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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Overlapping expression of amphioxus homologs of the thyroid transcription factor-1 gene and thyroid peroxidase gene in the endostyle: insight into evolution of the thyroid gland.

The endostyle is a pharyngeal organ of uro- chordates, cephalochordates, and primitive vertebrates. This organ has iodine-concentrating and iodine-metabolism activities, and therefore the endostyle is considered to be homologous to the follicle of the thyroid gland. In higher vertebrates the genes for both thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) are expressed in the thyroid gland follicle. TTF-1 regulates the expression of TPO, which encodes an iodinating enzyme associated with thyroid hormone synthesis. A recent study showed that the ascidian TTF-1 and TPO genes are specifically expressed in the endostyle, but that the expression domains of these genes are not overlapping, suggesting that ascidian TPO is not regulated by TTF-1. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and function of the endostyle, with special reference to the evolution of the follicle of the thyroid gland, I isolated and characterized cDNA clones for the amphioxus homologs of the TTF-1 gene (BbTTF-1) and TPO gene (BbTPO) from Branchiostoma belcheri. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction/Southern blotting revealed that both amphioxus TTF-1 and TPO genes are expressed mainly in the adult endostyle. Spatial and temporal expression patterns assessed by in situ hybridization revealed that BbTTF-1 is expressed in the endodermal cells during early embryogenesis and is maintained in all zones of the adult endostyle. On the other hand, expression of BbTPO is chiefly in zones 5 and 6 of the adult endostyle where it overlaps with that of BbTTF-1, and to a lesser extent in zones 1 and 3. This restriction of the expression of BbTTF-1 and BbTPO to the endostyle strongly suggests that the endostyle is homologous to the follicle of the thyroid gland. Moreover, the spatial and temporal expression patterns of these genes suggest that TTF-1 regulates TPO expression. The coexpression of these genes in amphioxus suggests that regulation of TPO by TTF-1 was present in the common ancestor of cephalochordates (acraniates) and craniates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

[Incidence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in surgical therapy of various thyroid gland diseases--a retrospective study].

UNLABELLED: We investigated the incidence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy after thyroid gland surgery in 725 cases. The incidence was correlated to the different diseases of the thyroid gland, to the operative procedure (subtotal resection, lobectomy, thyroidectomy), to the intraoperative exploration of the nerve and to the surgeons' state of training. RLN palsy was found in 7.6 per cent (4.8 per cent nerve at risk) five days after surgery. A permanent RLN damage was defined as a persisting paralysis of the vocal cord six months after surgery. Permanent nerve damage occurred in 2.1 per cent for euthyroid nodular goitre, for recurrent goitre in 11.7 per cent and for thyroid carcinoma in 10.1 per cent. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of RLN pareses occurring after nerve exposure with 4.2 per cent and that occurring after non-exposure with 1.1 per cent for subtotal lobectomy. 67.7 per cent of these pareses at day five were transient. The RLN palsy rate for Senior House Officers was 6.7 per cent but there where none for registrars and consultants. CONCLUSIONS: The RLN damage five days after thyroid gland surgery is mainly caused by the great number of recurrent goitre and thyroid cancer (16.1 per cent), the rate of procedures performed by younger surgeons and the near total resection of euthyroid goitre. The exposure of RLN is important for the training to manage thyroid gland surgery.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1984

Content and heterogeneity of distribution of iodine in human and bovine thyroid glands determined by neutron activation analyses.

While performing activation analytical investigations on the actual concentration of the long-lived radioactive 129iodine in human and bovine thyroid glands the absolute natural nonradioactive 127 iodine content was determined. In all thyroid glands an uneven distribution of 127I was found (in human thyroids from 0 to 0.75 micrograms 127I /mg, in bovine thyroids from 0 to 3.5 micrograms 127I /mg). The mean value of iodine concentration in human thyroid glands ranged from 230 micrograms/g to 490 micrograms/g. This is important because TSH independent autonomy is found at a cellular and follicular level during the development from diffuse to nodular goiter. Both processes may, however, not be related to each other. The resolution of the method used in our study is between the microscopic and the scintigraphic level with an accuracy of +/- 1%, and it shows an intermediate heterogeneity of iodine in thyroid glands.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Pressing problems in the study of the pathological anatomy of epithelial thyroid gland tumors].

The paper analyses most important publications and the author's own observations on the pathology of the thyroid gland epithelial tumours. The WHO Histological classification of tumours of the thyroid gland was used for the analysis of the material, although on the basis of his own studies the author concludes that apart from the benign thyroid gland tumours mentioned in the classification, atypical and papillary adenomas, adenoma of Ashkinazi cells and benign tumour consisting of C-cells should be distinguished. In the morphological diagnosis of highly differentiated carcinoma tumours the greatest importance is attributed to the structure of the nucleus of tumour cells the structure of which have been studied both by light and electron microscopy. The latter is also very important for histogenetic diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma and tumours consisting of C-cells. The tumour cells rich in mitochondria in which the activity of oxidative-reductive enzymes is high are considered as cells undergoing degeneration due to cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

[Dynamics of morbidity of the thyroid gland cancer. Evolution of views on its diagnosis and treatment (according to material of the clinic for 50 years)].

