-methylgallic acid was measured for the same period in a 24-h urine sample. Mean (95% CI) daily tea intake was 525 (475, 600) mL. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 138.1 (135.6, 140.6) and 73.5 (72.1, 74.9) mm Hg. Higher tea intake and higher 4-O-methylgallic acid excretion were associated with significantly lower systolic (P = 0.002 and P = 0.040, respectively) and diastolic (P = 0.027 and P < 0.001, respectively) blood pressures. A 250 mL/d (1 cup) increase in tea intake was associated with a 2.2 (0.8, 3.6) mm Hg lower systolic blood pressure and a 0.9 (0.1, 1.7) mm Hg lower diastolic blood pressure. The observed associations for both tea intake and 4-O-methylgallic acid are consistent with the hypothesis that long-term regular ingestion of tea may have a favorable effect on blood pressure in older women.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Environmental exposure, chlorinated drinking water, and bladder cancer.

Environmental and/or occupational factors have been proposed to play a critical role in urological malignancies and, in particular, in bladder cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated with sufficient evidence that factors such as smoking and exposure to aromatic amines, paints and solvents, leather dust, inks, some metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, combustion products, or diesel exhaust fumes are associated with the development of bladder cancer. Candidates with an uncertain potential for inducing this type of cancer include dietary factors, specifically fats and cholesterol, and the exposure to contaminants in drinking water. This chapter will describe and discuss the respective literature on environmental and occupational factors linked to carcinogenesis in bladder cancer. For several reasons, the potential effects of tea and coffee consumption will also be considered. A solid epidemiological evaluation of environmental and occupational factors linked to carcinogenesis has to meet many challenges: the number of confounding factors is often large, exposure needs to be determined retrospectively, and elevation of the attributable risk is low in most cases. In view of the long-term exposure of the vast majority of the population to, for instance, drinking- water contaminants, however, the impact of even small elevations of risk warrants evaluation. This complex task needs comprehensive approaches on a large scale including modern analytical, molecular biological and epidemiological methods.

Chlorides↗
PubMed2004

Association between diet and esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the importance of dietary factors in the development of esophageal cancer. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several common dietary factors on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a Taiwanese population. METHODS: The association between diet and esophageal cancer was examined in 284 male patients and 480 male controls, who were recruited during 6 year period. RESULTS: Consumption of preserved and overheated foods was found to be associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, whereas intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and tea was inversely associated with this risk. Men who consumed fermented bean products, salted food and preserved/pickled vegetables more than once a week after age 40 years had a 3.4-fold risk (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-6.2), 2.3-fold risk (95%CI: 1.2-4.2), and 2.5-fold risk (95%CI: 1.3-4.5), respectively, compared to men eating these items less than once a week. It was further found that these preserved foods were more strongly associated with esophageal cancer among men who consumed fruit less than once per day than those who consumed fruits one or more times per day. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a high intake of preserved foods and overheated drinks might increase the risk of esophageal cancer, and intake of fruit, vegetables, and tea might be negatively associated with risk of esophageal cancer. The results also suggest that diet is an important factor in the development of esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine in rats by green tea.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the anticarcinogenic effects of green tea have been studied in sites other than the urinary tract. The present study examined the inhibition by green tea of vesical tumors induced in rats by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN). METHODS: In the first series of experiments, 0.05% BBN was added to the drinking water of rats and remained present for 5 weeks. In one experiment, six groups of animals received either tap water, green tea, matcha, hojicha, oolong tea or black tea from week 6. In a second experiment, three groups of rats received either tap water, green tea extract or powdered green tea mixed into a pellet diet from week 6. In a third experiment, five groups of rats were fed a pellet diet with addition of either 0, 0.15, 1.5 or 3.0% powdered green tea from week 6. All rats were killed and examined at 40 weeks. RESULTS: Green tea, particularly green tea leaves, dose-dependently inhibited the growth of BBN-induced urinary bladder tumors when given after the carcinogen. CONCLUSIONS: Green tea may inhibit bladder tumor growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Contribution of caffeine and flavanols in the induction of hepatic Phase II activities by green tea.

Aqueous extracts of green tea, at concentrations of 2.5. 5.0 and 7.5%, were administered to rats as the sole drinking fluid for 4 weeks. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, determined using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB) as substrates, and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity, determined using 2-aminophenol as substrate, were induced but the effect was not always dose dependent. At the two highest doses, hepatic catalase activity was inhibited. In a second study, animals were exposed for 4 weeks to aqueous extracts (2.5%, v/v) of green tea, black tea (which has a much lower content of flavanols compared with green tea) and decaffeinated black tea. Treatment with the black tea enhanced GST activity, whether monitored using CDNB or DCNB, and the glucuronidation of 2-aminophenol. Treatment with decaffeinated black tea failed to modulate any of these activities, whereas treatment with green tea only enhanced the glucuronidation of 2-aminophenol. Finally, at this concentration of tea extract administration, black and decaffeinated black tea, but not green tea, suppressed catalase activity. It is concluded that neither flavanols nor caffeine are responsible for the induction of hepatic Phase II activities and inhibition of catalase activity in the rat.

Aminophenols↗
PubMed2001

Green tea catechins enhance tumor development in the colon without effects in the lung or thyroid after pretreatment with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine or 2,2'-dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine in male F344 rats.

Modifying effects of green tea catechins (GTCs) on the post-initiation stage of colon, lung and thyroid carcinogenesis were examined in F344 male rats. Groups of 20 animals were given subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg body wt of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine twice a week for 2 weeks or oral administration of 0.1% 2,2'-dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine (DHPN) in the drinking water for 2 weeks for initiation. They then received diet containing 1 or 0.1% green tea catechin or basal diet alone for 33 weeks. Histopathological examination after final sacrifice showed that although total incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors were not significantly different from controls, values for colon adenomas were decreased while those for carcinomas and the average size of tumors were significantly increased in the 0.1% GTC group. A similar tendency was observed for the 1% GTC group. Incidences and/or multiplicity of lung hyperplasia and tumors, and thyroid lesions did not significantly vary among the DHPN-treated groups. These results indicate that GTCs do not inhibit, but rather may enhance colon carcinogenesis, while not influencing lung and thyroid carcinogenesis under the present experimental conditions.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1992

Green tea consumption and serum lipid profiles: a cross-sectional study in northern Kyushu, Japan.

METHODS. The relation between green tea consumption and serum lipid concentrations was examined using cross-sectional data on 1,306 males who received the retirement health examination at the Self-Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital between October 1986 and December 1988. RESULTS. After adjustment for rank, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index, serum total cholesterol levels were found to be inversely related to the consumption of green tea while no association was noted with serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Adjusted mean concentrations of total cholesterol were 8 mg/dl lower in men drinking nine cups or more per day than in those consuming zero to two cups per day. Serum cholesterol levels were inversely associated with traditional Japanese dietary habits (intake of rice and soy bean paste soup) and positively associated with Westernized habits. Additional adjustment for these dietary variables did not alter the inverse relation between green tea and total cholesterol.

Cholesterol↗