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PubMed2004

Oxidatively damaged proteins of heart mitochondrial electron transport complexes.

Protein modifications, such as carbonylation, nitration and formation of lipid peroxidation adducts, e.g. 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), are products of oxidative damage attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mitochondrial respiratory chain Complexes I and III have been shown to be a major source of ROS in vitro. Additionally, modifications of the respiratory chain Complexes (I-V) by nitration, carbonylation and HNE adduct decrease their enzymatic activity in vitro. However, modification of these respiratory chain complex proteins due to in vivo basal level ROS generation has not been investigated. In this study, we show a basal level of oxidative damage to specific proteins of adult bovine heart submitochondrial particle (SMP) complexes, and find that most of these proteins are localized in the mitochondrial matrix. We postulate that electron leakage from respiratory chain complexes and subsequent ROS formation may cause damage to specific complex subunits and contribute to long-term accumulation of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1↗
PubMed1993

Purification and characterization of electron-transfer flavoprotein: rhodoquinone oxidoreductase from anaerobic mitochondria of the adult parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum.

Electron-transfer flavoprotein:rhodoquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-RO) was purified to homogeneity from anaerobic mitochondria of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. The enzyme has a subunit molecular mass of 64.5 kDa and is similar in many respects to the electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-UO) characterized in mammalian tissues. EPR spectroscopy of the purified enzyme revealed signals at g = 2.076, 1,936, and 1.883, arising from an iron-sulfur center, as well as signals attributable to a flavin semiquinone. Potentiometric titration on the enzyme with dithionite yielded an oxidation-reduction midpoint potential (Em) for the iron-sulfur center of +25 mV at pH 7.4. The reduction of flavin occurred in two distinct steps, with a flavin semiquinone radical detected as an intermediate. The Em values for the two steps in the complete reduction of flavin were +15 mV and -9 mV, respectively. Physiologically, the ascarid ETF-RO accepts electrons from a low potential quinone, rhodoquinone, and functions in a direction opposite to that of the ETF-UO. Incubations of A. suum submitochondrial particles with NADH, 2-methylcrotonyl-CoA, purified A. suum electron-transfer flavoprotein and 2-methyl branched-chain enoyl-CoA reductase resulted in significant 2-methylbutyryl-CoA formation, which was inhibited by both rotenone and antisera to the purified ETF-RO. Quinone extraction of the submitchondrial particles with dry pentane resulted in almost the complete loss of 2-MBCoA formation by the system. However, the reincorporation of rhodoquinone, but not ubiquinone restored over 50% of the NADH-dependent 2-MBCoA formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Topography of oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein in the mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase-ATP synthase.

The topographical organization of oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) in the mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase)-ATP synthase complex has been studied. The accessibility of OSCP to monoclonal antibodies has been qualitatively visualized by using the protein A-gold electron microscopy immunocytochemistry or quantitatively estimated by immunotitration of OSCP in depolymerized or intact membranes. Besides, OSCP cannot be labeled by 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([125I]TID) which selectively labels the hydrophobic core of membrane proteins. These observations demonstrate an external location of OSCP on the inner face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The position of OSCP relative to other peptides of the complex has been analyzed by cross-linking experiments using either zero length N-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxydihydroquinoline or 11-A span dimethyl suberimidate cross-linkers in the ATPase-ATP synthase complex. The OSCP cross-linked products were identified either by immunocharacterization with anti-alpha, anti-beta, or anti-OSCP monoclonal antibodies or by their molecular weight. OSCP was cross-linked with either the alpha- or beta-subunits of F1 or to a subunit of Mr 24 000. Other types of cross-linking were obtained by the labeling of OSCP with [cysteamine-35S]-N-succinimidyl 3-[[2-((2-nitro-4-azidophenyl)amino)ethyl]dithio]propionate ([35S]SNAP) and reconstitution of SNAP-OSCP with F1 in urea-treated submitochondrial particles. Under these conditions, OSCP is found to be adjacent to two other peptides of molecular weight close to 30 000. A comparison is made between the topology and the organization of the b-subunit of Escherichia coli and OSCP, suggesting an analogy between OSCP and the hydrophilic part of the b-subunit.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1979

Inactive to active transitions of the mitochondrial ATPase complex as controlled by the ATPase inhibitor.