For 50 years 603 patients with the thyroid gland cancer were operated on, to whom 715 operative interventions were done. Before the Chernobyl disaster 395 patients were examined, after her--208. Differentiated forms of the thyroid gland cancer were diagnosed in 97.3% of patients, including papillary one--in 83.3%, follicular--in 14%. After the Chernobyl disaster the thyroid gland cancer diagnosis had improved significantly, it had become revealed on early stage. There were 5.6% patients with cancer operated for the thyroid gland diseases for 50 years (5%--before the disaster and 7.8%--after her). The clinical course of differentiated thyroid gland cancer permits to perform organpreserving operation no less than hemithyroidectomy in patients with T1-2N0M0 stage of the disease. The five-year survival index of patients with differentiated cancer had constituted 89%, the ten-year one--84%.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Histological investigations on the thyroid glands of marine mammals (Phoca vitulina, Phocoena phocoena) and the possible implications of marine pollution.

In 1988 and 1989, thousands of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) died in the North Sea from phocine distemper infection. The morphology of thyroid glands from 40 harbor seals found dead on the North Sea coastlines of Schleswig-Holstein, Federal Republic of Germany, during an epizootic of phocine distemper, was compared with the morphology of thyroid glands from five healthy harbor seals collected in Iceland. Thyroid glands from seven harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) found dead in 1990 on the North Sea coastlines also were evaluated. Colloid depletion and fibrosis were found in the thyroid glands of harbor seals which died during the epizootic, but not in animals from Iceland. Thyroid glands of the porpoises showed similar lesions, but to a lesser degree, than those observed in the North Sea seals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proliferating cell nuclear antigen of the rat thyroid gland before and after birth].

We were studied the proliferative activity of the thyroid gland's cells of embryo and adult Wistar rats due to using the antiserum against the cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The 100% of cells in thyroid's embryo was a positive on the 16th, 17th, 18th stages of the embryonic development (stages by Kornegy). The percent of PCNA-positive cells considerably increased to 67% on the 19th stage. This fact the 20th and 21th stages of prenatal development relatively the previous stage coordinate with starting of the thyroid hormones in fetal thyroid gland and the first follicles formation. The small increasing of number of PCNA-positive cells detected on the 20th and 21th stages of prenatal development relatively the previous stage. Considerable elevation of the proliferating cells to 75% immediately before the birth (22th stage). An infant rats had have the 39% of proliferating cells. The 51% cells divided on the 5th day of postnatal development. Considerable decreased of the cell's division was occurred until the postnatal day 60. Using of the PCNA antiserum allowed to study cell proliferation in thyroid gland during pre- and postnatal rat development.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Metabolism of iodine iodophor in the thyroid gland].

As evidenced by animal experiments (Wistar rats), the iodophore iodine of the commercial product Jodonal-M is bound by the thyroid gland, if administered with the drinking water. When drinking water containing 2 mg/l iodophore iodine was given, the thyroid glands of the experimental animals bound 1.19%; and those of the control animals, 4.68% 131I. When drinking water containing 1 mg/l iodophore iodine was administered, the thyroid glands of the experimental animals bound 1.90%; and those of the control animals, 6.77% 131I. It is concluded that the iodophore iodine which passes over to the milk during teat disinfection is bound by the thyroid glands in a similar manner and takes part in the formation of the thyroid hormones just as the "native" iodine of the milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Ultrasonic technologies in diagnosis and surgery planning in patients with nodular pathologies of the thyroid gland].

Twenty patients of the control group without pathology of the thyroid gland were examined for development of the method of 3D-ultrasonic reconstruction and 3D-angiography. The study group consisted of 74 patients with nodular pathologies of the thyroid gland, 53 of them underwent surgery. Ultrasonic data was compared with results of clinical and laboratory studies, puncture biopsy and intraoperative data. Three-dimensional ultrasonic pictures permitted to detect spatial orientation of the nodes relative to lobes and segments of the thyroid gland, vascular structures, to evaluate character of nodes vascularization, to analyze nature and invasiveness of the tumor. Based on these data optimal variant of surgery was chosen. In 12 cases virtual modeling of surgeries with 3D-echography and ultrasonic angiography was performed. These methods permit to choose optimal variant of surgery and make possible prediction and prevention of complications.

Angiography↗
PubMed1994

Carcinomas metastatic to follicular adenomas of the thyroid gland. Report of two cases.

