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PubMed2004

Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds.

The increasing recognition and importance of fungal infections, the difficulties encountered in their treatment and the increase in resistance to antifungals have stimulated the search for therapeutic alternatives. Essential oils have been used empirically. The essential oils of Thymus (Thymus vulgaris, T. zygis subspecies zygis and T. mastichina subspecies mastichina) have often been used in folk medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate objectively the antifungal activity of Thymus oils according to classical bacteriological methodologies - determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) - as well as flow cytometric evaluation. The effect of essential oils upon germ tube formation, an important virulence factor, was also studied. The mechanism of action was studied by flow cytometry, after staining with propidium iodide. The chemical composition of the essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antifungal activity of the major components (carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and 1,8-cineole) and also possible interactions between them were also investigated. The essential oils of T. vulgaris and T. zygis showed similar antifungal activity, which was greater than T. mastichina. MIC and MLC values were similar for all the compounds tested. At MIC values of the essential oils, propidium iodide rapidly penetrated the majority of the yeast cells, indicating that the fungicidal effect resulted primarily from an extensive lesion of the cell membrane. Concentrations below the MIC values significantly inhibited germ tube formation. This study describes the potent antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus on Candida spp., warranting future therapeutical trials on mucocutaneous candidosis.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1957

The effect of diuretics on the water excretion of protein deficient rats.

Adult rats kept for eleven weeks on a diet deficient in protein lost weight and some developed scrotal oedema. The retention of bromsulphthalein was increased, but the thymol turbidity test was unaffected; the apparent plasma volume was increased.Water diuresis in the protein deficient animals was impaired. There was no apparent delay in the mean rate of water absorption from the whole gastro-intestinal tract although a delayed absorption of water from the intestine was found in some animals. The concentrations of total plasma proteins and plasma albumin were low as compared with normal animals, but the plasma sodium levels were within normal limits. The inulin clearance (glomerular filtration rate) of the animals on the protein-deficient diet was significantly lower than that of the controls.In normal rats, aminophylline and acetazolamide were diuretic. Caffeine and sodium benzoate did not increase the urine output and mersalyl was antidiuretic. In the protein deficient rats, cortisone acetate increased the water diuresis. Caffeine and sodium benzoate, aminophylline and acetazolamide did not significantly increase this response, mersalyl had an antidiuretic effect. Cortisone acetate increased the food and water intake of the protein deficient rats; it also increased the glomerular filtration rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Uptake and inactivation of prostaglandin E2 methyl analogues in the rat pulmonary circulation.

1 The fate of (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E(2) methyl ester and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E(2) in the pulmonary circulation of rat isolated lungs was compared with that of prostaglandin E(2) by means of bioassay.2 Calculated on the basis of height of response of the assay tissues, the inactivation of prostaglandin E(2) was 96 +/- 1%, of 15-methyl prostaglandin E(2) methyl ester, 53 +/- 6% and of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E(2), 50 +/- 4%.3 Responses of the hamster stomach strip to the prostaglandin E(2) analogues passing through the pulmonary circulation were prolonged and slower in onset than those to the analogue given directly to the tissue. No such difference was observed with prostaglandin E(2).4 Bromocresol green, bromothymol blue, bromocresol purple and thymol blue (10(-5) M) all inhibited the inactivation of the three prostaglandins studied, as did diphloretin phosphate (1.5 x 10(-6) M). All five inhibitors also reversed the shape change in response seen after transpulmonary injection of 16-16-dimethyl prostaglandin E(2).5 We conclude that the inactivation of the methyl analogues is due to uptake, as they are not substrates for prostaglandin dehydrogenase.6 The lung may act as a depot for some compounds taking them up from the pulmonary vessels and later releasing them slowly into the systemic circulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dialyzer reuse-Part I: Historical perspective.