The hydrolytic and phosphorylation activities of the ATPase complex of bovine heart mitochondria are regulated by the ATPase inhibitor of Pullman and Monroy [1]. The inhibiting action of the peptide on ATPase activity can be overcome by a proton-motive force. Submitochondrial particles that contain the inhibitor, either intrinsically or externally added, show a lag that precedes phosphorylation. Particles devoid of the inhibitor, of particles that are in an 'active' state fail to present the lag. Accordingly, the data indicate that, prior to the onset of phosphorylation, the ATPase complex undergoes a transition to an active state through a process that involves the inhibitor. The transition depends on the concentration of ATP, 50 microM ATP giving 50% inhibition of the proton-motive force-induced transition.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition and labelling of the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate carrier by eosin-5-maleimide.

Unlike hydrophobic maleimides, eosin-5-maleimide and to a lesser extent other relatively polar maleimides inhibit the 2-oxoglutarate carrier of bovine heart mitochondria. The impermeable eosin-5-maleimide labels the 2-oxoglutarate carrier in intact mitochondria but not in submitochondrial particles. 2-Oxoglutarate protects the carrier against inactivation by eosin-5-maleimide and decreases the fluorescence associated with the purified protein. Other anions which are not substrates of the carrier have no protective effect. It is concluded that sulfhydryl groups essential for the activity of the 2-oxoglutarate carrier are located at the cytosolic face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They appear to be present at the substrate-binding site and located in a hydrophilic environment.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1979

Identification of the N-ethylmaleimide reactive protein of the mitochondrial phosphate transporter.

The mitochondrial phosphate carrier is inhibited by the SH reagents p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate and N-ethylmaleimide. Based on an analysis utilizing dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, an SH-containing 32 000-dalton protein has been identified as a component of the phosphate carrier system. Two other N-[3H]ethylmaleimide-labeled proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane have been eliminated from this role [Wholrab, H., & Greaney, J., Jr. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 503, 425] on the basis that band IV (45,000 daltons) is absent from heart sonic submitochondrial particles and band VII (6 500 daltons) does not react with p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate. The mobility of the 32 000-dalton protein (0.43) is lower than that of the gamma subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase (0.46) and the carboxyatractyloside binding protein (0.48) on 12.5% dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In these flight muscle mitochondria, 0.87 nmol of N-[3H]ethylmaleimide per nmol of cytochrome a is bound to the 32,000-dalton protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of mitochondrial energy-linked reactions by 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid from Gramineae.

DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) is the main hydroxamic acid isolated from maize extracts. It inhibited reversibly ATP synthesis, Pi-ATP exchange reaction and ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart. Half-maximal effects were obtained with 4, 2, and 6 mM DIMBOA respectively. At higher concentrations it also inhibited mitochondrial electron transport (I50 = 11 mM). Irreversible inactivation of mitochondrial electron transport, Pi-ATP exchange reaction and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate energy-dependent fluorescence enhancement was also observed. These effects of DIMBOA on energy-linked mitochondrial reactions may explain the inhibitory action of DIMBOA on several aerobic organisms.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1983

Oxygen uptake, ATPase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity in isolated rat liver mitochondria are not influenced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) influences neither the State 3 nor the State 4 respiration in rat liver mitochondria. The respiratory control and ADP/O ratio were also unaffected by TPA. The oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles remained unaltered upon TPA addition, whereas the NADH oxidase activity was slightly inhibited at a very high concentration of TPA (15% decrease at 17 microM TPA). The activity of the superoxide dismutase located to the mitochondria was insensitive to the tumor promoter, and no change in the rate of H2O2 production was found on TPA treatment in vitro. Thus, the mitochondrion is not a likely candidate for the site of action of the tumor promoter.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1986

Biochemical aspects of the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs on mitochondria. VII. Effect on energy-linked reactions and on membrane potential.

Effects of the antiarrhythmic drugs (propranolol, perhexiline maleate, lidoflazine and iproveratril) on energy-linked reactions and on membrane potential were studied. Propranolol, perhexiline maleate and lidoflazine inhibit the ATPase activity of undamaged and broken mitochondria, and of submitochondrial particles. All drugs are inhibitors of either ATP-driven or of succinate-driven reduction of NADP+. The antiarrhythmics promote a decrease in the membrane potential upon energization of the mitochondrial membrane by alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, or ATP. It was suggested that these drugs have a primary action on the mitochondrial membrane, thus altering the activities of membrane proteins (channels and enzymes).