Metastases to the thyroid gland are an uncommon occurrence, and metastasis to a preexisting thyroid neoplasm is even more rare. We report two cases of tumor-to-tumor metastasis where a prostatic and a breast carcinoma metastasized to follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland. The metastatic process in case 1 was initially diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and later confirmed with the hemithyroidectomy. Immunostaining for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in case 1 and estrogen and progesterone receptors in case 2 demonstrated strong immunoreactivity in the metastatic tumor cells. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of the primary and the metastatic tumors in both cases demonstrated stemline fidelity that supported their association. Our cases exemplify why attention should be given to the possibility of metastasis when distinctly different morphologic features are seen in an otherwise typical tumor and the utility of ancillary tests that may assist in establishing the diagnosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Ectopic thyroid gland simulating a thyroglossal duct cyst: a case report.

There have been many reports of the inadvertent removal of an ectopic thyroid gland that was mistaken for a thyroglossal duct cyst. The differentiation of these two conditions is extremely important, because inadvertent removal of an ectopic thyroid gland may result in profound hypothyroidism. The authors report the case of a 5-year-old girl with an ectopic thyroid gland in whom the preliminary diagnosis was a thyroglossal duct cyst. They review the embryologic features in the development of an ectopic thyroid gland and discuss an approach to the management of this congenital anomaly.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Clinically evident thyroid gland disorders in Lublin Region.

The authors tried to assess the prevalence of thyroid gland pathology in Lublin and the Lublin Region population over 35 years old. The study was performed a few years after introduction of iodine prophylaxis in Poland. In our study we still found high prevalence of goitre--about 12% in town and rural population. A very low rate of diagnosed and treated patients with clinically evident thyroid gland pathology was observed in countryside area. Our data confirm the known phenomenon of considerably higher prevalence of thyroid gland diseases in females. Decrease of prevalence of hyperthyroidism in recent years but still low prevalence of overt hypothyroidism are characteristic of a temporary period from moderate iodine deficiency to sufficient iodine intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Histologic changes in thyroid glands from great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) in Tokyo Bay, Japan: possible association with environmental contaminants.

We compared morphologic changes in thyroid glands of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from the Tokyo Bay and Lake Biwa areas in Japan with presence of residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs). Prominent morphologic changes in thyroid glands included increased density of small follicles and increased number of epithelial cells surrounding follicular lumens. The extent of morphologic changes in the thyroid gland was higher in cormorants captured from Tokyo Bay than in those captured from Lake Biwa. Increased thyroid change in cormorants from the Tokyo Bay area was associated with significantly higher levels of PCDFs and Co-PCBs. Thus, we suggest that morphologic changes in thyroid glands from the cormorants are associated with increased levels of dioxin contamination in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Morphophysiologic changes in the thyroid gland following exposure to retabolyl].

Morphofunctional rearrangement of the thyroid gland resulted from retabolile effect has been studied in 25 tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi) and in 30 white rats. The changes observed evidence in favour of activation of all secretory phases in thyroid hormones. At an overstrained hormonal stress in the thyroid gland, hypofunction of the organ is the initial state in the tortoise, while in the white rat an increased physiological wearing out in thyroid cells and their destruction are noted. Therefore, the relation between proliferation and destruction of thyrocytes is shifted towards the latter.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adenomas of the thyroid gland--criteria for pathohistologic diagnosis].

Adenomas are the frequent tumors of the thyroid gland, which have different histological types, distinct criteria for pathohistological diagnosis, and distinct criteria for differentiation the follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Authors have analyzed 63 patients with follicular adenomas of the thyroid gland which were diagnosed and treated at the Central Institute for Tumors and Allied Diseases in Zagreb in the period from 1986 to 1987, and on which had been done serial cuttings of the tumors for pathohistological diagnosis.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1981

Surgical treatment of metastatic disease in the thyroid gland.

Metastatic disease in the thyroid gland is uncommon in clinical practice. Preoperative investigation with thyroid scan and fine-needle aspiration biopsy verified or strongly suggested metastatic disease in seven out of nine patients. All patients were treated by thyroid surgery. Three patients died within 4 months in disseminated disease. The remaining seven patients had a survival rate of between 1 and 5 years. Three patients are still alive 12, 29, and 48 months after thyroid surgery. Surgical treatment for metastatic disease in the thyroid, especially due to metastatic renal carcinoma and melanoma, is recommended.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Subisthmic accessory thyroid gland in man: a case report and a review of thyroid anomalies.

Morphological variations of the thyroid gland are common and generally occur superior to the gland, reflecting its developmental origin. In this report we describe an accessory lobe located inferior to both lateral lobes and the isthmus. The accessory lobe was supplied by a branch of the right inferior thyroid artery and its vein drained via the plexus thyroideus impar. A discussion of thyroid anomalies is presented and a system for classifying variations of thyroid anatomy is proposed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The thyroid gland of newborn individuals at different seasons of birth].

Thyroid glands were examined in newborn rats born in different seasons. Histological, histochemical, and cytophotometrical methods were used. It was demonstrated that winter newborns show the minimum development of the thyroid gland and summer newborns show the maximum one.

Animals↗