Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TYPHOID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and IgM capture ELISA for detection of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in adult typhoid fever patients in Pakistan.

Sera from 339 adult febrile patients in Pakistan were tested for antibodies to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide by indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgM capture ELISA. A total of 55 patients had S. typhi cultured from their blood, 20 had S. typhi cultured from their stool, 24 were blood or stool culture positive for S. paratyphi A, 41 were culture negative but clinically diagnosed as having enteric fever, 41 had gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections, 41 were clinically diagnosed as having malaria, 20 were smear-positive patients with malaria, 58 had respiratory infections, and the remaining 39 individuals were placed in a miscellaneous group who did not have Salmonella infection. The sensitivities of the indirect IgG ELISA, indirect IgM ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA determined with specimens obtained from the blood culture-positive patients with typhoid fever (positive controls) were 80, 64, and 62%, respectively. The specificities of the assays determined with sera from the patients with respiratory infections (negative controls) were 95, 95, and 97%, respectively. The percentage of smear-positive patients with malaria who were positive by these assays was lower than that in the negative control group. The percentages of individuals in the other patient categories who were positive by these tests were between those obtained with the positive and negative controls. Of the positive controls, 26 were positive by both IgM assays, 9 were IgM positive only by indirect ELISA, and 8 were IgM positive only by IgM capture ELISA. A total of 70% of the positive control patients who were tested for O agglutinins by the Widal tube agglutination assay were positive; however, 29% of the negative control patients were also positive. The indirect IgG ELISA was the single most effective test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Immunoblot detection of class-specific humoral immune response to outer membrane proteins isolated from Salmonella typhi in humans with typhoid fever.

The studies reported here were undertaken to assess the ability of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella typhi to induce a humoral immune response in humans with typhoid fever. OMPs were isolated with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 and were found to be contaminated with approximately 4% lipopolysaccharide. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns showed protein bands with molecular size ranges from 17 to 70 kilodaltons; the major groups of proteins were those that correspond to the porins and OmpA of gram-negative bacteria. Rabbit antiserum to OMPs or to S. typhi recognized OMPs after absorption with lipopolysaccharide. Sera from patients with typhoid fever contained immunoglobulin M antibodies which reacted with a protein of 28 kilodaltons and immunoglobulin G antibodies which reacted mainly with the porins, as determined by immunoblotting. These results indicate that the porins are the major immunogenic OMPs from S. typhi and that the immune response induced in the infection could be related to the protective status.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Vietnam: application to acute and relapse cases of typhoid fever.

The rate of multiple-antibiotic resistance is increasing among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains in Southeast Asia. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and other typing methods were used to analyze drug-resistant and -susceptible organisms isolated from patients with typhoid fever in several districts in southern Vietnam. Multiple PFGE and phage typing patterns were detected, although individual patients were infected with strains of a single type. The PFGE patterns were stable when the S. enterica serovar Typhi strains were passaged many times in vitro on laboratory medium. Paired S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates recovered from the blood and bone marrow of individual patients exhibited similar PFGE patterns. Typing of S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates from patients with relapses of typhoid indicated that the majority of relapses were caused by the same S. enterica serovar Typhi strain that was isolated during the initial infection. However, some individuals were infected with distinct and presumably newly acquired S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Epidemic typhoid in vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks.

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi isolates from four outbreaks of typhoid fever in southern Vietnam between 1993 and 1997 were compared. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, bacteriophage and plasmid typing, and antibiotic susceptibilities showed that independent outbreaks of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in southern Vietnam are caused by single bacterial strains. However, different outbreaks do not derive from the clonal expansion of a single multidrug-resistant serotype Typhi strain.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of dipstick serologic tests for diagnosis of brucellosis and typhoid Fever in egypt.

Two dipstick assays for the detection of Brucella- and typhoid-specific immunoglobulin M, recently developed by the Royal Tropical Institute of The Netherlands, were evaluated by use of 85 plasma samples from Egyptian patients. Both dipsticks were simple and accurate rapid diagnostic assays, and they can be useful adjuncts for the diagnosis of typhoid fever and brucellosis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of multidrug-resistant typhoid outbreaks in Kenya.

We characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid analysis, incompatibility grouping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI- and SpeI-digested DNA 102 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) isolated from recent outbreaks of typhoid in three different parts of Kenya. Only 13.7% were fully susceptible, whereas another 82.4% were resistant to each of the five commonly available drugs: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (MICs of >256 microg/ml); streptomycin (MIC, >1,024 microg/ml); and cotrimoxazole (MIC of >32 microg/ml). Resistance to these antibiotics was encoded on a 110-kb self-transferable plasmid of IncHI1 incompatibility group. The MICs of nalidixic acid (MIC, 8 to 16 micro g/ml) and ciprofloxacin (MIC of 0.25 to 0.38 micro g/ml) for 41.7% of the 102 serovar Typhi isolates were 5- and 10-fold higher, respectively, than for sensitive strains. Amplification by PCR and sequencing of the genes coding for gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parE and parC) within the quinolone resistance-determining region revealed that the increase in the MICs of the quinolones had not resulted from any significant mutation. Analysis of genomic DNA from both antimicrobial agent-sensitive and multidrug-resistant serovar Typhi by PFGE identified two distinct subtypes that were in circulation in the three different parts of Kenya. As the prevalence of multidrug-resistant serovar Typhi increases, newer, more expensive, and less readily available antimicrobial agents will be required for the treatment of typhoid in Kenya.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Typhoid fever associated with acute appendicitis caused by an H1-j strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi.