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1990

Direct and respiratory chain-mediated redox cycling of adrenochrome.

Adrenochrome is reduced by ascorbate in a reaction accompanied by a large and rapid oxygen uptake. The rates of adrenochrome reduction and the concomitant oxygen uptake are decreased in the presence of superoxide dismutase or catalase. The species formed on the one-electron reduction of adrenochrome (i.e., the semiquinone) was shown by pulse radiolysis to rapidly react with oxygen (9.10(8) M-1.s-1), indicating the occurrence of a redox cycling in a system formed by adrenochrome, a reducing agent, and oxygen. Adrenochrome is also reduced to the corresponding semiquinone by complex I of beef heart submitochondrial particles supplemented with NADH, while succinate is unable to support this reduction. The o-semiquinone is the intermediate species in the superoxide-generating cycle resulting from both non-enzymatic and enzymatic reduction. The toxic effects of adrenochrome and its pathophysiological role can be explained, at least in part, on the basis of the demonstrated cycle.

Adrenochrome↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the structure of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex: topography of the subunits of the iron-sulfur protein component.

Resolution of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (Complex I) by chaotropic agents result in the separation of three building blocks of the enzyme, designated FP (flavoprotein), IP (iron-sulfur protein), and HP (hydrophobic protein). FP contains three subunits of Mr 51, 24, and 9 kDa; one FMN; and two iron-sulfur clusters. Immunochemical studies with monospecific antibodies to the FP subunits have indicated that all three subunits of FP protrude from the inner mitochondrial membrane on the matrix side, whereas no reactive epitopes from these subunits were found exposed on the cytosolic side [A.-L. Han, T. Yagi, and Y. Hatefi (1988) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 267, 490-496]. IP contains six subunits of Mr 75, 49, 30, 18, 15, and 13 kDa and four iron-sulfur clusters. In the present study, immunochemical experiments (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and 125I-protein A labeling) were carried out with monospecific antibodies to the above IP subunits and with bovine Complex I, submitochondrial particles, mitoplasts, and intact mitochondria as sources of antigens. Results have indicated that all six IP subunits protrude from the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, and that the 75-kDa subunit, and possibly the 15-kDa subunit, protrude in mitoplasts from the cytosolic side as well. No epitopes reactive toward the monospecific antibodies to the 49-, 30-, 18-, and 13-kDa subunits were detected in mitoplasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

MPP+ and MPDP+ induced oxygen radical formation with mitochondrial enzymes.

MPP+ has been reported to inhibit reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase in mitochondria, which results in the formation of O2(.-). The current report demonstrates that H2O2 and HO. are also products of MPP+ interaction with NADH dehydrogenase. It is possible that MPP. formation precedes the formation of some of these active oxygen species. Reducing equivalents for radical formation come from NADH. MPP+ may be capable of interacting with submitochondrial particles at a site other than the rotenone site, which results in some formation of oxygen radicals. Plasma amine oxidase incubations with MPDP+ resulted in O2.- H2O2, and perhaps HO. formation. This is probably due to MPP. formation from the oxidation of MPDP+. This study presents new findings that indicate the potential importance of oxygen radical formation in mitochondria during MPTP toxicity.

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium↗
PubMed1983

An ATP-driven proton pump in clathrin-coated vesicles.

Clathrin containing coated vesicles prepared from bovine brain catalyzed ATP-driven proton translocation and a 32Pi-ATP exchange reaction. Both activities were measured in the presence of 5 micrograms of oligomycin/mg of protein which completely inhibited these reactions catalyzed by submitochondrial particles. Analyses performed during the purification procedure demonstrated that the oligomycin-resistant pump was concentrated and highly purified in the fractions containing coated vesicles. Moreover, vesicles precipitated by either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against clathrin contained the H+ pump activity. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.5 mM) and N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) added to the assay mixture inhibited the pump completely, whereas neither vanadate, sodium azide, efrapeptin, or mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor had an effect.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1983

Lack of ability of trypsin-treated mitochondrial F1-ATPase to bind the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP).