The first apparatus for hemodialysis in animals, made painstakingly by Abel et al. in their laboratory at the beginning of 20th century, was cleaned with acid-pepsin to digest blood, disinfected with thymol, and reused for up to 30 experiments for as long as 8 months. The obvious incentive was saving time. In the early years of hemodialysis in patients, dialyzers and lines were assembled and sterilized immediately before dialysis. Various methods of dry and moist heat sterilization and miscellaneous chemical agents were employed for disinfection. Significant time was required to assemble the dialyzers, so there was an incentive to reuse previously assembled dialyzers to save time, especially for home hemodialysis. Bleach to clean and formaldehyde to disinfect the membranes and lines was used for this purpose. Preassembled dialyzers, commercially introduced in the 1950s, were the most expensive components of hemodialysis systems, therefore reprocessing of these dialyzers was the most effective way to save money. Refrigeration of coil dialyzers with blood, introduced in the mid-1960s, was associated with frequent febrile reactions and was soon abandoned. Preassembled coil and plate dialyzers permitted almost complete return of blood after dialysis and led to the introduction of chemical disinfection for dialyzer reprocessing. A variety of disinfectants have been used. Formaldehyde was the most common disinfectant until the end of the 1970s. Sodium hypochlorite was used to clean the majority of dialyzers and to sterilize dialyzers with polyacrylonitrile membranes. In the early 1980s, peracetic acid and glutaraldehyde started to compete with formaldehyde. By the 1990s, formaldehyde had become less popular than peracetic acid. In the mid-1990s, disinfection and membrane cleaning with acetic acid and heat was introduced. Manual reprocessing was replaced by early reuse machines in the mid-1970s and a more sophisticated second generation of automated hemodialyzer reprocessing machines followed in the late 1970s. Recently disinfection of dialyzers with moist heat has resumed. Saving both time for the patient and money for the provider were the main motivations for designing a new machine for daily home hemodialysis. The machine, developed in the 1990s, cleans and moist-heat disinfects the dialyzer and lines in situ so they do not need to be changed for a month. In contrast, the reuse of dialyzers in home hemodialysis patients treated with other hemodialysis machines has become less popular and is almost extinct.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family.

An in vitro assay measuring the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Coridothymus capitatus (Spanish origanum), Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina (Spanish Origanum majorana), Thymus zygis (Spanish variety of Thymus vulgaris) and Origanum vulgare has been carried out against poultry origin strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella essen, and pig origin strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium. Using the broth microdilution method, all the essential oils showed an MIC > or = 2% (v/v) for the two strains of E. coli. The essential oil that showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the four strains of Salmonella was Origanum vulgare (MIC < or = 1% v/v), followed by Thymus zygis (MIC < or =2% v/v). Thymus mastichina inhibited all the microorganisms at the highest concentration, 4% (v/v), while the rest of the essential oils showed highly variable results. By chemotyping, higher inhibitory capacity was observed in the oils with a higher percentage of phenolic components (carvacrol and thymol) in comparison with oils containing the monoterpenic alcohol linalool. The results of this work confirm the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils, as well as their potential application in the treatment and prevention of poultry and pig diseases caused by salmonella.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The effect of 3 mouthrinses on plaque and gingivitis development.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 mouthrinses, Listerine Antiseptic (thymol), Peridex (chlorhexidine), Perimed (povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide), and a placebo (water) on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis, when used as the only oral hygiene procedure for 14 days. 71 subjects were entered into a randomized, double-blind study. At the baseline examination, papillary bleeding score (PBS), and plaque index (PI) were registered, after which subjects received supragingival prophylaxis and were assigned to 1 of 4 study cells. Subjects were asked to refrain from all oral hygiene procedures except for the supervised 14-day 2 x daily rinsing with the assigned preparation. At day 14, the same clinical parameters were again registered. Statistical analysis was performed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the 4 groups, followed by Duncan's multiple range test to determine specific group differences. At baseline, average PBS and PI scores were similar for all 4 groups. After 14 days, the average PBS for Peridex and Perimed was significantly lower than for Listerine Antiseptic and water. The frequency of interdental units with a PBS greater than 2 was significantly lower for Peridex and Perimed than for Listerine Antiseptic and water. We concluded that both Peridex and Perimed were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis when used as a 2 x daily mouthrinse by subjects refraining from other oral hygiene procedures. In vitro, a synergistic effect was assumed when inhibition was achieved with Perimed at the same or greater dilution than was achieved with povidone-iodine alone.

Actinomyces viscosus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An efficacious oral health care protocol for immunocompromised patients.