While most strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, have only a phase 1 flagellar antigen, H1-d, variations of the flagellar antigen have been observed. Although H1-j strains (one of the flagellar antigen variants) account for 10 to 50% of S. enterica serotype Typhi strains found in Indonesia, there have been no published data to suggest its existence in other parts of the world. We describe a case of typhoid fever associated with acute appendicitis caused by an S. enterica serotype Typhi H1-j strain in a Chinese woman in Hong Kong. A gram-negative, motile rod was recovered from her blood and stool cultures. Conventional biochemical tests and the Vitek system (GNI+) showed that the bacterium was S. enterica serotype Typhi. The isolate agglutinated with poly(O), 9O, Vi and H1-j Salmonella antisera but not with poly(H) antisera. The patient developed antibodies against only S. enterica serotype Typhi O antigens but not against H1-d antigen by the Widal test. Flagellin C gene (fliC) sequencing showed a 261-bp deletion in the fliC gene of the isolate, confirming that the isolate possessed the H1-j antigen. The patient had no past history of travel to Indonesia or personal contact with any Indonesian. She recovered with appendectomy and antibiotic treatment. Further studies should be performed to determine the prevalence of this unusual S. enterica serotype Typhi strain in our locality.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Typhoid glomerulonephritis.

15 patients with typhoid glomerulonephritis were studied and compared with a group of children with poststreptococcal nephritis. Useful criteria distinguishing the two diseases are given. The diseases may present in a similar manner and therefore it is important to remember typhoid as a cause of glomerulonephritis in endemic areas or in patients travelling from endemic areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Neonatal typhoid fever.

Three infants of Pakistani immigrant mothers developed typhoid fever in the neonatal period. All three survived, but two became chronic excretors of Salmonella typhi. The risk of an outbreak of typhoid fever in a maternity unit or special care baby unit is emphasized.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1986

Mild typhoid fever.

A series of 100 Zimbabwean children aged between 5 months and 13 years with culture positive typhoid fever is presented. The disease was found to be fairly mild with a low prevalence of complications, and no patient in the series died. Possible explanations for the relative mildness of typhoid in this paediatric population are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Further experience with amoxycillin in typhoid fever in children.

A study of 155 children with typhoid fever proved by blood culture showed that amoxycillin was superior to chloramphenical with regard to clinical and temperature response and relapse and carrier rates. This confirmed the findings of a randomised clinical trial on 200 children with typhoid fever and lends support to the value of amoxycillin in this disease.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1976

Amoxycillin in treatment of typhoid fever in patients with haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol.

Thirty adults with proved typhoid fever were treated with amoxycillin 1 g six-hourly by mouth for an average of 14 days because of haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol. Eighteen patients were Egyptian men with the Mediterranean variety of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and an enzyme activity in the red cells fanging from 0 to 3%, and 12 patients had a history of severe but reversible myelosuppression after eight to 12 days' treatment with chloramphenicol 1-5-2 g daily. The clinical and bacteriological responses in this group of patients were compared with those of 30 haematologically normal patients of comparable age and sex treated with chloramphenicol. The results showed that amoxycillin is an effective alternative to chloramphenicol for treating typhoid fever in patients with haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Typhoid catatonia responsive to ECT.

Twelve patients with typhoid fever presented with a catatonic syndrome that persisted after other signs of the fever had disappeared. The syndrome was distinct from the delirium seen in typhoid fever and did not have the characteristics of an affective or schizophrenic illness. Electric convulsion therapy produced rapid and lasting improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in typhoid.

Six patients with proved typhoid fever were treated with a combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole; four others were treated with chloramphenicol. All ten patients made an uneventful recovery.Though the numbers are small it appears that the patients treated with the combined drugs did just as well as those treated with chloramphenicol, and fever seemed to subside quicker with the combined drugs.Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole have low toxicities, so further studies of their use in the treatment of typhoid are justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in typhoid fever in children.

One hundred and three children with proved typhoid fever were treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, and the results compared with those of a further 40 children treated with chloramphenicol. The bacteriological response to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was unsatisfactory. From this study it seems that at present chloramphenicol is still the treatment of choice for typhoid fever. In view of the haematological changes occurring during therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole caution is necessary and monitoring of the blood picture advisable, even at the recommended dose.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1972

Chloramphenicol combined with ampicillin in treatment of typhoid.

Fifty out of 100 patients with typhoid fever, matched for age, stage of illness, and degree of fever, were treated with chloramphenicol and the other 50 were treated with chloramphenicol combined with ampicillin. The febrile period was shortened by up to 29% in patients treated with the combined drugs compared with those given only chloramphenicol. Moreover, no patient on combined therapy had a febrile relapse, whereas two relapses occurred among patients treated with chloramphenicol only. We conclude that chloramphenicol and ampicillin together are better than chloramphenicol alone in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Operative treatment of typhoid perforation with peritoneal irrigation: a comparative study.

Two hundred and ten cases of typhoid enteritis were seen and treated in Ife, Nigeria, between 1972 and June 1979. A comparative analysis was made between those treated conservatively and surgically. A new and hitherto undescribed method of approach, peritoneal irrigation after surgery, was used in 180 patients. The results obtained have convinced us that all cases of typhoid must be promptly and adequately resuscitated, operated, drained, and irrigated.

Adolescent↗