Soluble beef-heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase modified in its alpha-subunit by mild trypsin treatment (alpha'-F1) can no longer bind oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) but is still capable of binding to F1-depleted submitochondrial particles, giving rise to a maximally oligomycin-sensitive ATPase, provided the particles contain their native complement of OSCP. When OSCP is removed from the particles, alpha'-F1 can still bind to the particles, but added OSCP induces only a low degree of oligomycin sensitivity. The possible role of OSCP in the functional coupling of the catalytic (F1) and H+-translocating (Fo) moieties of mitochondrial ATPase is discussed. The results suggest a functional similarity between the OSCP component of mitochondrial ATPase and the delta-subunit of E. coli ATPase, which is in accordance with the structural homology recently found to exist between the two polypeptides.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1987

Coupling factor B is a component of the Fo proton channel of mitochondrial H+-ATPase.

Repeated extraction of bovine heart submitochondrial particles with ammonia and EDTA (AE) yields a preparation that is highly deficient in coupling factor B (FB). The activity of the thrice extracted particle (AE-P3) in ATP-driven NAD+ reduction by succinate and the 32Pi-ATP exchange activity were substantially stimulated, 8-fold and 5-fold, respectively, by purified FB. To decrease the basal activity of the particle further, the residual FB in AE-P3 was inactivated by treatment with the -SH reagent, 4-vinylpyridine. The resulting particle was depleted of F1 by treatment with 3.5 M NaBr. This particle was incorporated into asolectin liposomes alone and in the presence of added FB. Passive proton conduction in the FB-deficient proteoliposomes was negligible and restored in the presence of FB. The H+ conductance was inhibited extensively by oligomycin and partially by F1-ATPase. The results show absolute dependence on FB for functioning of the FO proton channel.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1987

Peroxidative injury of the mitochondrial respiratory chain during reperfusion of hypothermic rat liver.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in ischemic liver has been demonstrated to be due to decrease in the intramitochondrial level of ATP and the subsequent disruption of the proton barrier of the inner membrane (Watanabe, F., Hashimoto, T. and Tagawa, K. (1985) J. Biochem. 97, 1229-1234). In this study, another injury process, impairment of the electron-transfer system, which occurred during reoxygenation of ischemic liver, was studied during reperfusion of cold preserved liver and during cold incubation of isolated rat-liver mitochondria. The sites of the respiratory chain that were sensitive to peroxidative damage were ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. These enzymic activities decreased with increase in lipid peroxidation. Incubation of submitochondrial particles with t-butyl hydroperoxide or with an NADPH-dependent peroxidation system decreased the enzymic activities of the electron-transport system. These data strongly suggested that lipid peroxidation during reoxygenation of ischemic liver impaired the electron-transfer system. Thus, mitochondria of ischemic liver suffer from two different types of injury: increase in proton permeability during anoxia, and decrease in enzymic activities of the electron-transport system during reoxygenation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specification of the inhibitory action of MIBG on the respiratory chain by EPR scanning.

In this paper we report EPR studies on the effects of meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a structural analogue of norepinephrine capable of inhibiting complex I and III of the respiratory chain, on the reduction state of the various complexes of the respiratory chain in beef heart submitochondrial particles. The EPR spectrum of SMPs incubated with MIBG showed completely reduced prosthetic groups of complex I, but oxidised prosthetic groups of complex IV. This indicates that complex I is inhibited by MIBG at the end of the complex (i.e. at the Q binding site). Determination of the exact site of inhibition of MIBG on complex III yielded no conclusive results, but did confirm that complex III is indeed inhibited by MIBG.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of H+-transporting ATPase by formation of a tight nucleoside diphosphate-fluoroaluminate complex at the catalytic site.

Inhibition of the mitochondrial and bacterial F1-type ATPases [of ATP phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.34] by fluoride was found to depend on the presence of aluminum and ADP at the catalytic site(s) of F1-type ATPase. AIF-4 was demonstrated to be the active fluoroaluminate species. The identical pattern of inhibition of F1-type ATPase activity obtained in the presence of ADP and NaF with beryllium, a metal that forms fluoride complexes strictly tetracoordinated, suggests that aluminum acts through a tetrahedral complex. Inhibition of isolated F1-type ATPase by AIF-4 in the presence of ADP cannot be reversed by ADP, ATP, or chelators of aluminum. However, the inhibition of the ATPase activity of the F1 sector in submitochondrial particles caused by AIF-4 and ADP was reversed upon addition of an oxidizable substrate. Uncouplers prevented the reversal of inhibition, suggesting that the protonmotive force generated by respiration was responsible for the relief of inhibition. Because of structural similarities between AIF4- and , AIF4- is postulated to mimic the phosphate group of ATP and form an abortive complex with ADP at the active site(s) of F1-type ATPase.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