A twice-weekly oral and perioral examination was provided to 120 patients receiving antineoplastic therapy. Sixty patients were monitored while following the traditional hospital oral care protocol (chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, thymol glycol, benzocaine mouthrinse, and nystatin). The mouth care protocol was then changed (experimental protocol = chlorhexidine, benzocaine lozenges, amphotericin B lozenges), and patients were monitored until the sample size matched that of the hospital mouth care regime. There was a statistically significant reduction in oral complications upon introduction and maintenance of the experimental protocol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Incorporation of dyes into low density lipoprotein in the presence of non-ionic surfactants.

The interaction of low density lipoprotein (LDL) with two model dyes in the presence or absence of non-ionic surfactants has been studied. The water soluble dye, thymol blue, only weakly interacts with LDL to cause slight increases in particle size and the interaction can be reversed on column chromatography and dialysis. The oil-soluble dye sudan III reacts strongly with LDL to produce marked changes in particle size the complex formed being stable to dialysis and gel exclusion chromatography. These interactions are not affected by the presence of surfactants. The results indicate that even small quantities of lipophilic materials will easily partition into the particle, with or without the aid of surfactants and can have a marked effect on the measured size of the particle.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1995

The release of isoconazole nitrate from different suppository bases: in-vitro dissolution, physicochemical and microbiological studies.

The influence of the suppository base on the in-vitro release of isoconazole nitrate was studied by dissolution, physicochemical diffusion and microbiological disk-diffusion methods. Vaginal suppository formulations containing 25 mg isoconazole nitrate for local treatment of vaginitis were prepared by a fusion method, using different hydrophilic and lypophilic suppository bases (PEG 6000, PEG 4000, PEG 1500, Witepsol H15, Novata BD and Cremao). In-vitro release rates were examined by dissolution, physicochemical diffusion and microbiological disk-diffusion methods. In the physicochemical investigations the pH indicators (pH 1-14) erythrosin B, thymol blue, bromocresol green, chlorophenol red, phenol red, and alkali blue were added to agar gels. The discs were placed onto the agar gels and 21 h later, the coloured zone diameters were measured. In the microbiological investigations, the discs were put on the inoculated plates with the suspension of Candida albicans (Institute Pasteur 628). The inoculated plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 3 days, then the diameters of inhibition zones were measured. In the dissolution investigations release rates were in the order PEG 6000 > PEG 4000 > PEG 1500 > > Witepsol H15 > Cremao > Novata BD. The diffusion distance of isoconazole nitrate in the physicochemical investigation was in the order polyethylene glycols > Witepsol H15 > Novata BD. In the microbiological studies release rates were found with polyethylene glycols > Witepsol H15 > Novata BD > Cremao. The findings in the in-vitro studies suggested that polyethylene glycols are suitable bases for vaginal suppositories.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1991

Effect of Ag+ on membrane permeability of perfused Helix pomatia neurons.

1. Isolated, non-identified neurons were voltage clamped using the internal perfusion technique. 2. Ions of Ag+ (1-100 microM) introduced into the bathing solution activated a steady-state inward current (IAg) in the soma. The effect of Ag+ was reversible when the concentration of Ag+ was less than 75 microM or the time of application was shorter than 10 min. 3. IAg was observed both in the presence and absence of Na+ ions in the extracellular saline. It could also be activated when Cs+ ions were substituted for Na+ ions. 4. The current-voltage characteristics were linear in the voltage range -100 to 0 mV. The reversal potential in control saline was an average of 1.19 +/- 5.1 mV. 5. The application of Ag+ ions induces an elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration by 10-20 times in both Ca(2+)-containing and Ca(2+)-free extracellular salines, as revealed by Fura-2 measurements. 6. Agents that increase the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), like thymol, caffeine and dinitrophenol, increased the amplitude of IAg. The effect was additive. Ruthenium Red, which blocks the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, decreased the Ag+ effect. 7. It is concluded that extracellularly applied Ag+ ions increase the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration, which in turn activates non-specific cationic channels. 8. Ag+ ions in 1-10 microM concentration were able to decrease the voltage-activated Ca2+ current amplitude. This decrease, however, was due to the increase of [Ca2+]i which caused Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[An improved differential medium, CA medium, for differentiating Shigella].

We devised a Citrate-Acetate (CA) medium for rapidly differentiating Shigella. The medium consisted of 3.0 g of sodium citrate, 2.0 g of sodium acetate, 0.2 g of glucose, 1.0 g of dipotassium phosphate, 1.0 g of mono ammonium phosphate, 0.2 g of magnesium sulfate, 5.0 g of sodium chloride, 0.08 g of brom thymol blue, 15.0 g of agar, and 1000 ml of distilled water. An evaluation was made of the CA medium, for the rapid differentiation of 23 Shigella strains, 129 Escherichia coli strains and 130 isolates, that formed colourless colonies suspected to be Shigella on SS agar plate, from feces of healthy people. The results obtained were as follows 1) On the CA medium, all Shigella strains did not grow and there was no change in colour. 2) Positive growth rates of E. coli strains after incubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C on CA medium, sodium acetate medium (Acet) and Christensen citrate medium (C-Cit) were 96.0%, 95.2% and 28.0%, respectively. Therefore, the positive growth rate of E. coli strains after incubation for 24 hr on CA medium was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that on C-Cit medium. 3) Positive growth rates of isolates after incubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C on CA medium, Acet medium and C-Cit medium were 95.4%, 83.1% and 71.5%, respectively. Therefore, the positive growth rates of isolates after incubation for 24 hr on CA medium was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that on Acet medium and C-Cit medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetates↗
PubMed2002

The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus.

The natural antimicrobial compound carvacrol shows a high preference for hydrophobic phases. The partition coefficients of carvacrol in both octanol-water and liposome-buffer phases were determined (3.64 and 3.26, respectively). Addition of carvacrol to a liposomal suspension resulted in an expansion of the liposomal membrane. Maximum expansion was observed after the addition of 0.50 micromol of carvacrol/mg of L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine. Cymene, a biological precursor of carvacrol which lacks a hydroxyl group, was found to have a higher preference for liposomal membranes, thereby causing more expansion. The effect of cymene on the membrane potential was less pronounced than the effect of carvacrol. The pH gradient and ATP pools were not affected by cymene. Measurement of the antimicrobial activities of compounds similar to carvacrol (e.g., thymol, cymene, menthol, and carvacrol methyl ester) showed that the hydroxyl group of this compound and the presence of a system of delocalized electrons are important for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Based on this study, we hypothesize that carvacrol destabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane and, in addition, acts as a proton exchanger, thereby reducing the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting collapse of the proton motive force and depletion of the ATP pool eventually lead to cell death.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Isolation, characterization, and cellular insertion of the flagella from two strains of the archaebacterium Methanospirillum hungatei.

In high (45 mM)-phosphate medium, Methanospirillum hungatei strains GP1 and JF1 grew as very long, nonmotile chains of cells that did not possess flagella. However, growth in lower (3 or 30 mM)-phosphate medium resulted in the production of mostly single cells and short chains that were motile by means of two polar tufts of flagella, which transected the multilayered terminal plug of the cell. Electron microscopy of negatively stained whole mounts revealed a flagellar filament diameter of approximately 10 nm. Flagellar filaments were isolated from either culture fluid or concentrated cell suspensions that were subjected to shearing. Flagellar filaments were sensitive to treatment with both Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 at concentrations as low as 0.1% (vol/vol). The filaments of both strains were composed of two flagellins of Mr 24,000 and 25,000. However, variations in trace element composition of the medium resulted in the production of a third flagellin in strain JF1. This additional flagellin appeared as a ladderlike smear on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gels with a center of intensity of Mr 35,000 and cross-reacted with antisera produced from filaments containing only the Mr-24,000 and -25,000 flagellins. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, all flagellins stained by the thymol-sulfuric acid and Alcian blue methods, suggesting that they were glycosylated. This was further supported by chemical deglycosylation of the strain JF1 flagellins, which resulted in a reduction in their apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gels. Heterologous reactions to sera raised against the flagella from each strain were limited to the Mr-24,000 flagellins.

Euryarchaeota↗
PubMed1980

Misdiagnosis caused by fungal contaminant in a histological stain solution.

Silver stains on tissue and cytology specimens are important in the evaluation of patients with suspected fungal infections. Care must be taken, however, to prevent misinterpretation of contamination artifacts. Two cases presenting such a problem are reported. The first patient had granulomatous leg lesions that microscopically showed characteristics of erythema induratum but with budding yeastlike organisms demonstrated by Grocott methenamine silver stain. Cultures and subsequent biopsies were negative for fungi. The second patient had a steroid-dependent chronic obstructive lung disease, and during evaluation for possible Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the Grocott methenamine silver stain on expectorated sputum showed budding yeastlike organisms. Sputum cultures were negative for fungi. Examination of the two Grocott light-green counterstain solutions demonstrated black, budding yeast cells similar to those seen in the specimens from the patients. Culture of the counterstain grew Exophiala (Phialophora) jeanselmei. Further studies revealed that this cause of misdiagnosis could be prevented by either filtering or adding thymol to the counterstain solution. Care regarding contamination of histological stain solutions is emphasized.

Granuloma↗
PubMed1962

Isolation of a protective gamma-globulin fraction interfering with the zinc sulphate turbidity test.

The serum of a case of hyperglobulinaemia with negative thymol and zinc sulphate turbidity reactions was studied. The serum when added to pathological sera with high turbidity values brought about a marked reduction in the original turbidity values. Also, the serum did not give the usual copper proteinate precipitate when added to copper sulphate solutions. The anomalous protein fraction responsible for the above properties was isolated from the gamma globulins by precipitation at 28% saturation with ammonium sulphate. It was found to be neither a macroglobulin (Waldenstrom's), a cryoglobulin, nor a collagen protein. Its occurrence in the very gamma globulin fraction which is responsible for many of the turbidity reactions is of great significance in the interpretation of these tests. It is suggested that the normal turbidity and flocculation reactions reported in some cases of multiple myelomatosis might be due to some such anomalous proteins.

Copper↗
PubMed1965

Value of the Jirgl flocculation test in the diagnosis of jaundice.

The Jirgl flocculation test has been compared with the combination of the thymol reactions and serum alkaline phosphatase determination recommended by Maclagan in the investigation of 68 patients with jaundice. The test was found to be of value in distinguishing biliary obstruction from other causes of jaundice, but failed to distinguish between extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary obstruction. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase estimations were performed in a number of cases, but were found to be of no value in the diagnosis of jaundice.

Cholestasis↗
PubMed1980

Liver function and the diagnostic significance of biochemical changes in the blood of African children with sickle cell disease.

The blood biochemistry of 84 young homozygous sickle cell patients aged 1 to 11 years was analysed for evidence of liver disease. A comparison of the values found in their blood with those seen in normal children from an identical age group, assessed at the same time, shows no convincing evidence of liver cell damage except in 12% of cases. The normal transaminase observed in many of the patients assessed, together with the high alkaline phosphatase activity which seemed to be out of proportion to plasma bilirubin, is a picture compatible with localised obstructive lesions of the liver or bone lesions, both of which are common in sickle cell disease. This biochemical pattern suggests that the conjugated bilirubin, which dominates the picture in 40% of patients who have 'haemolytic jaundice', is due largely, not to liver cell damage, but to a combination of two factors, namely, intrahepatic cholestasis and the presence of actively functioning liver cells. Adequate albumin synthesis found in these patients, together with normal thymol reactions, provides further evidence of the absence of severe liver cell damage.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1994

Selective interaction of chemical dyes with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate recognition sites.

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is an important second messenger that interacts with a specific intracellular receptor and triggers a release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. InsP3 is preferentially metabolized by two enzymes. A specific 5-phosphatase (InsP3 phosphatase) produces an inactive metabolite, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, while a specific 3-kinase (InsP3 kinase) produces an active metabolite, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. With the goal of developing selective ligands of the diverse InsP3 recognition sites, we have studied the effects of some chemical dyes on the binding of InsP3 to its receptor and on the activity of its metabolic enzymes. Although these dyes possess similar chemical structures, they showed varied selectivities towards the three recognition sites. Thymol Blue was the most potent inhibitor of InsP3 binding activity, with an IC50 of 105 microM. Phenol Red demonstrated a higher selectivity for InsP3 phosphatase inhibition, with an IC50 of 100 microM. 3',3",5',5"-Tetraiodophenolsulfonephthalein showed its most potent inhibitory effect on InsP3 kinase activity, with an IC50 of 35 microM. Tetrabromophenol Blue potently inhibited InsP3 phosphatase and InsP3 kinase activities, with respective IC50 values of 25 and 12 microM. Phenolphthalein Diphosphate and Phenolphthalein Carbinol Disulfate demonstrated weak inhibitory effects towards the three recognition sites for InsP3. These results reveal certain structural clues that should help in the development of more selective inhibitors.

Adrenal Cortex↗